Changes

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

The actual inventor of the principle was Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989 who filed patent applications on it in 1995 and 2010.<ref>Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion''. Patent EP 0767962 B1, 1995. [https://data.epo.org/publication-server/pdf-document?PN=EP0767962%20EP%200767962&iDocId=4823352&iepatch=.pdf]</ref><ref>WO 2010058288 A1: METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27. Erfinder: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO</ref> Rossi, who also attempts to have his invention patented, does not acknowledge that: ''"My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not."'' The patent expert of Piantelli claimed in May 2011 that Rossi had no chance to patent the functional principle since Piantelli already has a patent on it since 1995.<ref>Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 3.5.2011</ref> Some aspects of the claimed functional principle are also similar to descriptions in a patent of the Japanese Yoshiaki Arata from July 2005 (see below). A remote similarity can also be found to the [[CETI Patterson Power Cell]].<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETI_Patterson_Power_Cell</ref>

The actual inventor of the principle was Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989 who filed patent applications on it in 1995 and 2010.<ref>Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion''. Patent EP 0767962 B1, 1995. [https://data.epo.org/publication-server/pdf-document?PN=EP0767962%20EP%200767962&iDocId=4823352&iepatch=.pdf]</ref><ref>WO 2010058288 A1: METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27. Erfinder: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO</ref> Rossi, who also attempts to have his invention patented, does not acknowledge that: ''"My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not."'' The patent expert of Piantelli claimed in May 2011 that Rossi had no chance to patent the functional principle since Piantelli already has a patent on it since 1995.<ref>Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 3.5.2011</ref> Some aspects of the claimed functional principle are also similar to descriptions in a patent of the Japanese Yoshiaki Arata from July 2005 (see below). A remote similarity can also be found to the [[CETI Patterson Power Cell]].<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETI_Patterson_Power_Cell</ref><br><br>

==Purported functional principle==

==Purported functional principle==

Yes  

Yes  

Warm regards,  

Warm regards,  

A.R.</ref> The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in a strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>

A.R.</ref> The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in a strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref><br><br>

While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – was not used allegedly. According to the patent application an inner water circuit(with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor, heat is transferred by a heat exchanger to an external water circuit.

While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – was not used allegedly. According to the patent application an inner water circuit(with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor, heat is transferred by a heat exchanger to an external water circuit.<br>

By heating with electrical energy, protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms at 180-400&nbsp;degrees Celsius and lead to a nuclear reaction if pressure was increased strongly at regular intervals. Altogether, hydrogen is said to be consumed and some helium is generated.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The nickel rod is said to show tiny surface craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating will be turned off automatically by a thermostat when a certain operating temperature is achieved. Further electrical energy (20&nbsp;to 80&nbsp;W) was only necessary to supply control electronics. Internet rumours which cannot be verified claim that high voltage or a magnetic field of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be applied. The application of so high a voltage is not possible within such a small device due to spark generation.

By heating with electrical energy, protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms at 180-400&nbsp;degrees Celsius and lead to a nuclear reaction if pressure was increased strongly at regular intervals. Altogether, hydrogen is said to be consumed and some helium is generated.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The nickel rod is said to show tiny surface craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating will be turned off automatically by a thermostat when a certain operating temperature is achieved. Further electrical energy (20&nbsp;to 80&nbsp;W) was only necessary to supply control electronics. Internet rumours which cannot be verified claim that high voltage or a magnetic field of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be applied. The application of so high a voltage is not possible within such a small device due to spark generation.

Further internet speculations assume this was a chemical reaction which apparently remained unknown to inventors and which was usually applied in the purification of nickel  ores: the Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref>, which is accompanied by a heat release, but is a conventional chemical reaction. The evidence of copper thus may be explained by the fact that available nickel often contains copper contaminations.

Further internet speculations assume this was a chemical reaction which apparently remained unknown to inventors and which was usually applied in the purification of nickel  ores: the Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref>, which is accompanied by a heat release, but is a conventional chemical reaction. The evidence of copper thus may be explained by the fact that available nickel often contains copper contaminations.

Looking for possible heat sources [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28chemistry%29 Absorption]] of hydrogen in  nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.

Looking for possible heat sources [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28chemistry%29 Absorption]] of hydrogen in  nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.<br>

 

====The energy catalyzer and the Widom Larson theory====

====The energy catalyzer and the Widom Larson theory====

Cold fusion followers came up repeatetly with a speculation in 2011 that the functional principle of the Rossi energy catalyzer was connected to a theory which is not recognized by scientific physics, the [[Widom Larson theory]], in which the Coulomb barrier plays no role. Andrea Rossi declared on request that this theory is not needed to explain the functional principle. The Theory was formulated in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen and published in "Eur. Phys. J. C"<ref>"Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces," Eur. Phys. J. C, 46: 107–111. (2006)</ref> ([http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0505026 Full Text]). According to that theory the discussed "cold fusion" processes are not actual fusion  but interactions where the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction weak nuclear force] plays a role. Nach der Theorie würden Elektronen und Protonen sich zu "ultrakalten" Neutronen und einem Neutrino verwandeln können (e- + p –> n + neutrino). The Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons would bind after a short time to adjacent nuclei. The Widom Larson theory should avoid the problem of the ''"Three Miracles of Cold Fusion"'' of  Huizenga - 1993 ( the lack of measurable neutron radiation, avoidance of the Coulomb barrier and the lack of high.energy gamma rays) with a purported compliance to established physical laws. Reaktionen unter Einbeziehung der schwachen Wechselwirkung werden durch [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-Boson W- Bosonen] vermittelt, die 1983 experimentell in einem Teilchenbeschleuniger (CERN) nachgewiesen wurden. W- Bosonen haben eine rund 80-fachen Protonenmasse und eine sehr kurze Reichweite.

Cold fusion followers came up repeatetly with a speculation in 2011 that the functional principle of the Rossi energy catalyzer was connected to a theory which is not recognized by scientific physics, the [[Widom Larson theory]], in which the Coulomb barrier plays no role. Andrea Rossi declared on request that this theory is not needed to explain the functional principle. The Theory was formulated in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen and published in "Eur. Phys. J. C"<ref>"Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces," Eur. Phys. J. C, 46: 107–111. (2006)</ref> ([http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0505026 Full Text]). According to that theory the discussed "cold fusion" processes are not actual fusion  but interactions where the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction weak nuclear force] plays a role. Nach der Theorie würden Elektronen und Protonen sich zu "ultrakalten" Neutronen und einem Neutrino verwandeln können (e- + p –> n + neutrino). The Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons would bind after a short time to adjacent nuclei. The Widom Larson theory should avoid the problem of the ''"Three Miracles of Cold Fusion"'' of  Huizenga - 1993 ( the lack of measurable neutron radiation, avoidance of the Coulomb barrier and the lack of high.energy gamma rays) with a purported compliance to established physical laws. Reactions involving the weak interaction are mediated by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-Boson W bosons], that could be demonstrated experimentally in 1983 with the particle accelerator (CERN). W-bosons have roughly 80 times the proton mass and a very short range.<br><br>

==The mysterious catalyst==

==The mysterious catalyst==

The inventors claim that the high thermal output of the energy catalyzers is the result of a special catalyst, whose composition is kept secret.  In scientific nuclear physics, contrary to classic physics, the usage of catalyst for fusion processes is unknown.

The inventors claim that the high thermal output of the energy catalyzers is the result of a special catalyst, whose composition is kept secret.  In scientific nuclear physics, contrary to classic physics, the usage of catalyst for fusion processes is unknown.

Unverifiable Internet rumours speculate that it might be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in Rossi's laboratories were caused by "Raney-Nickel". Rossi stated on inquiry that no Raney-Nickel was used. Foardi states that he does not know the composition of the catalyst himself, only Rossi knows it. Focardi gave some speculations about the compound in a radio interview on March 6, 2011. He believes that it is a chemical compound, not an element. It is not uranium. The obvious purpose of the substance is to catalyse the transformation of heated hydrogen gas (H2) in atomic hydrogen (a discussion of possible catalysts for this purpose can be found in a paper of Romanowski from 1999<ref>S. Romanowski, W. M. Bartczak, R. Wesołkowski: ''Density Functional Calculations of the Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metals and Their Alloys. An Application to Catalysis'', (3.8.1999), Langmuir, 1999, 15 (18), Seiten 5773–5780 - DOI: 10.1021/la981339q [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la981339q]</ref>). To complicate the identification of the catalyst, observers were forbidden to do a spectral analysis of possible gamma radiation, since it might allow to identify elements of the compound.

Unverifiable Internet rumours speculate that it might be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in Rossi's laboratories were caused by "Raney-Nickel". Rossi stated on inquiry that no Raney-Nickel was used. Foardi states that he does not know the composition of the catalyst himself, only Rossi knows it. Focardi gave some speculations about the compound in a radio interview on March 6, 2011. He believes that it is a chemical compound, not an element. It is not uranium. The obvious purpose of the substance is to catalyse the transformation of heated hydrogen gas (H2) in atomic hydrogen (a discussion of possible catalysts for this purpose can be found in a paper of Romanowski from 1999<ref>S. Romanowski, W. M. Bartczak, R. Wesołkowski: ''Density Functional Calculations of the Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metals and Their Alloys. An Application to Catalysis'', (3.8.1999), Langmuir, 1999, 15 (18), Seiten 5773–5780 - DOI: 10.1021/la981339q [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la981339q]</ref>). To complicate the identification of the catalyst, observers were forbidden to do a spectral analysis of possible gamma radiation, since it might allow to identify elements of the compound.<br>

==Deactivation==

==Deactivation==

Professor Sven Kullander writes in his report about the experiment on March 29, 2011 that the reaction was stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water flow to a maximum of 30 litres per hour. This contradicts previous claims that the heater would be turned of when operating temperature has been reached. The red wire in the picture to the right(cm&nbsp;31&nbsp;-&nbsp;34) is obviously the heater supply. With a cable this thick it is possible to power the heater from a regular wall outlet with 220&nbsp;volt/10&nbsp;amp, which in turn could yield 2200&nbsp;Watt and explain the steam generation.

Professor Sven Kullander writes in his report about the experiment on March 29, 2011 that the reaction was stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water flow to a maximum of 30 litres per hour. This contradicts previous claims that the heater would be turned of when operating temperature has been reached. The red wire in the picture to the right(cm&nbsp;31&nbsp;-&nbsp;34) is obviously the heater supply. With a cable this thick it is possible to power the heater from a regular wall outlet with 220&nbsp;volt/10&nbsp;amp, which in turn could yield 2200&nbsp;Watt and explain the steam generation.

Prof. Kullander also writes that the heater acts as a safety: ''"At the end of the horizontal section there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and also to act as a safety if the heat evolution should get out of control."'' Obviously a heater cannot act as a safeguard for a heat generating process.<ref name="Report_Kullander" />

Prof. Kullander also writes that the heater acts as a safety: ''"At the end of the horizontal section there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and also to act as a safety if the heat evolution should get out of control."'' Obviously a heater cannot act as a safeguard for a heat generating process.<ref name="Report_Kullander" /><br><br>

==Claims about practical application and success==

==Claims about practical application and success==

:''A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October&nbsp;16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24&nbsp;hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi&nbsp;18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."''

:''A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October&nbsp;16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24&nbsp;hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi&nbsp;18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."''

A "kW-module" allegedly runs in his "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008.  

A "kW-module" allegedly runs in his "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008.<br><br>

==Details regarding nickel consumption and costs==

==Details regarding nickel consumption and costs==

According to Rossi, 100&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder were consumed over a period of six months at 10&nbsp;kW (therm.) output. The cost for the "fuel" thus amounted to 2&nbsp;Euro.<ref>Nyteknik-Chat 12.03.2011, [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3124295.ece]</ref> An E-cat will cost about 2,000&nbsp;Euro per kW output (a 10&nbsp;kW-model thus will amount to 20,000&nbsp;Euro). In the North-American radio talk show "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", which is known for propagating [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]], Rossi said in March 2011 that his planned 1&nbsp;MW small power station will cost 2&nbsp;million dollar and later that his 10&nbsp;kW E-Cat will cost just 5,000&nbsp;dollar.<ref>Interview with Andrea Rossi, Talk Radio "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", on March&nbsp;23, 2011 [http://www.coasttocoastam.com/article/rossi-cold-fusion-device]</ref> According to the Greek newspaper "Investors World" from march 2011 future "E-cat" devices will produce electrical power through an "inverter". Yearly cost for the production of 20&nbsp;kW output round the clock(unclear if thermal or electric) will amount to 1,300 Euros. "Defkalion green technologies" plans to request from RAE (regulatory authority for energy) to be included in the "renewable energy" program.<ref name="talefta">[http://talefta.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-mainstream-coverage-of-e-cat-and.html Blog about the "Investors World" article]</ref><ref name="scan">[http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/6874-xynidis-ependysi-hyperion-xanthi-ydrogono-nikelio-paragogi-energeias-ergostasio-xanthi.html Coverage and scan of the "Investors World" article] (Greek)</ref><ref name="Investors World Article">Article in the greek newspaper "Investors World" from March&nbsp;12, 2011, Pages 20-21</ref>

According to Rossi, 100&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder were consumed over a period of six months at 10&nbsp;kW (therm.) output. The cost for the "fuel" thus amounted to 2&nbsp;Euro.<ref>Nyteknik-Chat 12.03.2011, [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3124295.ece]</ref> An E-cat will cost about 2,000&nbsp;Euro per kW output (a 10&nbsp;kW-model thus will amount to 20,000&nbsp;Euro). In the North-American radio talk show "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", which is known for propagating [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]], Rossi said in March 2011 that his planned 1&nbsp;MW small power station will cost 2&nbsp;million dollar and later that his 10&nbsp;kW E-Cat will cost just 5,000&nbsp;dollar.<ref>Interview with Andrea Rossi, Talk Radio "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", on March&nbsp;23, 2011 [http://www.coasttocoastam.com/article/rossi-cold-fusion-device]</ref> According to the Greek newspaper "Investors World" from march 2011 future "E-cat" devices will produce electrical power through an "inverter". Yearly cost for the production of 20&nbsp;kW output round the clock(unclear if thermal or electric) will amount to 1,300 Euros. "Defkalion green technologies" plans to request from RAE (regulatory authority for energy) to be included in the "renewable energy" program.<ref name="talefta">[http://talefta.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-mainstream-coverage-of-e-cat-and.html Blog about the "Investors World" article]</ref><ref name="scan">[http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/6874-xynidis-ependysi-hyperion-xanthi-ydrogono-nikelio-paragogi-energeias-ergostasio-xanthi.html Coverage and scan of the "Investors World" article] (Greek)</ref><ref name="Investors World Article">Article in the greek newspaper "Investors World" from March&nbsp;12, 2011, Pages 20-21</ref><br><br>

==History==

==History==

The natural isotope ratio of 63Cu to 65Cu is 2,24 (69,17% to 30,83%). Focardi had previously claimed that the copper isotope ratio would be reduced to 1.6 through the "fusion".<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi, ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion'', Journal of Nuclear Physics, http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/?p=66, Februar 2010</ref> While there are further copper isotopes, they are unstable and are not found in nature (69,17 + 30,83 = 100).

The natural isotope ratio of 63Cu to 65Cu is 2,24 (69,17% to 30,83%). Focardi had previously claimed that the copper isotope ratio would be reduced to 1.6 through the "fusion".<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi, ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion'', Journal of Nuclear Physics, http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/?p=66, Februar 2010</ref> While there are further copper isotopes, they are unstable and are not found in nature (69,17 + 30,83 = 100).

It is not only statistically (nearly) impossible that after an alleged fusion reaction with copper as fusion product an "used" sample will show the same isotope ratio as found in nature. Further considerations about the sample analysis expose insurmountable obstacles to the possibility of fusion:<br>In theory, the stable copper isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu might be a result of fusion of hydrogen and nickel isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni (add one proton each). But according to the Swedish Institute that analysed the samples the unused nickel sample just contained in sum 4.5% of these stable nickel isotopes. Assuming the unlikely case all nickel 62 and nickel 64 atoms were fused(which is unlikely) with a proton (hydrogen nucleus), the amount of copper would not amount to even 10% of the resulting mass. Even an alternative reaction chain with unstable isotopes is impossible based on the measured isotope ratios and the absence of radiation. It would be possible to assume nickel&nbsp;58 as starting isotope which would become copper&nbsp;59 and decay to nickel&nbsp;59. Which in turn would become copper&nbsp;60 and decay to nickel&nbsp;60 which would fuse to copper&nbsp;61, decay to nickel&nbsp;61 and fuse to copper&nbsp;62 and decay to nickel&nbsp;62. In the end stable copper&nbsp;63 would be formed. But this would necessitate a completely different copper isotope ratio then found in the analysis.

It is not only statistically (nearly) impossible that after an alleged fusion reaction with copper as fusion product an "used" sample will show the same isotope ratio as found in nature. Further considerations about the sample analysis expose insurmountable obstacles to the possibility of fusion:<br>In theory, the stable copper isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu might be a result of fusion of hydrogen and nickel isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni (add one proton each). But according to the Swedish Institute that analysed the samples the unused nickel sample just contained in sum 4.5% of these stable nickel isotopes. Assuming the unlikely case all nickel 62 and nickel 64 atoms were fused(which is unlikely) with a proton (hydrogen nucleus), the amount of copper would not amount to even 10% of the resulting mass. Even an alternative reaction chain with unstable isotopes is impossible based on the measured isotope ratios and the absence of radiation. It would be possible to assume nickel&nbsp;58 as starting isotope which would become copper&nbsp;59 and decay to nickel&nbsp;59. Which in turn would become copper&nbsp;60 and decay to nickel&nbsp;60 which would fuse to copper&nbsp;61, decay to nickel&nbsp;61 and fuse to copper&nbsp;62 and decay to nickel&nbsp;62. In the end stable copper&nbsp;63 would be formed. But this would necessitate a completely different copper isotope ratio then found in the analysis.<br><br>

==Experiments in April 2011==

==Experiments in April 2011==

On April 19 and April 28 the ECat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum) the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the supplied electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the reporter Lewan walked into an adjoining room with his video camera and returned, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

On April 19 and April 28 the ECat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum) the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the supplied electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the reporter Lewan walked into an adjoining room with his video camera and returned, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

A further experiment, allegedly planned for April&nbsp;21, 2011<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/rossi-brings-e-cat-to-stockholm-royal.html</ref>, where the E-Cat was supposed to be given to the Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén from Uppsala university for testing, was denied by Rossi in retrospect.<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrea-rossi-no-e-cat-test-at-uppsala.html</ref>

A further experiment, allegedly planned for April&nbsp;21, 2011<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/rossi-brings-e-cat-to-stockholm-royal.html</ref>, where the E-Cat was supposed to be given to the Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén from Uppsala university for testing, was denied by Rossi in retrospect.<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrea-rossi-no-e-cat-test-at-uppsala.html</ref><br><br>

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==