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'''Francis Talbot''', full name '''Francis Story Talbot II''', a.k.a. '''Manitonquat''' resp. '''Medicine Story''' (born July 17, 1929), has been operating as a plastic shaman since the 1970ies. Despite having a completely Euro-American ancestry, Talbot claims to be a member and even a medicine person, resp. "ceremonial medicine man" of the Wampanoag nation. His clientele are mainly affluent white middle-class Euro-Americans and Europeans with whom he previously also meant to initiate a new „tribe“ on his premises in New England.

'''Francis Talbot''', full name '''Francis Story Talbot II''', a.k.a. '''Manitonquat''' resp. '''Medicine Story''' (born July 17, 1929), has been operating as a plastic shaman since the 1970ies. Despite having a completely Euro-American ancestry, Talbot claims to be a member and even a medicine person, resp. "ceremonial medicine man" of the Wampanoag nation. His clientele are mainly affluent white middle-class Euro-Americans and Europeans with whom he previously also meant to initiate a new „tribe“ on his premises in New England.

===Claims of being Indigenous===

===Claims of being Indigenous===

Most biographical information available online apparently copies Talbot's various claims of being a member of the Wampanoag of Massachusetts. Later on, affiliation claims changed to the Mashpee Wampanoag, then Gay Head Wampanoag, both federally recognised since the 1970ies<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe</ref> and as of 1987 respectively.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head </ref> Finally, Talbot now claims to be an enrolled member of the Assonet Band of Wampanoag<ref>http://www.newagefraud.org/smf/index.php?topic=888.msg5169#msg5169 </ref> who received recognition by the state of Massachusetts as recent as 1990 and who are not federally recognised.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag_people#Assonet_Band_of_the_Wampanoag_Nation </ref> Several websites and also books contend that Talbot was ''"the powwah, or spiritual leader, and the minatou, or keeper of the lore"'' of the Assonet Band, a claim which has particularly been brought forward in two books by Newage author Steve McFadden.<ref>Profiles in Wisdom: Steve McFadden: Native Elders Speak About the Earth, 1991, 2001 Lincoln NE (originally published by Bear and Co.) and Legend of the Rainbow Warriors, 1989, 2001, 2005 Lincoln NE (portions originally published in 1992 by Bear & Co. Of Santa Fe NM under the title „Ancient Voices, Current Affairs: The Legend of the Rainbow Warriors“)</ref>  

Most biographical information available online apparently copies Talbot's various claims of being a member of the Wampanoag of Massachusetts. Later on, affiliation claims changed to the Mashpee Wampanoag, then Gay Head Wampanoag, both federally recognised since the 1970ies<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe</ref> and as of 1987 respectively.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag_Tribe_of_Gay_Head </ref> Finally, Talbot now claims to be an enrolled member of the Assonet Band of Wampanoag<ref>http://www.newagefraud.org/smf/index.php?topic=888.msg5169#msg5169 </ref> who received recognition by the state of Massachusetts as recent as 1990 and who are not federally recognised.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag_people#Assonet_Band_of_the_Wampanoag_Nation </ref> Several websites and also books contend that Talbot was ''"the powwah, or spiritual leader, and the minatou, or keeper of the lore"'' of the Assonet Band, a claim which has particularly been brought forward in two books by Newage author Steve McFadden.<ref>Profiles in Wisdom: Steve McFadden: Native Elders Speak About the Earth, 1991, 2001 Lincoln NE (originally published by Bear and Co.) and Legend of the Rainbow Warriors, 1989, 2001, 2005 Lincoln NE (portions originally published in 1992 by Bear & Co. Of Santa Fe NM under the title „Ancient Voices, Current Affairs: The Legend of the Rainbow Warriors“)</ref>  

===Public Receipt and Discussions of Talbot's Claims===

===Public Receipt and Discussions of Talbot's Claims===

Talbot's claims of an indigenous status have also been discussed publically on internet forums, as they e.g. were repeated in several articles in the English and German Wikipedias. The English Wikipedia still carries an article on "Manitonquat"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitonquat </ref>, despite publically accessible information about Talbot's true background. The German Wikipedia runs an article on the "Talking Stick" which is used by Talbot, with the article completely lacking quotations but recommending one of Talbot's books as information material.<ref>https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redestab </ref> Quite in line with Talbot's presentation, the German language article apparently views Talking Sticks as generically indigenous, while the English Wikipedia<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_stick </ref> correctly places them within the context of the North-West cultural region of North America.  

Talbot's claims of an indigenous status have also been discussed publically on internet forums, as they e.g. were repeated in several articles in the English and German Wikipedias. The English Wikipedia still carries an article on "Manitonquat"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitonquat </ref>, despite publically accessible information about Talbot's true background. The German Wikipedia runs an article on the "Talking Stick" used by Talbot, with the article completely lacking quotations but recommending one of Talbot's books as information material.<ref>https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redestab </ref> Quite in line with Talbot's presentation, the German language article apparently views Talking Sticks as generically indigenous, while the English Wikipedia<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_stick </ref> correctly places them within the context of the North-West cultural region of North America.  

Up until December 2006, German Wikipedia mentioned Talbot in their article on the Wampanoag Nation, characterising him as an outstanding member of the nation. Due to discussions in other internet forums that year, a Wikipedia user raised the issue in the article's talk section, providing a link to a post submitted by a member of the organisation team of the German summer camp. In this post, the team member stated that many persons coming to the camp in fact knew that Talbot was not indigenous but white, and that Talbot freely admitted this fact upon inquiry, which the team member apparently viewed positively. Due to this information, Talbot was deleted from the article, which in turn caused the team member to try and intervene with Wikipedia, contending that he should have phrased his post somewhat differently, had he known it was going to be used as a reference by Wikipedia.<ref>http://www.newikis.com/de/wiki/Diskussion:Wampanoag#Manitonquat </ref>

Up until December 2006, German Wikipedia mentioned Talbot in their article on the Wampanoag Nation, characterising him as an outstanding member of the nation. Due to discussions in other internet forums that year, a Wikipedia user raised the issue in the article's talk section, providing a link to a post submitted by a member of the organisation team of the German summer camp. In this post, the team member stated that many persons coming to the camp in fact knew that Talbot was not indigenous but white, and that Talbot freely admitted this fact upon inquiry, which the team member apparently viewed positively. Due to this information, Talbot was deleted from the article, which in turn caused the team member to try and intervene with Wikipedia, contending that he should have phrased his post somewhat differently, had he known it was going to be used as a reference by Wikipedia.<ref>http://www.newikis.com/de/wiki/Diskussion:Wampanoag#Manitonquat </ref>

The Bavarian camp, lasting nine days, differentiates prices for early bookers (€330, €410, €499 for low, normal, and high income tariffs) with prices later on rising to €390, €499, and €590 respectively. Children between 5 and 8 will be charged €90. Accomodation in participants' own tent will be charged with €6 per night, a double room amounts to €50, a single room to €35 which will have to be paid additionally to the aforementioned amount. Meals are charged at €77 for eleven lunches, while all other meals will have to be provided and paid for by participants themselves. A price of €7 per vegetarian or vegan lunch suggests that this amount is above cost price.<ref>http://www.light-on-earth.com/camp-mit-manitonquat.html </ref>

The Bavarian camp, lasting nine days, differentiates prices for early bookers (€330, €410, €499 for low, normal, and high income tariffs) with prices later on rising to €390, €499, and €590 respectively. Children between 5 and 8 will be charged €90. Accomodation in participants' own tent will be charged with €6 per night, a double room amounts to €50, a single room to €35 which will have to be paid additionally to the aforementioned amount. Meals are charged at €77 for eleven lunches, while all other meals will have to be provided and paid for by participants themselves. A price of €7 per vegetarian or vegan lunch suggests that this amount is above cost price.<ref>http://www.light-on-earth.com/camp-mit-manitonquat.html </ref>

For the 2014 five-day camp in Sweden, fees asked of adult participants were SEK3,750 (€397) and SEK3,200 (€339), with age groups 15-25 paying SEK2,050 resp. SEK1,300 (€ and € ) and 4-14 paying SEK1,000 resp. SEK900 (€ and €).<ref>http://www.mundekulla.se/en/courses/circle-way-camp-26272552 </ref> Accomodation on a mattress in a dormitory was charged with SEK100 (€10) per night resp. SEK200 (€ 21) per person and night in a double room resp. SEK350 (€37) for a double room with own bath, and SEK500 (€53) in a single room.<ref>http://www.mundekulla.se/en/courses/circle-way-camp-26272552 </ref>

For the 2014 five-day camp in Sweden, fees asked of adult participants were SEK 3,750 (€397) and SEK 3,200 (€339), with age groups 15-25 paying SEK 2,050 resp. SEK 1,300 (€ 219 and € 139 ) and 4-14 paying SEK 1,000 resp. SEK 900 (€ 107 and € 96).<ref>http://www.mundekulla.se/en/courses/circle-way-camp-26272552 </ref> Accomodation on a mattress in a dormitory was charged with SEK 100 (€10) per night resp. SEK 200 (€ 21) per person and night in a double room resp. SEK350 (€37) for a double room with own bath, and SEK500 (€53) in a single room.<ref>http://www.mundekulla.se/en/courses/circle-way-camp-26272552 </ref>

===Sales of Indigenous Ceremonies===

===Sales of Indigenous Ceremonies===