Changes

[[image:Wakefield.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:Wakefield.jpg|thumb]]

'''Andrew Jeremy Wakefield''' (born 1957) is a british surgeon, who created a lot of attention with an 1998 publication in ''The Lancet'' in both among experts and in the public. The article titled ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''<ref name=Wakefield98>Wakefield AJ et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 ([http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF, 592 kB])</ref> correlates MMR-vaccination with autism. As a consequence, vaccination rates dropped, especially in Great Britain.

'''Andrew Jeremy Wakefield''' (born 1957) is a british surgeon, who created a lot of attention with an 1998 publication in ''The Lancet'' in both among experts and in the public. The article titled ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''<ref name=Wakefield98>Wakefield AJ et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 ([http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF, 592 kB])</ref> correlates MMR-vaccination with autism. As a consequence, vaccination rates dropped, especially in Great Britain.

In February 1998 a group around Andrew Wakefield published a report titled "''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''" in the renowned medical publication ''The Lancet''.<ref name=Wakefield98>AJ Wakefield et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 [http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF]</ref> The report analysed the cases of twelve autistic children, who were treated 1996-1997 in the Royal Free Hospital north of London. It describes bowel related symptoms, which according to Wakefield are proof of a completely new syndrome, which he later called autistic Enterocolitis. Wakefield recommended a closer investigation of possible causes in the environment of the children, amongst others the MMR vaccine. In the publication, a connection between stomach-bowel symptoms and developmental disorders of these children is suspected, which are ostensibly related to the MMR vaccination. A causal connection, that MMR vaccines lead to autism, was not reached however. In a press conference prior to publication Wakefield said he recommends to use single vaccines instead of the triple MMR until clarification. He further stated that eight of the twelve parents consider the vaccination a possible cause, as vaccination and first symptoms followed within days. He stated that he cannot support the further use of MMR vaccine without detailed investigation. In a videorecording prepared for TV in advance he demanded, that MMR be no longer used and single vaccines be used instead.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/royal-video.htm Video des Wakefield-Interviews]</ref>

In February 1998 a group around Andrew Wakefield published a report titled "''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''" in the renowned medical publication ''The Lancet''.<ref name=Wakefield98>AJ Wakefield et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 [http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF]</ref> The report analysed the cases of twelve autistic children, who were treated 1996-1997 in the Royal Free Hospital north of London. It describes bowel related symptoms, which according to Wakefield are proof of a completely new syndrome, which he later called autistic Enterocolitis. Wakefield recommended a closer investigation of possible causes in the environment of the children, amongst others the MMR vaccine. In the publication, a connection between stomach-bowel symptoms and developmental disorders of these children is suspected, which are ostensibly related to the MMR vaccination. A causal connection, that MMR vaccines lead to autism, was not reached however. In a press conference prior to publication Wakefield said he recommends to use single vaccines instead of the triple MMR until clarification. He further stated that eight of the twelve parents consider the vaccination a possible cause, as vaccination and first symptoms followed within days. He stated that he cannot support the further use of MMR vaccine without detailed investigation. In a videorecording prepared for TV in advance he demanded, that MMR be no longer used and single vaccines be used instead.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/royal-video.htm Video des Wakefield-Interviews]</ref>

===the resulting dispute===

===The resulting dispute===

Report, press conference and video unsettled the bitisch people. A heated debate followed, where both sides used Wakefields research as arguments. He was publicly attacked, his critics doubted correctness as well as ethics of his research. Government and National Health Service (NHS) emphasized that extensive epidemiological data would show no correlation between MMR-vaccination and developmental disorders. Many parents refused to believe this, as official information was discredited earlier, as in the case of BSE. Government was blamed that the higher cost of single vaccinations is the cause for their rejection. As a result, MMR vaccination rates dropped from&nbsp;92% (1996) to&nbsp;84% (2002). For parts of London it was suspected, that only&nbsp;60% of neccessary MMR vaccinations are performed, which is substantially below what is needed for herd immunity of measels. Although no measeles epidemic was observed so far, physicians warned of its possibility as the number of infections is on the rise.

Report, press conference and video unsettled the bitisch people. A heated debate followed, where both sides used Wakefields research as arguments. He was publicly attacked, his critics doubted correctness as well as ethics of his research. Government and National Health Service (NHS) emphasized that extensive epidemiological data would show no correlation between MMR-vaccination and developmental disorders. Many parents refused to believe this, as official information was discredited earlier, as in the case of BSE. Government was blamed that the higher cost of single vaccinations is the cause for their rejection. As a result, MMR vaccination rates dropped from&nbsp;92% (1996) to&nbsp;84% (2002). For parts of London it was suspected, that only&nbsp;60% of neccessary MMR vaccinations are performed, which is substantially below what is needed for herd immunity of measels. Although no measeles epidemic was observed so far, physicians warned of its possibility as the number of infections is on the rise.

Dr.&nbsp;Wakefield ceased to work at the Royal Free Hospital 2001 and works now for a controversil private hospital in the USA. His continued studies include work on possible immunological, metabolical and pathological changes caused by "autistic Enterocolitis", as well as connections between bowel diseases and neurological disorders in children and their possible connection to vaccines<ref>[http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/bio_awakefield.htm A.&nbsp;Wakefield at his new employer]</ref>

Dr.&nbsp;Wakefield ceased to work at the Royal Free Hospital 2001 and works now for a controversil private hospital in the USA. His continued studies include work on possible immunological, metabolical and pathological changes caused by "autistic Enterocolitis", as well as connections between bowel diseases and neurological disorders in children and their possible connection to vaccines<ref>[http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/bio_awakefield.htm A.&nbsp;Wakefield at his new employer]</ref>

===conflict of interests===

===Conflict of interests===

In february 2004 the Journalist Brian Deer exposed, that Wakefield hat recieved £&nbsp;55.000 in third-party funds prior to publishing the ''Lancet''-report from lawyers in search of a connection between autism and MMR-vaccination.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-deer-1.htm B ''Deer: Revealed: MMR Research Scandal'']. The Sunday Times, London, 22.&nbsp;Februar 2004</ref> According to the ''Sunday Times'' several of the quoted parents where involved in law suits against MMR-vaccine manufacturers. Despite Wakefield stated, that these third-party funds were public from the beginning, it was critizized that this fact was known neither to the ''Lancet'', nor to his Co-authors. Feb. 20th 2004 the ''Lancet'' called Wakefields study due to a ''fatal conflict of interest'' as ''flawed'' and stated it should have never been published. Several of Wakefields Co-authors also critizized the lacking information about the third-party funds in clear words.<ref>[http://www.staffnurse.com/nursing-news-articles/mmr-autism-link-study-476.html]</ref> The General Medical Council, in Great Britain responsible for licensing physicians and surveillance of medical ethics, began investigations.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/gmc-alleges.htm]</ref>

In february 2004 the Journalist Brian Deer exposed, that Wakefield hat recieved £&nbsp;55.000 in third-party funds prior to publishing the ''Lancet''-report from lawyers in search of a connection between autism and MMR-vaccination.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-deer-1.htm B ''Deer: Revealed: MMR Research Scandal'']. The Sunday Times, London, 22.&nbsp;Februar 2004</ref> According to the ''Sunday Times'' several of the quoted parents where involved in law suits against MMR-vaccine manufacturers. Despite Wakefield stated, that these third-party funds were public from the beginning, it was critizized that this fact was known neither to the ''Lancet'', nor to his Co-authors. Feb. 20th 2004 the ''Lancet'' called Wakefields study due to a ''fatal conflict of interest'' as ''flawed'' and stated it should have never been published. Several of Wakefields Co-authors also critizized the lacking information about the third-party funds in clear words.<ref>[http://www.staffnurse.com/nursing-news-articles/mmr-autism-link-study-476.html]</ref> The General Medical Council, in Great Britain responsible for licensing physicians and surveillance of medical ethics, began investigations.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/gmc-alleges.htm]</ref>

Further investigation by the english newspaper ''Sunday Times'' yield, that prior to the publication Wakefield and others recieved up to 3,5&nbsp;Million british Pound from a law firm, which represents the parents of allegedly marred children. Andrew Wakefield supposedly has recieved half a million pound, the first payments being made two years before the publication. Five of his co-authors and one reviewer, who checked the publication for ''The Lancet'' had recieved personal payments, too. <ref>H. Kaulen: [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub9D1EE68AC11C4C50AC3F3509F354677D/Doc~EC63B7196515B464D9C345BA3990C6991~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html Artikel in der FAZ], 8. Januar 2007</ref>

Further investigation by the english newspaper ''Sunday Times'' yield, that prior to the publication Wakefield and others recieved up to 3,5&nbsp;Million british Pound from a law firm, which represents the parents of allegedly marred children. Andrew Wakefield supposedly has recieved half a million pound, the first payments being made two years before the publication. Five of his co-authors and one reviewer, who checked the publication for ''The Lancet'' had recieved personal payments, too. <ref>H. Kaulen: [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub9D1EE68AC11C4C50AC3F3509F354677D/Doc~EC63B7196515B464D9C345BA3990C6991~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html Artikel in der FAZ], 8. Januar 2007</ref>

Inzwischen bereitet die britische Ärztekammer einen Ausschluss von Andrew Wakefield vor.<ref>Reiner Luyken: ''[http://www.zeit.de/2007/17/M-Anti-Impfkampagne?page=all Panik vor dem Piks]''. Die Zeit, 19.&nbsp;April 2007, Nr.&nbsp;17</ref>

As a consequence, the Gerneral Medical Council prepared to have Wakefield barred.<ref>Reiner Luyken: ''[http://www.zeit.de/2007/17/M-Anti-Impfkampagne?page=all Panik vor dem Piks]''. Die Zeit, 19.&nbsp;April 2007, Nr.&nbsp;17</ref>

==Neuere Studien zum Thema Autismus==

==New studies on autism==

Epidemiologische Forschungen zeigen für die vergangenen Jahrzehnte einen Anstieg bei Autismus. Die Ursache ist unklar, vielfach wird allerdings weniger ein realer Anstieg als die Veränderung der Diagnose- und Erhebungsmethodik als Grund vermutet.<ref>B Taylor et al.: ''Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study''. British Medical Journal, Vol 324, 16. Feb. 2002, S. 393-396 [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/324/7334/393?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=taylor%2C+b&author2=miller%2C+e&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1113249908936_21240&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=1,2,3,4 PDF]</ref><ref>[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/330/7483/112-d# BMJJournals.com] - 'Rapid Responses to: Increase in autism due to change in definition, not MMR vaccine' ''British Medical Journal'' (Meinungsaustausch der ''BMJ''-Website)</ref><ref name="Barbar">WJ Barbaresi et al.: ''The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study''. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jan. 2005, 159(1), S. 37-44 PMID 15630056</ref> So ist die Diagnose für Autismus in den vergangenen Jahren ausgeweitet worden und Kinder werden heute intensiver und eher als früher diagnostisch untersucht. Ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen MMR und Autismus kann dagegen inzwischen als so gut wie ausgeschlossen gelten, wie die im Folgenden zitierten, im Unterschied zu Wakefields Arbeit sehr umfangreichen, Studien gezeigt haben. Die Forschung geht heute davon aus, dass die verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen des Autismus ganz entscheidend von genetischen Faktoren mitbestimmt werden. Welch großen Stellenwert die Genetik bei der Entstehung von Autismus hat, zeigen unter anderem Zwillingsstudien: Während eineiige Zwillinge eine Konkordanz von&nbsp;80% bis 90% aufweisen, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass beide Kinder erkranken, bei zweieiigen Zwillingen wesentlich geringer.

Epidemiological research shows an upward trend for autism in recent years. The cause is unclear, however a change in diagnostics and census is more likely compared to a real increase.<ref>B Taylor et al.: ''Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study''. British Medical Journal, Vol 324, 16. Feb. 2002, S. 393-396 [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/324/7334/393?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=taylor%2C+b&author2=miller%2C+e&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1113249908936_21240&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=1,2,3,4 PDF]</ref><ref>[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/330/7483/112-d# BMJJournals.com] - 'Rapid Responses to: Increase in autism due to change in definition, not MMR vaccine' ''British Medical Journal'' (Meinungsaustausch der ''BMJ''-Website)</ref><ref name="Barbar">WJ Barbaresi et al.: ''The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study''. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jan. 2005, 159(1), S. 37-44 PMID 15630056</ref> Diagnose of autism has been broadened in recent years, with children being examined more intense and earlier than before. A causal link between MMR and autism is can be almost certainly be excluded, as can be shown by the studies quoted later, which are very comprehensive compared to what Wakefield did. Science today believes that the different forms of autism are very much controlled by genetic factors. The importance of genetics in this field is emphasized by twin studies: Whereas identical twins show a correlation of 80% to 90%, this risk is much lower for fraternal twins.

* In der Folge von Wakefields Veröffentlichung folgten viele Studien, die den Zusammenhang zwischen MMR und Autismus untersuchten.<ref>Auflistung von 17&nbsp;Studien zum möglichen Zusammenhang MMR-Autismus, Immunization Action Coalition [http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4026.pdf]</ref> Im Oktober 2003 wurde eine von der Europäischen Union finanzierte Übersichtsarbeit veröffentlicht, welche die Ergebnisse aus 120&nbsp;anderen Studien und Nebenwirkungen des MMR-Impfstoffs zusammenfasste und näher analysierte.<ref>T Jefferson: ''Unintended events following immunization with MMR: a systematic review''. Vaccine. 2003 Sep 8;21(25-26), S. 3954-60 PMID 12922131</ref> Die Autoren schlossen:

* After Wakefields publication, many studies on MMR and autism followed. <ref>List of 17 studies on a MMR-Autism link, Immunization Action Coalition [http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4026.pdf]</ref> October 2003 an EU-funded meta-study was published, which summarizes the results of 120 other studies, summarizing and analyzing the adverse effects of MMR-vaccine<ref>T Jefferson: ''Unintended events following immunization with MMR: a systematic review''. Vaccine. 2003 Sep 8;21(25-26), S. 3954-60 PMID 12922131</ref> The authors concluded:

**Der Impfstoff ist mit einigen positiven und einigen negativen Wirkungen assoziiert.

**The vaccine has both positive effects and adverse effects

**Es ist 'unwahrscheinlich', dass es eine Verbindung zwischen MMR und Autismus gab.

**It is ''highly unlikely'' that a connection between MMR and autism exists

**'Das Design und der Bericht von sicherheitsrelevanten Ergebnissen in MMR-Impfstoff-Studien [...] sind überwiegend inadäquat.'

**Design and report of results relevant for security in MMR-vaccine studies are mostly inadequate

* Im Januar 2005 wurde nach intensiver Forschung in einer einzelnen Grafschaft in Minnesota von einer Verachtfachung des Auftretens von Autismus berichtet. Der untersuchte Zeitraum umfasst die frühen 1980er Jahre und endet in den späten 1990ern. Bei der Forschung wurde kein Zusammenhang mit MMR entdeckt. Die Autoren vermuten, dass der Anstieg mit verbesserter Diagnostik der Störung und sich wandelnden Definitionen zu erklären ist.<ref name="Barbar"/>

* In January 2005 after intensive research in Minnesota an eightfold increase in autism was observed. Research reached from the early 1980s an ended in late 1990s. No connection to MMR was found. Authors suspect, that a change in diagnostics and a changing definition is responsible.<ref name="Barbar"/>

* Im März 2005 schloss eine an 30.000 in einem Distrikt von Yokohama geborenen Kindern durchgeführte Studie, dass das Auftreten von Autismus weiterhin anstieg (von 46-86&nbsp;Fällen auf 10.000&nbsp;Kinder zu&nbsp;97-161 auf&nbsp;10.000), obwohl die Nutzung des MMR-Impfstoffs in Japan im April 1993 eingestellt wurde. Die Schlussfolgerung der Autoren lautet. ''"Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse ist, dass MMR-Impfung höchst wahrscheinlich keine Hauptursache von ASD ist, da sich hiermit der Anstieg des Auftretens von ASD über die Zeit nicht erklären lässt und dass von einem Rückzug des MMR-Impfstoffs in denjenigen Ländern, die ihn noch verwenden, kein Rückgang im Auftreten von ASD zu erwarten ist"''.<ref>H Honda, Y Shimizu, M Rutter: ''No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study''. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;46(6):572-9. PMID 15877763</ref> Wakefield behauptet indes, der Anstieg von Autismus, welchen die Daten belegen, würde seine Hypothese stützen.<ref>''Japanese Study Is The Strongest Evidence Yet For A Link Between MMR And Autism''. The Red Flag, 6.&nbsp;März 2005 [http://www.redflagsweekly.com/articles/2005_mar06_2.html]</ref> Seine Ansichten fanden jedoch wenig Unterstützung.<ref>I Sample: ''Lingering fears of MMR-autism link dispelled''. The Guardian, 3.&nbsp;März 2005&nbsp;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C3604%2C1429115%2C00.html]</ref>

* In march 2005 a study on 30.000 children born near Yokohama concluded that autism is on the rise (from 46-86 cases in 10.000 children to 97-161 cases in 10.000 children), despite MMR vaccine was no longer used in Japan since april 1993. The authors concluded ''"The relevance of these results is, that MMR is most likely not a cause of ASD, as the rise in ASD cannot be explained, and a withdrawl of MMR in countries where it is still in use will not lead to a decline in ASD."''.<ref>H Honda, Y Shimizu, M Rutter: ''No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study''. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;46(6):572-9. PMID 15877763</ref> Wakefield claims however, the rise in autism, which is backed by the data, would support his hypothesis.<ref>''Japanese Study Is The Strongest Evidence Yet For A Link Between MMR And Autism''. The Red Flag, 6.&nbsp;März 2005 [http://www.redflagsweekly.com/articles/2005_mar06_2.html]</ref> His point of view found little support, however.<ref>I Sample: ''Lingering fears of MMR-autism link dispelled''. The Guardian, 3.&nbsp;März 2005&nbsp;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C3604%2C1429115%2C00.html]</ref>

* Im Oktober 2005 veröffentlichte die ''Cochrane Library'' eine Überprüfung von 31&nbsp;wissenschaftlichen Studien und schloss: ''"Es gibt keinen glaubwürdigen Beweis hinter den Behauptungen der Schadhaftigkeit des MMR-Impfstoffs"''. Allerdings bemängelten auch diese Autoren, das Design und der Bericht von sicherheitsrelevanten Ergebnissen in MMR-Impfstoffstudien sei überwiegend inadäquat.<ref name= Demicheli2005>V Demicheli,T Jefferson, A Rivetti, D Price: ''Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children''. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004407. [http://www.cochrane.org/press/MMR_final.pdf PDF]</ref> Cochrane, in Oxford, England, wird von Wissenschaftlern weithin als die höchste unabhängige Prüfinstanz medizinischer Literatur angesehen und als Küster der "beweisgeführten Medizin".

* In october 2005 the ''Cochrane Library'' published a summary of scientific studies and concluded: ''"There is no plausible proof for the harmfullnes of MMR vaccine"''. On the other hand, these authors too critizized the design and the reporting of security-relevant results in MMR studies as mostly inadequate.<ref name= Demicheli2005>V Demicheli,T Jefferson, A Rivetti, D Price: ''Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children''. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004407. [http://www.cochrane.org/press/MMR_final.pdf PDF]</ref> Cochrane, in Oxford, England, is seen from may scientists as the highest independent control for medical publications and as a guardian of evidence based medicine.

* Ein Fall-Kontrollstudie von 2008 lässt es als sehr unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, dass eine Masernimpfung ursächlich mit Autismus in Zusammenhang gebracht werden kann.<ref>Hornig M, Briese T, Buie T, Bauman ML, Lauwers G, et al. 2008 Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3140 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003140</ref>

* A case-control study from 2008 makes it highly impropable that MMR and autism are connected.<ref>Hornig M, Briese T, Buie T, Bauman ML, Lauwers G, et al. 2008 Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3140 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003140</ref>

==Berufsverbot==

==Occupational ban==

Wakefield wurde im Mai 2010 von der britischen Ärztekammer seine Zulassung  für Großbritannien wegen standeswidrigen Verhaltens entzogen. Das General Medical Council beschäftigte sich allerdings nicht mit den wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Untersuchung, sondern mit ihrer Durchführung. So soll Wakefield beim Kindergeburtstag seines Sohnes Blutproben von dessen Freunden entnommen und ihnen dafür Geld gegeben haben. Damit hat er den Arztberuf in Verruf gebracht, begründetet die Kammer ihre Entscheidung.

In may 2010 Wakefield lost his licence for great britain due to inappropriate conduct. The General Medical Council did not review the scientific basis for his research, but its realization. It is claimed that e.g that Wakefield used his sons bithday to get samples of his firends blood, for what he paid money. In doing so, he has brought the medical profession in disrepute, the Council stated.

Wakefield wanderte vor einigen Jahren in die USA aus, wo er 2005 ein gemeinnütziges Autismus-Zentrum gründete. Ungeachtet des Berufsverbots in Großbritannien darf er dort weiter praktizieren<ref name='NIH'></ref>.

Wakefield emmigrated to the US, where in 2005 he founded a non-profit autism center. Despite the occupational ban in great britain he can practise medicine there.<ref name='NIH'></ref>.

==Literatur==

==Literature==

*Parker, S.J., Schwartz, B., Todd, J., and L.K. Pickering. 2004. Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Review of Published Original Data. Pediatrics, 114(3): Seiten 793-804

*Parker, S.J., Schwartz, B., Todd, J., and L.K. Pickering. 2004. Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Review of Published Original Data. Pediatrics, 114(3): Seiten 793-804