Changes

[[image:Rossi_Ecat2.jpg|several "Ecat" without shielding and isolation.  Picture: Giuseppe Levi|350px|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Ecat2.jpg|several "Ecat" without shielding and isolation.  Picture: Giuseppe Levi|350px|thumb]]

[[image:Ecat5.jpg|Power control|left|thumb]]

[[image:Ecat5.jpg|Power control|left|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Ecat.jpg|Reaction chamber from outside, lead shielding and isolation removed. Below: Outer  heating resistor (here: heating sleeve 300W), above: hydrogen intake, left and right: cooling water line. Picture: Giuseppe Levi|350px|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Ecat.jpg|Reaction chamber from outside, lead shielding and isolation removed. Below: Outer  heating resistor (here: heating sleeve 300W), above: hydrogen intake, left and right: cooling water line. Image: Giuseppe Levi|350px|thumb]]

[[image:Hydrogen.jpg|Hydrogen pressure|left|thumb]]

[[image:Hydrogen.jpg|Hydrogen pressure indicator|left|thumb]]

[[image:Heizmanschette.jpg|Typical heating sleeve|thumb]]

[[image:Heizmanschette.jpg|Typical heating sleeve|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi6.jpg|Claims of cheap nickel  isotope enrichment as part of the invention (Screenshot from the blog "journal of nuclear physics" on April 11, 2011)|350px|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi6.jpg|Claims of cheap nickel  isotope enrichment as part of the invention (Screenshot: Blog "Journal of nuclear physics", April 11, 2011)|350px|thumb]]

All information currently available regarding the "Focardi-Rossi Energy Catalyzer" come from inventors and their Internet blog, from a patent application by Rossi, from YouTube videos, and from statements by a few physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There has been no noteworthy reception on the part of the international physics community so far. An attempt of the inventors to publish an article on their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only individual physicists reacted with public blog entries and comments (e.g.: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/][http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf][http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html]). The most renowned person that commented the energy catalyzer so far is the English Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson is known for years as a supporter of so called "cold fusion". As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Focardi and Rossi spread their statements in their own "online periodical" titled "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an internet blog, and in Italian journal "Il Cimento".  On inquiry, physicist Focardi advised that the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded by Rossi since publication in accredited journals failed. Focardi stated that [http://arxiv.org "arXiv.org"] was the journal, that declined to publish them: ''A. Carnera, S. Focardi, A. Rossi, to be published on Arxiv.''.

All data that are currently available regarding the "Focardi-Rossi Energy Catalyzer" come from the inventors and their Internet blog, from a patent application by Rossi, from YouTube videos, and from statements from the few physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There has been no noteworthy reception on the part of the international physics community so far. An attempt of the inventors to publish an article on their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only individual physicists reacted with public blog entries and comments (e.g.: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/][http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf][http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html]). The most renowned person that commented the energy catalyzer so far is the English Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson is known for years as a supporter of so called "cold fusion". As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Focardi and Rossi spread their statements in their own "online periodical" titled "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an internet blog, and in Italian journal "Il Cimento".  On inquiry, physicist Focardi advised that the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded by Rossi since publication in accredited journals failed. Focardi stated that [http://arxiv.org "arXiv.org"] was the journal, that declined to publish them: ''A. Carnera, S. Focardi, A. Rossi, to be published on Arxiv.''.

The company of Rossi EON Srl and the "Leonardocorp." did not provide further information.

The company of Rossi EON Srl and the "Leonardocorp." did not provide further information.

According to available and in part contradictory information from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor allegedly enables exothermal fusion. They claim they managed to "produce" 130 kW thermal energy in an extreme case, and needed just 80 to 1,250 Watts to "pre-heat" respectively to operate the electronic control system.

According to available and in part contradictory information from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor allegedly enables exothermal fusion. They claim they managed to "produce" 130 kW thermal energy in an extreme case, and needed just 80 to 1,250 Watts to "pre-heat" respectively to operate the electronic control system.

The process - disclosed only partially, although a patent application was filed (not approved as of April 2011) - involves that nickel and hydrogen gas are transformed to copper in the presence of an unknown catalyst under emission of heat and ionizing radiation. The fusion process is said to happen in a stainless steel reactor vessel which is placed inside of a copper pipe through which cooling water flows. The patent application claims  the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3.6% of natural nickel) reacted with hydrogen and was transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. Rossi claims in his blog that he uses nickel isotope enrichment to enrich it with the desired nickel isotopes.  The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in a strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>

The process - disclosed only partially, although a patent application was filed (not approved as of April 2011) - involves that nickel and hydrogen gas are transformed to copper in the presence of an unknown catalyst under emission of heat and ionizing radiation. The fusion process is said to happen in a stainless steel reactor vessel which is placed inside of a copper pipe through which cooling water flows. The patent application claims  the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3.6% of natural nickel) reacted with hydrogen and was transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. Rossi claims in his blog that he uses nickel isotope enrichment to get the desired amount of nickel isotopes.  To be more precise, he claims to use an unexplained process to enrich with the isotope Ni58.<ref>Citation from JONP Blog:

 

 

 

 

A.R.</ref> The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in a strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>

While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – was not used allegedly. According to the patent application an inner water circuit(with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor, heat is transferred by a heat exchanger to an external water circuit.

While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – was not used allegedly. According to the patent application an inner water circuit(with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor, heat is transferred by a heat exchanger to an external water circuit.

Looking for possible heat sources [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28chemistry%29 Absorption]] of hydrogen in  nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.

Looking for possible heat sources [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28chemistry%29 Absorption]] of hydrogen in  nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.

==The mysterious catalyst==

==The mysterious catalyst==

[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|left|thumb]]

[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|left|thumb]]

[[image:RF_14012011_3.jpg|Temperature curve, with two periods (17 minutes) where 100°C were reached (reconstructed from video)|300px|thumb]]  

[[image:RF_14012011_3.jpg|Temperature curve, with two periods (17 minutes) where 100°C were reached (reconstructed from video)|300px|thumb]]  

[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|left|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|thumb]]

[[image:Ecat power.jpg|Diagram, which shows the timeline of the electrical heating input during the experiment|300px|thumb]]

[[image:Ecat power.jpg|Diagram, which shows the timeline of the electrical heating input during the experiment|300px|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of the used pump "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of the used pump "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists from universities. Only invited persons were allowed to attend the conference. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna<ref>Company GM System, Via dell'Elettricista 16, Bologna</ref> and not in rooms of the Bologna University as claimed on various places in the internet. During the press conference the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55&nbsp;minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of the recorded measurements which can be seen on the screen of a notebook in a Youtube video for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a duration of 15&nbsp;to 20&nbsp;minutes (most probably 17&nbsp;minutes) where a water temperature of 100&nbsp;degrees or more were reached. (see picture). In the report about the experiment the data which can be seen on the notebook are omitted (according to the reporting physicist Levi: "lost"). It also speaks of a duration of 40&nbsp;minutes, obviously the whole duration including heating up is meant. To calculate the heat output inadvertent or deliberately incorrect values of the water throughput were made, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported about their experiment in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists employed at universities. Only invited people were allowed to participate. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna<ref>Company GM System, Via dell'Elettricista 16, Bologna</ref> and not in rooms of the Bologna University as claimed on various places in the internet. During the press conference the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55&nbsp;minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of the recorded measurement data which can be seen on the screen of a notebook in a Youtube-video for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a duration of 15&nbsp;to 20&nbspminutes(probably 17&nbsp; minutes) where a water temperature of 100&nbsp;degrees or more was reached. (see picture). The data, which can be seen on the notebook were omitted from the the report about the experiment (they are, according to the physicist Levi: "lost"). It also speaks of a duration of 40&nbsp;minutes, obviously the whole duration including heating up is meant. To calculate the heat output inadvertent or deliberately incorrect values of the water throughput were made, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported about their experiment in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].

During the press conference they stated the heat input was 600&nbsp;Watts, at a calculated output of 12,000&nbsp;Watts (12&nbsp;kW). But according to a published report (G. Levi), actual mean average power was 1022 W. An re-alaysis of published values for heating power shows 1073&nbsp;W.<ref>http://www.e-catalyzer.se/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7</ref> Electrical heating power used was between 400 and 1550 W. The inventors calculated their estimation of generated heat from the heated water: 292&nbsp;grammes of water per minute were heated from 20&nbsp;°C to 101&nbsp;°C (dry vapour) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed, however, as a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation was denied for secrecy reasons. A detailed report submitted by independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation was detected, although the device was supplied with two openings for measurement purposes. Excerpt from the report:

During the press conference they stated the heat input was 600&nbsp;Watts, at a calculated output of 12,000&nbsp;Watts (12&nbsp;kW). According to the published report (G. Levi) the actual supplied power was on average 1,022&nbsp;Watt. A new analysis of the published data gave 1,073&nbsp;Watt.<ref>http://www.e-catalyzer.se/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7</ref> Power used was between 400 and 1500 W. The inventors calculated their estimation of generated heat from the heated water: 292&nbsp;grammes of water per minute were heated from 20&nbsp;°C to 101&nbsp;°C (dry vapour) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed, however, as a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation was denied for secrecy reasons. A detailed report submitted by independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation was detected, although the device was supplied with two openings for measurement purposes. Excerpt from the report:

:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ&nbsp;> 200&nbsp;keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ&nbsp;rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''

:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ&nbsp;> 200&nbsp;keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ&nbsp;rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66&nbsp;kgs). Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf]

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66&nbsp;kgs). Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf]

[[image:Rf_14012011_8.jpg|Alternative calculation explaining the reported values without cold fusion(Source: unknown author "Ascoli65" from Italian forum EnergeticAmbiente.it)|480px|thumb]]  

[[image:Rf_14012011_8.jpg|Alternative calculation explaining the reported values without cold fusion(Source: unknown author "Ascoli65" from Italian forum EnergeticAmbiente.it)|480px|thumb]]  

'''Inconsistencies''': Several incomprehensible pieces of information were given shortly after the experiment. Even weeks later the Rossi-Team has not reacted with a correction of said pieces. Not only was the duration of the experiment with 17&nbsp;minutes (where temperature was close to or above 100 degrees) shorter than claimed (40 minutes), but there are also reasons to doubt the other claims of the inventors and operators of the experiment. The estimation of energy by evaporation of water was criticized in "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not the dry condition of the steam. It was claimed that a combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was used, but in the video a different probe, which looks like a SPC&nbsp;C45 0500 BEX - probe, can be seen. A HP474AC probe is not visible on any video. The claimed water throughput of 292&nbsp;ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the used pump has only half of this capacity according to specification. A pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" was used, which was confirmed in May 2011 by the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan. Several previous inquiries about the type of the pump were not answer by Andrea Rossi.<ref>From JONP-Blog, Question to Rossi: ''January 28th, 2011 at 10:57 AM<br>Excuse, Dr. Levi, my insistence, but on the lack of an answer to my previous question, let me temporarily assume that the model of the pump used in the January 14th test belongs actually to the Milton Roy LMI Series P1.<br>In such a case, the capacity per stroke could be at maximum 2 ml (model P18 in the Series P1). Now, considering that the pump has been operated at about 57 strokes per minute (hear sound at the beginning of movie 2/3), it makes a maximum water flow rate of 114 ml per minute, that would be 39% only of the value indicated in your preliminary report.<br>Probably, I have got a bad impression and the pump was another one. So I think it would be of great importance, if you could gather and kindly specify, here and/or on the final version of your report, the real specific model and the relevant operating data of the water pump used in your verification test.<br>Thank you and best regards'' (Name)<br><br>A. Rossi:<br>Andrea Rossi<br>January 28th, 2011 at 10:32 PM<br>Dear (Name):<br>I do not know which kind of pump it was, because it has been chosen by the testers, but what I can say, regarding your comment, is:<br>1- the amount of the flow of water has been tested many times during the test, filling a reservoir with a well known volume and taking the time to fill it up.<br>2- I thank you very much for validating our test by redundance: in fact, if only the 39% of the measured flow should have been passed, the reactor would have produced 4.8 kWh, consuming 400 Wh. I am sure that you, being an engineer of a great energy provider, know the first and also the second thermodynamic principle, therefore I am sure you made your comment to congratulate us.<br>For this reason I thank you infinitely.<br>Warm Regards, Andrea Rossi</ref>.

'''Inconsistencies''': Several incomprehensible pieces of information were given shortly after the experiment. Even weeks later the Rossi-Team has not reacted with a correction of said pieces. Not only was the duration of the experiment with 17&nbsp;minutes (where temperature was close to or above 100 degrees) shorter than claimed, but there are also reasons to doubt the other claims of the inventors and operators of the experiment.. The estimation of energy by evaporation of water was criticized in "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not the dry condition of the steam. It was claimed that a combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was used, but in the video a different probe, which looks like a SPC&nbsp;C45 0500 BEX - probe, can be seen. A HP474AC probe is not visible on any video. The claimed water throughput of 292&nbsp;ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the used pump has only half of this capacity according to specification. A pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" was used, which was confirmed in May 2011 by the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan. Several previous inquiries about the type of the pump were not answer by Andrea Rossi.<ref>From JONP-Blog, Question to Rossi: ''January 28th, 2011 at 10:57 AM<br>Excuse, Dr. Levi, my insistence, but on the lack of an answer to my previous question, let me temporarily assume that the model of the pump used in the January 14th test belongs actually to the Milton Roy LMI Series P1.<br>In such a case, the capacity per stroke could be at maximum 2 ml (model P18 in the Series P1). Now, considering that the pump has been operated at about 57 strokes per minute (hear sound at the beginning of movie 2/3), it makes a maximum water flow rate of 114 ml per minute, that would be 39% only of the value indicated in your preliminary report.<br>Probably, I have got a bad impression and the pump was another one. So I think it would be of great importance, if you could gather and kindly specify, here and/or on the final version of your report, the real specific model and the relevant operating data of the water pump used in your verification test.<br>Thank you and best regards'' (Name)<br><br>A. Rossi:<br>Andrea Rossi<br>January 28th, 2011 at 10:32 PM<br>Dear (Name):<br>I do not know which kind of pump it was, because it has been chosen by the testers, but what I can say, regarding your comment, is:<br>1- the amount of the flow of water has been tested many times during the test, filling a reservoir with a well known volume and taking the time to fill it up.<br>2- I thank you very much for validating our test by redundance: in fact, if only the 39% of the measured flow should have been passed, the reactor would have produced 4.8 kWh, consuming 400 Wh. I am sure that you, being an engineer of a great energy provider, know the first and also the second thermodynamic principle, therefore I am sure you made your comment to congratulate us.<br>For this reason I thank you infinitely.<br>Warm Regards, Andrea Rossi</ref>.

The manufacturer gives a maximal flow of 12.1&nbsp;l/h for the  LMI&nbsp;P18.<ref>http://www.lmipumps.com/Files/lmi/Global/US-en/site_files/seriesj5.pdf</ref> Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they they look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100&nbsp;per minute. At 100&nbsp;strokes/min maximum throughput is reached. In one of the YouTube-videos from the presentation on January&nbsp;14, 2011 pump strokes are clearly audible for 30&nbsp;seconds.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE</ref> Counting them gives 29&nbsp;or 30&nbsp; strokes in those thirty seconds. The pump was regulated to 59&nbsp;to 60&nbsp;strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. Thus the heat output calculated by the team is 240% higher than the actually possible output using the pump shown in the video and certainly wrong. Because of the wrong claim about the mean average powerg (1.073&nbsp;W instead of 600&nbsp;W)  an additional grave error of 78% has to be added. Assuming just a couple of percent condensed water in the vapour would allow to explain the steam generation just through the electrical heating.

The manufacturer gives a maximal flow of 12.1&nbsp;l/h for the  LMI&nbsp;P18.<ref>http://www.lmipumps.com/Files/lmi/Global/US-en/site_files/seriesj5.pdf</ref> Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they they look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100&nbsp;per minute. At 100&nbsp;strokes/min maximum throughput is reached. In one of the YouTube-videos from the presentation on January&nbsp;14, 2011 pump strokes are clearly audible for 30&nbsp;seconds.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE</ref> Counting them gives 29&nbsp;or 30&nbsp; strokes in those thirty seconds. The pump was regulated to 59&nbsp;to 60&nbsp;strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. Thus the heat output calculated by the team is 240% higher than the actually possible output using the pump shown in the video and certainly wrong. Because of the wrong claim about the mean average powerg (1.073&nbsp;W instead of 600&nbsp;W)  an additional grave error of 78% has to be added. Assuming just a couple of percent condensed water in the vapour would allow to explain the steam generation just through the electrical heating.

The report about the experiment states that the used hydrogen cylinder had been weighted before and after the test to establish the amount of used hydrogen with less than a gram margin. For the weight of the pressure cylinder different values are given, but it is said to have been 13,66&nbsp;kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60&nbsp;kg) allow to read weight in 0.1 gram steps but their precision is far less. Possible scales offer just a precision of 0.2&nbsp;to 0.4&nbsp;gram.<ref>Sartorius (CPA34001S) 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr.[http://www.sartorius-mechatronics.com/DE/de/praezisions-waage-dy3xpfyyb7o.html]<br>Precisa 490K 34000D, 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr [http://www.as-waegetechnik.de/produkte/Industriewaagen/iw/praezisionswaagen_assets/Precisa%20490.pdf]<br>Kern CDS 15K0.05 15 kg d=0,05 g, e 0,25 g<br>Adam Equipment PGL-20001 Precision Balance 20 kg d 0.1g, linearity (±):  0.4g</ref>

The report about the experiment states that the used hydrogen cylinder had been weighted before and after the test to establish the amount of used hydrogen with less than a gram margin. For the weight of the pressure cylinder different values are given, but it is said to have been 13,66&nbsp;kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60&nbsp;kg) allow to read weight in 0.1 gram steps but their precision is far less. Possible scales offer just a precision of 0.2&nbsp;to 0.4&nbsp;gram.<ref>Sartorius (CPA34001S) 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr.[http://www.sartorius-mechatronics.com/DE/de/praezisions-waage-dy3xpfyyb7o.html]<br>Precisa 490K 34000D, 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr [http://www.as-waegetechnik.de/produkte/Industriewaagen/iw/praezisionswaagen_assets/Precisa%20490.pdf]<br>Kern CDS 15K0.05 15 kg d=0,05 g, e 0,25 g<br>Adam Equipment PGL-20001 Precision Balance 20 kg d 0.1g, linearity (±):  0.4g</ref>

==Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011==

==Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011==

On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees (15 - 20 degrees, a picture taken from a notebook shows however an "input" temperature over 17 degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night (never shown to public). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees (to 15-20&nbsp;degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night(that video was never released). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

[[image:28042011_4.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;28|350px|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_4.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;28|350px|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_2.jpg|Possible manipulation of the heating regulation by Rossi during the experiment|left|thumb]]

[[image:28042011_2.jpg|Possible manipulation of the heating regulation by Rossi during the experiment|left|thumb]]

On April 19 and April 28 the ECat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum) the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the reporter Lewan walked into an adjoining room with his video camera and returned, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

On April 19 and April 28 the ECat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum) the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the supplied electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the reporter Lewan walked into an adjoining room with his video camera and returned, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

A further experiment, allegedly planned for April&nbsp;21, 2011<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/rossi-brings-e-cat-to-stockholm-royal.html</ref>, where the E-Cat was supposed to be given to the Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén from Uppsala university for testing, was denied by Rossi in retrospect.<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrea-rossi-no-e-cat-test-at-uppsala.html</ref>

A further experiment, allegedly planned for April&nbsp;21, 2011<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/rossi-brings-e-cat-to-stockholm-royal.html</ref>, where the E-Cat was supposed to be given to the Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén from Uppsala university for testing, was denied by Rossi in retrospect.<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrea-rossi-no-e-cat-test-at-uppsala.html</ref>

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

In 1996, a group led by Antonino Zichichi tried in vain to repeat the pre-Rossi Piantelli-experiment(equal in principle, except for the secret catalyst) at CERN in Geneva for one year. Authors mention established increases in temperature which, however, did not correspond to an increase in energy release:

*In 1996, a group led by Antonino Zichichi tried in vain to repeat the pre-Rossi Piantelli-experiment(equal in principle, except for the secret catalyst) at CERN in Geneva for one year. Authors mention established increases in temperature which, however, did not correspond to an increase in energy release:

:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref>

:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref>

In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests of the principle was carried out by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Again, no fusion reaction or release of energy could be established over the course of several months.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref>

*In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests of the principle was carried out by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Again, no fusion reaction or release of energy could be established over the course of several months.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref>

 

 

 

Zr-Ni-Cu alloy performance Ames National Laboratory processed metal alloy foils via arc melting followed by melt spinning. This is the Yamaura process employed by Arata and others. The foils were baked in ordinary air at 445C for 28 hours. The brittle, oxidized foils were placed in a tumble mill for 24 hours. This resulted in 30 grams of black powder with a median grain size of about 40 microns.Presumably, each grain has about one million nanoscale islands of NiCu inside. The 30 grams occupies about 7 ml inside the 50 ml dewar. The system was vacuum baked at 220C for 24 hours and cooled to room temperature. H2 gas was added at 200psi. The pressure dropped only to about 185 psi over twenty minutes. In these replication experiments the exothermic reactions have had peak temperatures above 220C with substantial loading above 3.0 H/M ratios. This time the temperature only rose by 2 degrees C. The system was heated with a band heater to high temperature. There was no controller. A rheostat was set at an arbitrary position and the system comes to a an arbitrary temperature.The average power input was 90 watts. After several hours the hydrated system was evacuated overnight at a constant high temperature at 530C. The next day H2 gas was again added at 100psi and the temperature rose by 40C to 570C and came back down to 530C after two hours. At the end of the day the dewar was again evacuated while still at 530C overnight. The third day repeated the same procedure. H2 gas was added at 100psi and the temperature rose by 44C to 574C. However, this time it did not come back to the initial temperature. It remained at the elevated temperature overnight. On the fourth day H2 gas was again added at 100psi and the system rose by 50C to 580C and again stayed at the elevated temperature indefinitely. A rough calibration suggests that the 30 grams of hydrated nanopowder is putting out 5 watts of excess power. Yesterday Peter Gluck suggested that the relationship between loading and excess power may be a myth. This seemed to be true for electrolysis with Pd and heavy water where loading levels exceeding 0.9 D/M were a prerequisite for observing excess power. My loading level with this nanopowder sample as less than 0.1 H/M. This 5 watt excess is very much less than Rossi, but it is a real and repeatable experiment There was no radiation above the background level. Other alloys from Ames NL are expected within ten days.</ref>

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

[[image:petroldragon2.jpg|Andrea Rossi before a reactor of Petroldragon (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]

[[image:petroldragon2.jpg|Andrea Rossi before a reactor of Petroldragon (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]

[[image:petrol_dragon_airuno.jpg|Compound of the company Petrol Dragon in Airuno with tanks for used oil (Image: merate online [http://www.merateonline.it/articolo.php?idd=6256&origine=1])|left|thumb]]

[[image:petrol_dragon_airuno.jpg|Compound of the company Petrol Dragon in Airuno with tanks for used oil (Image: merate online [http://www.merateonline.it/articolo.php?idd=6256&origine=1])|left|thumb]]

The Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950. In his curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan. He claims as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian University with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Article in the "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. IThe company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left). The company had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

The Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950 in Milano. In his curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan. He claims as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian University with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Article in the "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. IThe company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left). The company had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

In March 2011 Andrea Rossi was confronted by a journalist with accusations of holding an engineering title from a diploma mill. Rossi replied that the title was a ''honorary title'' which was given to him for an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims that he doesn't know anything about the company "Kensington University Inc.". He also said that he has a regular title ''Dottore Magistrale in Filosofia'' of Università degli Studi di Milano from 10. Dezember 1975<ref>Contribution of user Matslewan on March 23, 2011 in English Wikipedia: ''As a journalist I have interviewed Rossi and he says that the title from Kensington University is an honorary title he gained because of an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims he knows no more about this university.''</ref>

In March 2011 Andrea Rossi was confronted by a journalist with accusations of holding an engineering title from a diploma mill. Rossi replied that the title was a ''honorary title'' which was given to him for an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims that he doesn't know anything about the company "Kensington University Inc.". He also said that he has a regular title ''Dottore Magistrale in Filosofia'' of Università degli Studi di Milano from 10. Dezember 1975<ref>Contribution of user Matslewan on March 23, 2011 in English Wikipedia: ''As a journalist I have interviewed Rossi and he says that the title from Kensington University is an honorary title he gained because of an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims he knows no more about this university.''</ref>

MILANO. Petrolio dai rifiuti tossici? Macche’ , le 58&nbsp;mila tonnellate di liquami industriali accumulate dalla Petrol Dragon nelle cisterne dell’ ex raffineria Omar di Lacchiarella erano e restano un cocktail di veleni assolutamente non riciclabile. Andrea Rossi, rappresentante legale dell’ azienda, e il liquidatore Alessandro Reale sono stati incriminati dalla Procura circondariale di Milano per stoccaggio e smaltimento abusivo di rifiuti tossico nocivi. La Regione ha gia’ deciso di costituirsi parte civile, anche per ottenere i 50 60&nbsp;miliardi necessari alla bonifica. L’ inchiesta era stata avviata il 14&nbsp;dicembre ‘ 93 dopo il sequestro, da parte del Corpo forestale dello Stato, di un’ autocisterna proveniente dal deposito Petrol Dragon di Piossasco (Torino), sorpresa a scaricare nei serbatoi di Lacchiarella 10&nbsp;tonnellate di liquami con altissime percentuali di Pcb (policlorobifenile), una sostanza tossica e sospetta cancerogena.<br>Fasano Giusi. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/aprile/06/Manette_bis_per_Andrea_Rossi_co_0_9504062501.shtml]</ref> As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian): <ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/giugno/01/cella_mago_del_petrolio__co_2_000601164.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/09/petrolio_dai_rifiuti_inservibile_tossico_co_0_94030910061.shtml</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/07/26/storia-di-rifiuti-tossici-miliardi-supertruffe.html</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/09/11/cosi-arricchiscono-pirati-dei-rifiuti.html</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/20/Condannato_otto_anni_mago_del_co_2_0010202627.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/novembre/27/Riciclaggio_rifiuti_tossici_Assolto_Andrea_co_7_041127020.shtml</ref>

MILANO. Petrolio dai rifiuti tossici? Macche’ , le 58&nbsp;mila tonnellate di liquami industriali accumulate dalla Petrol Dragon nelle cisterne dell’ ex raffineria Omar di Lacchiarella erano e restano un cocktail di veleni assolutamente non riciclabile. Andrea Rossi, rappresentante legale dell’ azienda, e il liquidatore Alessandro Reale sono stati incriminati dalla Procura circondariale di Milano per stoccaggio e smaltimento abusivo di rifiuti tossico nocivi. La Regione ha gia’ deciso di costituirsi parte civile, anche per ottenere i 50 60&nbsp;miliardi necessari alla bonifica. L’ inchiesta era stata avviata il 14&nbsp;dicembre ‘ 93 dopo il sequestro, da parte del Corpo forestale dello Stato, di un’ autocisterna proveniente dal deposito Petrol Dragon di Piossasco (Torino), sorpresa a scaricare nei serbatoi di Lacchiarella 10&nbsp;tonnellate di liquami con altissime percentuali di Pcb (policlorobifenile), una sostanza tossica e sospetta cancerogena.<br>Fasano Giusi. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/aprile/06/Manette_bis_per_Andrea_Rossi_co_0_9504062501.shtml]</ref> As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian): <ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/giugno/01/cella_mago_del_petrolio__co_2_000601164.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/09/petrolio_dai_rifiuti_inservibile_tossico_co_0_94030910061.shtml</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/07/26/storia-di-rifiuti-tossici-miliardi-supertruffe.html</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/09/11/cosi-arricchiscono-pirati-dei-rifiuti.html</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/20/Condannato_otto_anni_mago_del_co_2_0010202627.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/novembre/27/Riciclaggio_rifiuti_tossici_Assolto_Andrea_co_7_041127020.shtml</ref>

Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Currently, investments (EON&nbsp;Srl) are operated by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.<br><br><br><br>

Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Current business interests (EON&nbsp;Srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.<br><br><br><br>

==EON&nbsp;Srl and Leonardo Corporation==

==EON&nbsp;Srl and Leonardo Corporation==

==Leonardo Technologies Inc.==

==Leonardo Technologies Inc.==

[[image:LTI.jpg|Thermoelectric wonder device of LTI|left|thumb]]

[[image:LTI.jpg|Thermoelectric wonder device of LTI|thumb]]

Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another company registered in USA co-founded by Rossi<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref>. But he sold it at the end of the 1990s. LTI in Manchester(NH/USA) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with wondrous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect thermoelectric effect] (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling Thermoelectric cooling] enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It lies between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("Plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be only of commercial interest if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed to have realized thermoelectric modules (TE-device) with 20% efficiency. It was also claimed that they could build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1&nbsp;A and 100&nbsp;volt (100&nbsp;watt) was shown. Rossi continued his research later in Italy. The American Department of Defence showed interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol<ref>http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/library_items/Thermo(2004).pdf</ref>. The modules did not prove to be very reliable. Out of 27&nbsp;devices just eight worked at all. Instead of the claimed 800&nbsp;to 1000&nbsp;watt they had just produced 1&nbsp;Watt of power. Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than a normal commercially available device.

Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another company registered in USA co-founded by Rossi<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref>. But he sold it at the end of the 1990s. LTI in Manchester(NH/USA) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with wondrous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect thermoelectric effect] (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling Thermoelectric cooling] enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It lies between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("Plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be only of commercial interest if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed to have realized thermoelectric modules (TE-device) with 20% efficiency. It was also claimed that they could build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1&nbsp;A and 100&nbsp;volt (100&nbsp;watt) was shown. Rossi continued his research later in Italy. The American Department of Defence showed interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol<ref>http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/library_items/Thermo(2004).pdf</ref>. The modules did not prove to be very reliable. Out of 27&nbsp;devices just eight worked at all. Instead of the claimed 800&nbsp;to 1000&nbsp;watt they had just produced 1&nbsp; Watt of power Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than a normal commercially available device.

==AmpEnergo==

==AmpEnergo==

[[image:Coldstream_Park_Office_Park.jpg|Coldstream Park Office Park (Image: NAI Norwood Group, Bedford NH [http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf])|300px|thumb]]

[[image:Coldstream_Park_Office_Park.jpg|Coldstream Park Office Park (Image: NAI Norwood Group, Bedford NH [http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf])|300px|thumb]]

The US-American startup company AmpEnergo Inc. founded on April 20,2009 in Bedford, New Hampshire<ref>AmpenErgo Inc, 116-G South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref><ref>President: Karl Norwood, founders and main shareholders: Karl Norwood (NAI Norwood Group, Inc.), Richard Noceti (LTI-global.com), Robert Gentile and Craig Cassarino. Minority shareholder: Ronald Engleman</ref> (Website: [http://ampenergo.com/]) signed a contract with inventor Andrea Rossi in March 2011. While "Leonardo Corp." should build the energy catalyzers, marketing is planned to be done throughAmpEnergo. According to the Swedish journal Rossi has received a fincancial grand by this company.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3179019.ece</ref> According to information from press AmpEnergo is currently seeking inventors.  

The US-American startup company AmpEnergo Inc. founded on April 20,2009 in Bedford, New Hampshire<ref>AmpenErgo Inc, 116-G South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref><ref>President: Karl Norwood, founders and main shareholders: Karl Norwood (NAI Norwood Group, Inc.), Richard Noceti (LTI-global.com), Robert Gentile and Craig Cassarino. Minority shareholder: Ronald Engleman</ref> (Website: [http://ampenergo.com/]) signed a contract with inventor Andrea Rossi in March 2011. While "Leonardo Corp." should build the energy catalyzers, marketing is planned to be done throughAmpEnergo. According to the Swedish journal Rossi has received a fincancial grand by this company.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3179019.ece</ref> According to information from press AmpEnergo is currently seeking inventors.  

The address of AmpEnergo is a "Coldstream Park Office Park" of the real estate firm NAI Norwood<ref>http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf</ref>. The building is heated according to the owners by an electrically operated heat pump. The address is identical to with that of real estate firm NAI Norwood Group and of Norwood Management Karl Norwood Inc. of real estate agent Karl Norwood.<ref>NORWOOD MANAGEMENT KARL NORWOOD INC, 116 S RIVER RD UNIT A, Bedford, New Hampshire 03110</ref><ref>NAI Norwood Group, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref>, and also of the companies Leonardo Corp. and Leonardo Technologies Inc.<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref> of Andrea Rossi. The phone numbers of all those companies are identical too ( (603) 668 7000). For the company Ampenergo Inc. no phone number is known since its founding in 2009. The company is not registered in any of the phone books for companies or private persons in USA. (as of May 2011)

The address of AmpEnergo is a "Coldstream Park Office Park" of the real estate firm NAI Norwood<ref>http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf</ref>. The building is heated according to the owners by an electrically operated heat pump. The address is identical to with that of real estate firm NAI Norwood Group and of Norwood Management Karl Norwood Inc. of real estate agent Karl Norwood.<ref>NORWOOD MANAGEMENT KARL NORWOOD INC, 116 S RIVER RD UNIT A, Bedford, New Hampshire 03110</ref><ref>NAI Norwood Group, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref>, and also of the companies Leonardo Corp. and Leonardo Technologies Inc.<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref> of Andrea Rossi. The phone numbers of all those companies are identical too ( (603) 668 7000). For the company Ampenergo Inc. no phone number is known despite its founding in 2009. The company is not registered in any of the phone books for companies or private persons in USA. (as of May 2011)

==Defkalion Green Technologies==

==Defkalion Green Technologies==

[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion Management|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion Management|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|Alexandros Xanthoulis (geb. 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel ist also CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel ist also CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro|thumb]]

There is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref>(named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion Deucalion], son of Prometheus in Greek mythology), owned by several investors, which will, according to Rossi, produce some of the energy catalyzers. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. President of Defkalion is a George Sortikos, one of the vice presidents is Christos Stremmenos (born 1932, former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy).<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br>

here is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref> (named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion Deucalion], in Greek mythology a son of Prometheus), owned by various investors, which will according to Rossi produce some of the energy catalyzers.. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. President of Defkalion is a George Sortikos, one of the vice presidents is Christos Stremmenos (born 1932, former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy).<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br>

*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

==Reception, media coverage and criticism==

==Reception, media coverage and criticism==

Noteworthy reception from respective associations or universities never happened, a try by the inventors to publish their principle in a professional magazine failed. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Only single physicists reacted with blog entries or comments to the topic.

Noteworthy reception from respective associations or universities never happened, a try by the inventors to publish their principle in a professional magazine failed.. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Only single physicists reacted with blog entries or comments to the topic.

The invention was covered in 4 articles in Italian daily newspapers (sometimes just in local section). Also, a small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business paper and a private tv station covered it. „Nyeteknik“reported in Sweden, some positive coverage was done in USA by the "Washington Times", which belongs to the [[Moon-Cult]], in an article of Frank Perley.<ref>Frank Perley: ''PERLEY:  [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", March 3, 2011.</ref>

The invention was covered in 4 articles in Italian daily newspapers (sometimes just in local section). Also, a small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business paper and a private tv station covered it. „Nyeteknik“reported in Sweden, some positive coverage was done in USA by the "Washington Times", which belongs to the [[Moon-Cult]], in an article of Frank Perley.<ref>Frank Perley: ''PERLEY:  [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", March 3, 2011.</ref>

*Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).

*Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).

*Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)

*Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 31.1.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Article in the journal "Query", 31.1.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Artikel in der Zeitschrift "Query", 2.2.2011]

*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Article in the journal "Query", 2.2.2011]

*Peter Ekström ''Kall fusion åter i hetluften'', fysikaktuellt nr 2, Mai 2011, Seite 24. [http://www.fysikersamfundet.se/Fysikaktuellt/2011_2.pdf Volltext (Swedish)]

*Peter Ekström ''Kall fusion åter i hetluften'', fysikaktuellt nr 2, May 2011, page 24. [http://www.fysikersamfundet.se/Fysikaktuellt/2011_2.pdf Full Text (Swedish)]

==News articles==

==News articles==