Changes

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h) switched at 60% flow rate.|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h) switched at 60% flow rate.|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (picture: "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (picture: "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]

The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'' or just ''Rossi energy catalyzer'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref>and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref>, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'' or just ''Rossi energy catalyzer'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref>, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

==Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011==

==Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011==

On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees. Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night. The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees. Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night. The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

[[image:28042011_1.jpg|Both heating resistors are switched on (9/3)|left|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_1.jpg|Both heating resistors are switched on (9/3)|left|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_4.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;28|350px|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_4.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;28|350px|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_2.jpg|Possible manipulation the heating regulation by Rossi during the experiment|left|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_2.jpg|Possible manipulation of the heating regulation by Rossi during the experiment|left|thumb]]

On April 19 and April 28 the ECat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum) the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the reporter Lewan walked into an adjoining room with his video camera and returned, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

On April 19 and April 28 the ECat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum) the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the reporter Lewan walked into an adjoining room with his video camera and returned, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

==Defkalion Green Technologies==

==Defkalion Green Technologies==

[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion4.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion leaders|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|thumb]]

There is a small company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref>, owned by several investors, which according to Rossi will produce some of the energy catalysators.  

There is a small company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref>, owned by several investors, which will produce some of the energy catalyzers according to Rossi. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. Known members of Defkalion Green Technologies management are:

The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but according to Defkalion, seem to come from Greece and near-east countries. A known Defkalion associate is David C. Aurel (probably CEO). Aurel is also CEO of the "Invest Bank Montenegro" in Podgorica. Other associates are vicepresident Christos Stremmenos (previous professor at the university of Bologna and previous Greek ambassador in Italy), the spokesman Symeon Tsalikoglou, and investment specialist Alexandros Xanthoulis.

*Sortikos George (born 1942), president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

*Christos Stremmenos (born 1932), vice president (former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy)

*David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel ist also CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro.

*Andreas Drugas (born 1945), corporate consultant

*Symeon Tsalikoglou, spokesman

While the website of EON&nbsp;Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion meanwhile offers a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue 2 - 4, Athens Tower, 18th Floor, GR-11527 Athens, Tel: +30 210 7770602, Fax: +30 210 7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain registrant is Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200 Elefsina.

While the website of EON&nbsp;Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion meanwhile offers a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue&nbsp;2-4, Athens Tower, 18th&nbsp;Floor, GR-11527&nbsp;Athens, Tel: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770602, Fax: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain registrant is an Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200&nbsp;Elefsina.

The company seems to be set up only for selling and leasing the Rossi Ecat reactors and seems to own the rights to sell them to Greece and the Balkan area. According to greek newspaper "Investors World", an old factory was already bought and Defkalios will invest 200 millions of euros. 100 millions of future euros seem to be destinated to the inventor Rossi.

While the Rossi-company "Leonardo Corp." should handle business in USA, the Greek company Defkalion is said to hold the license for selling in Greek and the Balkans and is maybe even supposed to handle the aspiring european business. According to greek newspaper "Investors World" an old factory was bought in the town of Xanthi where a 1&nbsp;MW-small power station with energy catalyzers of Rossi is supposed to be build. The same source claims that the corporation between a "Prof. Christos Stremmenos" and Defkalion should be considered a "200&nbsp;million Euro investment". Half of the investment money (about 100&nbsp;millions) is said to go to inventor Rossi later.<ref name="talefta" /><ref name ="scan" /><ref name="Investors World Article" />  According to Rossi he will start with the production of his E-cat devices, even if the filed patent won't be granted. He also wants to continue production even if competitors understand his invention through reverse-engeneering.<ref>From a Chat at Nyeteknik on March&nbsp;12, 2011</ref>

Defkalion plans to rent or lease the 10 kW Ecat for 1300 euros per year.

The businessmodel of Defkalion allows long-time leasing of "ECat" devices to private clients. A 10&nbsp;kW-facility is said to cost 1.300&nbsp;Euro per year, including operational costs and "fuel replacement", handled by the manufacturer through replacing the device.

==Funding and Cooperation with Bologna University==

==Funding and Cooperation with Bologna University==

Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. According to Rossi, no customer made any advance payments, Rossi only means to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. Rossi allegedly agreed a cooperation with Bologna University. It is said that its Faculty of Physics received Euro 500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities. According to other sources it receives even 1 million Euro.<ref>..Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000 Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.

Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. According to Rossi, no customer made any advance payments, Rossi only means to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. Rossi allegedly agreed a cooperation with Bologna University. It is said that its Faculty of Physics received Euro&nbsp;500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. According to other sources it received even 1 million Euro. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities.<ref>''[...] Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000&nbsp;Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.<br>According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the "energy catalyzer" was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18&nbsp;hours.''</ref> Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:

According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the ‘energy catalyzer’ was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18 hours.</ref>

 

:''The 500,000&nbsp;Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care [...]''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref>

==Journal of Nuclear Physics==

==Journal of Nuclear Physics==

[[image:JONP2.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:JONP2.jpg|thumb]]

Rossi spreads claims about his inventions through his own Internet blog called "Journal of Nuclear Physics", which is claimed to be "peer-reviewed". That it is no professional journal is obvious due to the title extension "Nuclear experiments blog". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was the name of a russian professional journal, which was discontinued. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Nuclear_Physics Article article in Wikipedia] lists all journals of that name.

Rossi spreads claims about his inventions through his own Internet blog called "Journal of Nuclear Physics", which is claimed to be "peer-reviewed". That it is no professional journal is obvious due to the title extension "Nuclear experiments blog". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was the name of a russian professional journal, which was discontinued. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Nuclear_Physics Article article in Wikipedia] lists all journals of that name.

The [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/ website of the blog] lists a "Board of Advisers" of 8 persons. Currently (April 2011) listed are 8 names: Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Michael Melich (DOD – USA), Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy), Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA), Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Bologna University – Italy) und Richard Noceti, Ph.D. (LTI-global.com)<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?page_id=2</ref>. It is peculiar that several of the persons are from the circle of the inventors. It is unclear for some persons, what qualifies them for questions of physics. George Kelly is apparently not working for the University of New Hampshire, it is unclear if he exists at all. An American psychologist with the same name has already died. Michael Melich, who allegedly works for the "DOD" (U.S. Defense Department) got attention for strange statements. He claims to work as kind of an undercover agent for a secret service and reports to it about activities of the cold fusion scene. Guiseppe Levi, who was listed originally as an advisor was crossed of the list end of January 2011 (see screenshots).

The [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/ website of the blog] lists a "Board of Advisers" of 8 persons. Currently (April 2011) 8&nbsp;names are listed: Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Michael Melich (DOD – USA), Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy), Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA), Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Bologna University – Italy) und Richard Noceti, Ph.D. (LTI-global.com).<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?page_id=2</ref> It is peculiar that several of the persons are from the circle of the inventors. It is unclear for some persons, what qualifies them for questions of physics. George Kelly is apparently not working for the University of New Hampshire, it is unclear if he exists at all. An American psychologist with the same name has already died. Michael Melich, who allegedly works for the "DOD" (U.S. Defense Department) got attention for strange statements. He claims to work as kind of an undercover agent for a secret service and reports to it about activities of the cold fusion scene. Guiseppe Levi, who was listed originally as an advisor was crossed of the list end of January 2011 (see screenshots).

The blog can also be used to add comments, but various people in the Internet reported, that only comments or questions which do not criticize or doubt the "E-cat" are publicised.

The blog can also be used to add comments. But various people in the Internet reported, that only comments or questions which do not criticize or doubt the "E-cat" are publicised.

==Patents and patent applications==

==Patents and patent applications==

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]

Rossi has applied for a patent(WO 2009/125444 A1 EP 02259998 A1) for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as one of the International Searching Authorities of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) assessed the patent specification negatively. It criticized the invention was not presented comprehensively and particularly that it was not evident that the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen did in fact generate energy. To quote the report:

Rossi has applied for a patent(WO 2009/125444 A1 EP 02259998 A1) for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. EP-Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as one of the International Searching Authorities of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) assessed the patent specification negatively. It criticized the invention was not presented comprehensively and particularly that it was not evident that the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen did in fact generate energy. To quote the report:

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible. [...] In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

 

Also published as: WO 2009125444  (A1), US 2011005506  (A1), EP 2259998  (A1)</ref>

Patent applications are required to allow experts to rebuild the described invention. Furthermore the "best method" to achieve the presented effect has to be described in the application. But Rossi kept the nature of his "catalyzers" secret.

Patent applications are required to allow experts to rebuild the described invention. Furthermore the "best method" to achieve the presented effect has to be described in the application. But Rossi kept the nature of his "catalyzers" secret.

The WIPO website lists an answer of Rossi's patent attorney Cicogna from December 17, 2010 in which he addresses the mentioned points.<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/application_rossi.004908.pdf</ref> He drops 6 of 15 claims in his answer to the Munich European patent agency. The correspondence responds also to a patent from 2005 (Yoshiaki Arata: (Juli 2005) ''Hydrogen condensate and method of generating heat therewith.'', EP1551032 [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1551032.pdf]) of the Japanese emeritus professor Yoshiaki Arata, who studies "cold fusion" since 1989. Arata describes in his patent methods to generate an "Arata Energy" through an hydrogen isotope that permeates under energy input finely grounded metals (''metal nano-ultrafine particle '', Arata mentions several metals, among them nickel) or alloys. This process creates a "condensate" with decreased interatomic distance between the hydrogen isotopes, which explains the emission of heat. A byproduct of the reaction is helium. According to Arata there are several ways to apply the energy: pressure, ultrasound, high electricity, laserlight, magnetism, ... Arate showed his reactor with Stirling engine to the public in May 2008<ref>http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28011/1.html</ref> but explained that the principle cannot be used economically since the helium generation "poisons" the fusion process and the fusion chamber had to be vented periodically.

The WIPO website lists an answer of Rossi's patent attorney Cicogna from December 17, 2010 in which he addresses the mentioned points.<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/application_rossi.004908.pdf</ref> He drops 6 of 15 claims in his answer to the Munich European patent agency. The correspondence responds also to a patent from 2005 (Yoshiaki Arata: (Juli 2005) ''Hydrogen condensate and method of generating heat therewith.'', EP1551032 [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1551032.pdf]) of the Japanese emeritus professor Yoshiaki Arata, who studies "cold fusion" since 1989. Arata describes in his patent methods to generate an "Arata Energy" through an hydrogen isotope that permeates finely grounded metals (''metal nano-ultrafine particle '', Arata mentions several metals, among them nickel) or alloys under energy consumption. This process creates a "condensate" with decreased interatomic distance between the hydrogen isotopes, which explains the emission of heat. A byproduct of the reaction is helium. According to Arata there are several ways to apply the energy: pressure, ultrasound, high electricity, laserlight, magnetism, ... Arate showed his reactor with Stirling engine to the public in May 2008<ref>http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28011/1.html</ref> but explained that the principle cannot be used economically since the helium generation "poisons" the fusion process and the fusion chamber had to be vented periodically.

Patents von Francesco Piantelli:

Patents of Francesco Piantelli:

* WO 95 20816 A1, Francesco Piantelli: ''Energy generation and Generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion''

* WO 95 20816 A1, Francesco Piantelli: ''Energy generation and Generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion''

* EP 0767962 B1 (1995), Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion. Patent''

* EP 0767962 B1 (1995), Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion. Patent''

* WO 2010058288 A1: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO, ''METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27.''

* WO 2010058288 A1: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO, ''METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27.''

Noteworthy reception from respective associations or universities never happened, tries by the inventors to publish their principle in a professional magazine failed. Acceptable scientific publications are not known so far(January 2011). Only single physicists reacted with blog entries or comments to the topic.

*US 2002/0046762 A1  "Thermoelectric generators", Inventor: Andrea Rossi. Filing date: Oct 4,2001<ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=h9SMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

The invention was covered in 4 articles in Italian daily newspapers (sometimes only in local section). A small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business paper and a private tv station covered it. „Nyeteknik“reported in Sweden and in USA some positive coverage was done by the "Washington Times", which belongs to the [[Moon-Cult]], in an article of Frank Perley.<ref>Frank Perley: ''PERLEY:  [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", March 3, 2011.</ref>

 

 

The invention was covered in 4 articles in Italian daily newspapers (sometimes just in local section). Also, a small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business paper and a private tv station covered it. „Nyeteknik“reported in Sweden, some positive coverage was done in USA by the "Washington Times", which belongs to the [[Moon-Cult]], in an article of Frank Perley.<ref>Frank Perley: ''PERLEY:  [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", March 3, 2011.</ref>

The energy catalyzer was also covered in several blogs. The most lively interest could be observed in Italy and Sweden.

The energy catalyzer was also covered in several blogs. The most lively interest could be observed in Italy and Sweden.

The most renowned person that commented the energy catalyzer so far is the English Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson is known for years as a supporter of so called "cold fusion" and is editor of the corresponding article in English Wikipedia.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer</ref>

The most renowned person that commented the energy catalyzer so far is the English Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson is known for years as a supporter of so called "cold fusion" and is editor of the corresponding article in English Wikipedia.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer</ref>

The most committed critic is the Italian habilitated nuclear chemist Camillo Franchini. Another critic is the habilitated Swedish nuclear physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University. Ekström calls Rossi's invention a "hoax" and [[pseudoscience]]. He also compares it to claims made for the last twenty years by a Randell Mills (BlackLightPower - see [[Hydrino]]). Ekström refers in his critique to the conditions for fusion and nuclear transformations and the emitted radiation. A summary of his critique can be found here: [http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]. The Swedish professor for physics Kjell Aleklett from Uppsala University also criticized in his blog: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?"]

The most committed critic is probably Italian habilitated nuclear chemist Camillo Franchini. Another critic is the habilitated Swedish nuclear physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University. Ekström calls Rossi's invention a "hoax" and [[pseudoscience]]. He also compares it to claims made for the last twenty years by a Randell Mills (BlackLightPower - see [[Hydrino]]). Ekström refers in his critique to the conditions for fusion and nuclear transformations and the emitted radiation. A summary of his critique can be found here: [http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]. The Swedish professor for physics Kjell Aleklett from Uppsala University also criticized in his blog: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?"]

{{OtherLang|ge=Focardi-Rossi-Energiekatalysator|en=Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer|it=Catalizzatore di energia secondo Rossi e Focardi}}

{{OtherLang|ge=Focardi-Rossi-Energiekatalysator|en=Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer|it=Catalizzatore di energia secondo Rossi e Focardi}}

*Focardi S., Habel R., and Piantelli F., "Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 107A, p. 163-167, (1994)

*Focardi S., Habel R., and Piantelli F., "Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 107A, p. 163-167, (1994)

*Notoya, R. et al., "Tritium Generation and Large Excess Heat Evolution by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water-Potassium Carbonate Solutions With Nickel Electrodes," Fusion Technology, Vol. 26, p. 179, (Sept. 1994)

*Notoya, R. et al., "Tritium Generation and Large Excess Heat Evolution by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water-Potassium Carbonate Solutions With Nickel Electrodes," Fusion Technology, Vol. 26, p. 179, (Sept. 1994)

*Mengoli, G., Bernardini, M., Manducchi, C., and Zannoni, G., "Anomalous Heat Effects Correlated With Electrochemical Hydriding of Nickel," Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 20 D, p. 331-352, (1998)

*Mengoli, G., Bernardini, M., Manducchi, C., and Zannoni, G., "Anomalous Heat Effects Correlated With Electrochemical Hydriding of Nickel," Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 20 D, p. 331-352, (1998)

*Battaglia, A., Daddi, L., Focardi, S., Gabbani, V., Montalbano, V., Piantelli, F., Sona, P.G., and nesi, S., "Neutron Emission in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 112 A p. 921-931, (Sept. 1999)

*Battaglia, A., Daddi, L., Focardi, S., Gabbani, V., Montalbano, V., Piantelli, F., Sona, P.G., and nesi, S., "Neutron Emission in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 112 A p. 921-931, (Sept. 1999)

*Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).

*Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).

*Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)

*Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Article in the journal "Query", 31.1.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 31.1.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Article in the journal "Query", 2.2.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 2.2.2011]

==News==

==News==

*Franco, Foresta Martin, "Siena scopre l' energia pulita Fusione fredda all' italiana?," Corriere Della Sera, 19. Februar 1994

*Franco, Foresta Martin, "Siena scopre l' energia pulita Fusione fredda all' italiana?," Corriere Della Sera, 19. Februar 1994

*Ilaria Venturi: ''Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti", Artikel in "La Repubblica" (Bologna-Lokalausgabe) vom 14.1.2011. [http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/01/14/news/fusione_nucleare_a_freddo_a_bologna_ci_siamo_riusciti-11237521/]

*Ilaria Venturi: ''Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti", article in "La Repubblica" (local section Bologna) on January 14, 2011. [http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/01/14/news/fusione_nucleare_a_freddo_a_bologna_ci_siamo_riusciti-11237521/]

*[http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2011/01/13/441795-realizzato_fusione_fredda.shtml MARCO PIVATO: ''"Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi''. Article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (Lokal edition Bologna) January 1, 2011]

*[http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2011/01/13/441795-realizzato_fusione_fredda.shtml MARCO PIVATO: ''"Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi''. article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (local section Bologna) vom January 13, 2011]

*[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Lisa Zyga: ''Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion'', physorg, 20.1.2011]

*[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Lisa Zyga: ''Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion'', physorg, 20.1.2011]

*[http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/01/24/italian-scientists-claim-cold-fusion-breakthrough/#ixzz1HFDdqNuC Clay Dillow: ''Italian Scientists Claim (Dubious) Cold Fusion Breakthrough'', Fox News, 24.1.2011]

*[http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/01/24/italian-scientists-claim-cold-fusion-breakthrough/#ixzz1HFDdqNuC Clay Dillow: ''Italian Scientists Claim (Dubious) Cold Fusion Breakthrough'', Fox News, 24.1.2011]

*Frank Perley: ''[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", 17.3.2011.

*Frank Perley: ''Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes'', "Washington Times"  March 17, 2011.[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]

==Weblinks==

==Weblinks==

*[http://www.ingandrearossi.com Website of Andrea Rossi]

*[http://www.ingandrearossi.com Homepage of Andrea Rossi]

*[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com "Journal of Nuclear Physics"]. The title suggests a physics journal but it is actually a website similar to a blog run by Focardi and Rossi, articles are allegedly peer-reviewed by "at least one" physics professor.

*[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com "Journal of Nuclear Physics"]. The title suggests a physics journal but it is actually a website similar to a blog run by Focardi and Rossi, articles are allegedly peer-reviewed by "at least one" physics professor.  

*http://www.eonsrl.com (no content as of March 15, 2011)

*http://www.eonsrl.com (no content as of May 11, 2011)

*[http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?" *http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/index.asp?id=17662 (schwedisch)

*http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html

*http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html

*http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml

*http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml

*[http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]

*[http://www.rainews24.rai.it/it/canale-tv.php?id=23074 Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 3.5.2011]

==Video==

==Video==

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5uChrjknJA Report in Greek television] (greek/englisch)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5uChrjknJA Report in Greek television] (Greek/English)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)