Changes

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h)|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h)|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture: TV channel "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture: TV channel "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]

[[image:John_Michell_Ecat.jpg|Planned book of a John Michell: Rossi's eCcat - Free Energy, Free Money, Free People. (Xecnet)|thumb]]

[[image:John_Michell_Ecat.jpg|Planned book of a John Michell: Rossi's eCcat - Free Energy, Free Money, Free People. (Xecnet Verlag)|thumb]]

The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref>, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref>, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|left|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|left|thumb]]

[[image:Ecat power.jpg|Diagram, which shows the timeline of the electrical heating input during the experiment|300px|thumb]]

[[image:Ecat power.jpg|Diagram, which shows the timeline of the electrical heating input during the experiment|300px|thumb]]

[[image:RF_14012011_tp2.jpg|Superimposed temperature and heating power curve. Note: there is a time shift (about 5 minutes) between the two curves because start time of the two measurements is not known. It is assumed that the temperature rise correspondents to the onset of heating. Also, a technical error (caused by Microsoft Excel) produces a slightly inaccurate heating power curve at the end. A better diagram will be shown here in the future|300px|thumb]]  

[[image:RF_14012011_tp2.jpg|superimposed temperature-curve and curve showing heating power. Note: there is a time shift (abt. 5 minutes) between the two curves because the exact time lag between the two curves is not known. The beginning of temperature rise is simply set to the beginning of heating here. Also, a tecnical error (use of Windows software Excel) produces a slightly false cut-off curve of heating power at the end. A better diagram will be shown here in the future|300px|thumb]]  

[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of the used pump "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of the used pump "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

==Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011==

==Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011==

On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees (15 - 20 degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night (never shown to public). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees (15 - 20 degrees, a picture taken from a notebook shows however an "input" temperature over 17 degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night (never shown to public). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

[[image:petroldragon3.jpg|A Petroldragon compound (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|left|thumb]]

[[image:petroldragon3.jpg|A Petroldragon compound (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|left|thumb]]

[[image:petroldragon2.jpg|Andrea Rossi before a reactor of Petroldragon (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]

[[image:petroldragon2.jpg|Andrea Rossi before a reactor of Petroldragon (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]

The Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950. In his curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan. He claims as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian University with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Article in the "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. IThe company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left). The company had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

The Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950. In his curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan. He claims as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian University with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Article in the "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. IThe company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left). The company had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

MILANO. Petrolio dai rifiuti tossici? Macche’ , le 58&nbsp;mila tonnellate di liquami industriali accumulate dalla Petrol Dragon nelle cisterne dell’ ex raffineria Omar di Lacchiarella erano e restano un cocktail di veleni assolutamente non riciclabile. Andrea Rossi, rappresentante legale dell’ azienda, e il liquidatore Alessandro Reale sono stati incriminati dalla Procura circondariale di Milano per stoccaggio e smaltimento abusivo di rifiuti tossico nocivi. La Regione ha gia’ deciso di costituirsi parte civile, anche per ottenere i 50 60&nbsp;miliardi necessari alla bonifica. L’ inchiesta era stata avviata il 14&nbsp;dicembre ‘ 93 dopo il sequestro, da parte del Corpo forestale dello Stato, di un’ autocisterna proveniente dal deposito Petrol Dragon di Piossasco (Torino), sorpresa a scaricare nei serbatoi di Lacchiarella 10&nbsp;tonnellate di liquami con altissime percentuali di Pcb (policlorobifenile), una sostanza tossica e sospetta cancerogena.<br>Fasano Giusi. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/aprile/06/Manette_bis_per_Andrea_Rossi_co_0_9504062501.shtml]</ref> As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian): <ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/giugno/01/cella_mago_del_petrolio__co_2_000601164.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/09/petrolio_dai_rifiuti_inservibile_tossico_co_0_94030910061.shtml</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/07/26/storia-di-rifiuti-tossici-miliardi-supertruffe.html</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/09/11/cosi-arricchiscono-pirati-dei-rifiuti.html</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/20/Condannato_otto_anni_mago_del_co_2_0010202627.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/novembre/27/Riciclaggio_rifiuti_tossici_Assolto_Andrea_co_7_041127020.shtml</ref>

MILANO. Petrolio dai rifiuti tossici? Macche’ , le 58&nbsp;mila tonnellate di liquami industriali accumulate dalla Petrol Dragon nelle cisterne dell’ ex raffineria Omar di Lacchiarella erano e restano un cocktail di veleni assolutamente non riciclabile. Andrea Rossi, rappresentante legale dell’ azienda, e il liquidatore Alessandro Reale sono stati incriminati dalla Procura circondariale di Milano per stoccaggio e smaltimento abusivo di rifiuti tossico nocivi. La Regione ha gia’ deciso di costituirsi parte civile, anche per ottenere i 50 60&nbsp;miliardi necessari alla bonifica. L’ inchiesta era stata avviata il 14&nbsp;dicembre ‘ 93 dopo il sequestro, da parte del Corpo forestale dello Stato, di un’ autocisterna proveniente dal deposito Petrol Dragon di Piossasco (Torino), sorpresa a scaricare nei serbatoi di Lacchiarella 10&nbsp;tonnellate di liquami con altissime percentuali di Pcb (policlorobifenile), una sostanza tossica e sospetta cancerogena.<br>Fasano Giusi. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/aprile/06/Manette_bis_per_Andrea_Rossi_co_0_9504062501.shtml]</ref> As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian): <ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/giugno/01/cella_mago_del_petrolio__co_2_000601164.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/09/petrolio_dai_rifiuti_inservibile_tossico_co_0_94030910061.shtml</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/07/26/storia-di-rifiuti-tossici-miliardi-supertruffe.html</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/09/11/cosi-arricchiscono-pirati-dei-rifiuti.html</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/20/Condannato_otto_anni_mago_del_co_2_0010202627.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/novembre/27/Riciclaggio_rifiuti_tossici_Assolto_Andrea_co_7_041127020.shtml</ref>

Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Currently, investments (EON&nbsp;Srl) are operated by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.

Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Currently, investments (EON&nbsp;Srl) are operated by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.<br><br><br><br>

==EON&nbsp;Srl and Leonardo Corporation==

==EON&nbsp;Srl and Leonardo Corporation==

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|thumb]]

There is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref>, owned by several investors, which will, according to Rossi, produce some of the energy catalyzers. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. President of Defkalion is a George Sortikos, one of the vice presidents is Christos Stremmenos (born 1932, former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy).<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br>

There is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref>(named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion Deucalion], son of Prometheus in Greek mythology), owned by several investors, which will, according to Rossi, produce some of the energy catalyzers. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. President of Defkalion is a George Sortikos, one of the vice presidents is Christos Stremmenos (born 1932, former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy).<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br>

*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 31.1.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 31.1.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 2.2.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 2.2.2011]

==News articles==

==News articles==