https://www.psiram.com/en/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Heimdall&feedformat=atomPsiram - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T05:18:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.7https://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Andreas_Moritz&diff=2206Andreas Moritz2013-02-17T09:13:26Z<p>Heimdall: Changed attachment to reference</p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:andreasmoritz.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Andreas Moritz''' (January 27, 1954 - October 21, 2012) was a book-author, [[iridology|iridologist]], vaccine opponent, and inventor of pseudo-medical methods. He was born in Germany, and was living in Greer (South Carolina, USA) since 1998. Meanwhile, possible causes of death are a matter of speculation on the internet.<ref>[http://blackseeds1.blogspot.co.at/2012/10/andreas-moritz-mysterious-death-of.html Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend], Fansite Black Seeds, accessed 2012-11-07</ref><ref>[http://psiram.com/en/images/7/7c/Black_Seeds_Fanpage.pdf PDF Snapshot of Black Seeds Andreas Moritz Fanpage], accessed 2012-11-07</ref> A video taken shortly before his death clearly displays hints of a disease.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MJ2906Cl2f8</ref><br />
<br />
In his books and on his websites, Moritz propagated strange and [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] opinions on cancer as well as his [[liver cleansing]] method (liver cleansing according to Moritz).<br />
<br />
In his descriptions, he portrayed himself as a ''medical intuitive, practitioner of [[Ayurveda]], Iridology, [[Shiatsu]] and Vibrational Medicine'' and used the title of a ''doctor of Ayurveda''.<ref>http://ener-chi.com/about.htm</ref> Moritz told his website readers that he used to be a teacher of meditation in the past and that he was interested in Ayurveda when he was in New Zealand and India.<br />
<br />
He was not only the inventor of a liver cleansing method, but also of an "Ener-Chi Art" (Ener-Chi Wellness Center, LLC), claiming the contemplation on a particular oil-painting had healing effects. His methods of "Sacred Santémony – Divine Chanting" allegedly "delete" interfering "Akasha-chronicle entries" by employing "healing sounds".<br />
<br />
==Andreas Moritz and Cancer==<br />
[[image:Moritz2.jpg|Cancer is not a disease|400px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Moritz3.jpg|Wisdom of cancer cells|400px|thumb]]<br />
In his book ''Cancer is not a Disease - It's a Survival Mechanism'', Moritz described cancer as but one of many ways in which the body tried to change the way a person sees and treats themselves. He added: ''[...] as you are about to find out, cancer is on our side, not against us [...]''. Moritz alleged that 95% of all cancer cases healed spontaneously, if no medical treatment interfered such self-healing process. Similar convictions are known from the German quack and former physician (now barred) [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], the inventor of [[Germanic New Medicine]], and also from supporters of [[metamedicine]] and [[biologie totale]] of Georges Sabbah from France.<br />
<br />
According to Moritz, cancer always was an extremely rare illness, except in industrialized nations during the past 40-50&nbsp;years. He ignored the fact that cancer is a disease affecting mostly elderly people. Progress in medicine caused an increase in life expectancy. Together with progress in cancer detection, the increase in life expectancy led to an increase in cancer incidence. Fewer cases of infectious diseases and of death due to accidents brought about an increase in the percentage of cancer as a cause of death.<br />
<br />
Moritz saw the origins of cancer in constant conflicts, guilt and shame, as they paralyzed basic body functions, and led to the growth of a cancerous tumor. Elimination of these alleged cancer-inducing factors would result in a complete healing of cancer, Moritz alleged. Therapies used in scientific medicine (operation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy) would effect healing in only&nbsp;7% of the cases, and only a few patients would survive these cures. According to Moritz, more people died because of therapeutic efforts than from their disease. These strange allegations without any proof are not backed by scientific literature and contradict solid scientific evidence of modern medicine.<br />
<br />
Moritz instead believed in alleged statements of one Dr. Hardin Jones (University of California, see below), who is quoted ''Den Patienten geht es genauso gut, oder noch besser, wenn Sie [sic] nicht behandelt werden [...]'', i.e. ''Patients are as well or even better without treatment [...]''.<br />
<br />
He further believed in the concept of a [[cancer-prone personality]], obsolete and outdated theories of psychiatrists [[Wilhelm Reich]], Hans Eysenck, [[Ronald Grossarth-Maticek]], Lydia Temoshok (typus&nbsp;C) and Hürny and Adler (1991). He confounded personality traits and consequences of cancer (for instance depression as a consequence of a severe disease).<br />
<br />
=="Liver Cleansing" According to Andreas Moritz==<br />
Moritz invented a pseudo-medical method he called "liver cleansing". Moritz believed that the majority of all adults in industrialized countries (and especially persons affected by heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer or MS) carried hundreds or even thousands of gall bladder stones, blocking liver function. A so-called "liver cleansing" (an almost identical method is known from American quack [[Hulda Clark]]) would "flush" gall bladder stones.<br />
<br />
The patient is advised to drink one litre of apple juice every day for a period of six days and then take magnesium sulfate and 1/8&nbsp;litre of olive oil and grapefruit or lemon juice each. These substances will build up soft lumps in the intestines looking like gall stones; these will end up in the toilet and convince patients they successfully eliminated their gall stones. In fact, as scientific evidence shows, no gall stone will be excreted in these cases.<ref>Christiaan W: Could these be gallstones? The Lancet, Volume 365, Issue 9468, Seite 1388, 16 April 2005, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8</ref><ref>Dekkers R. Apple juice and the chemical-contact softening of gallstones. Lancet 1999 25:354, 2171</ref><ref>Ewald, N, Hardt, P D: Flushing stones? „Leberreinigung” und „Gallenspülungen”. DMW 36, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
==Hardin Jones, Jones&nbsp;H.&nbsp;B. and Cancer Therapy==<br />
Many webpages with ties to alternative medicine contain allegations and speculations claiming that a conventional cancer therapy would harm cancer patients more than no treatment at all. On English language websites, an American physiologist by the name of Hardin Jones often gets presented as "a prominent cancer researcher" from the University of California (Berkeley). The following quotation is repeated time and again: ''My studies have proved conclusively that cancer patients who refuse chemotherapy and radiation actually live up to four times longer than treated cases.''<br />
<br />
This quote is assigned to a conference paper from 1969.<ref>Hardin B. Jones, Ph.D. "A Report on Cancer," paper delivered to the ACS's 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7 1969</ref> But in this text, Hardin's above quote cannot be found, see that document here: <ref>[http://www.psiram.com/media/Hardin_Jones/HardinJones1969.pdf Hardin Jones: "A Report on Cancer" 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7, 1969]</ref><br />
<br />
So what did Hardin actually say? Hardin was never active as a clinical oncologist<ref>http://www.users.on.net/~pmoran/cancer/hardin_jones_and_cancer.htm</ref>, but worked as a statistician and for the former "Atomic Energy Commission" in Berkeley. <br />
<br />
Quotes by Hardin are linked to a presentation in 1956.<ref>Jones H. B. Demographic consideration of the cancer problem. Transactions, New York Academy of Science, 1956, series 2, v. 18, pages 298 - 333, PMID: 13312067</ref> This was more than 50&nbsp;years ago, when chemotherapy was in its early stages. The article of 1956 contains statistical data related to female patients with breast cancer who both did and did not receive medical treatment. Author Jones says in this article: '''It is most likely that, in terms of life expectancy, the chance of survival is no better with than without treatment, and there is the possibility that treatment may make the survival time of cancer less'' (page 331). Jones in turn quotes articles, one dating back to 1926 and two from 1927. But even these very dated articles (with 651, 100, 64 and 100 cases resp.) contradict his opinion.<br />
<br />
These studies were not modern studies with a control group. According to Jones, the death-rate in case of cancer would remain constant over time (''the death rate for all kinds of cancer remains nearly fixed from the moment when cancer is identified'' page&nbsp;314). This theory was also known as "The Hardin Jones Principle" and was cited by Linus Pauling in 1989. However, it is known today that this simple theory is invalid. Different cancers have their own and different curves of survival.<br />
<br />
The description given by Jones is incorrect, if it was to be related to our times. At the end of the 1950ies, 25%&nbsp;of all breast cancer patients were still alive after 5&nbsp;years. In industrialised countries of today, this figure has increased to around&nbsp;80% (USA, in 2003),<ref>Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002: 23-47 Also: Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, Ries LA, Howe HL, Wingo PA, Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson RN, Edwards BK Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Sep 3;95(17):1276-99</ref> even considering that breast cancer is detected much earlier today.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Andreas Moritz|en=Andreas Moritz}}<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/02/andreas_moritz_legal_intimidation_in_the.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Finsolence+%28Respectful+Insolence%29<br />
*http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/alternative_medicine/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moritz, Andreas}}<br />
[[category:Author]]<br />
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Andreas_Moritz&diff=2205Andreas Moritz2013-02-17T09:07:17Z<p>Heimdall: Fixed link, uploaded attachment</p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:andreasmoritz.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Andreas Moritz''' (January 27, 1954 - October 21, 2012) was a book-author, [[iridology|iridologist]], vaccine opponent, and inventor of pseudo-medical methods. He was born in Germany, and was living in Greer (South Carolina, USA) since 1998. Meanwhile, possible causes of death are a matter of speculation on the internet.<ref>[http://blackseeds1.blogspot.co.at/2012/10/andreas-moritz-mysterious-death-of.html Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend], Fansite Black Seeds, accessed 2012-11-07</ref> A video taken shortly before his death clearly displays hints of a disease.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MJ2906Cl2f8</ref><br />
<br />
In his books and on his websites, Moritz propagated strange and [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] opinions on cancer as well as his [[liver cleansing]] method (liver cleansing according to Moritz).<br />
<br />
In his descriptions, he portrayed himself as a ''medical intuitive, practitioner of [[Ayurveda]], Iridology, [[Shiatsu]] and Vibrational Medicine'' and used the title of a ''doctor of Ayurveda''.<ref>http://ener-chi.com/about.htm</ref> Moritz told his website readers that he used to be a teacher of meditation in the past and that he was interested in Ayurveda when he was in New Zealand and India.<br />
<br />
He was not only the inventor of a liver cleansing method, but also of an "Ener-Chi Art" (Ener-Chi Wellness Center, LLC), claiming the contemplation on a particular oil-painting had healing effects. His methods of "Sacred Santémony – Divine Chanting" allegedly "delete" interfering "Akasha-chronicle entries" by employing "healing sounds".<br />
<br />
==Andreas Moritz and Cancer==<br />
[[image:Moritz2.jpg|Cancer is not a disease|400px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Moritz3.jpg|Wisdom of cancer cells|400px|thumb]]<br />
In his book ''Cancer is not a Disease - It's a Survival Mechanism'', Moritz described cancer as but one of many ways in which the body tried to change the way a person sees and treats themselves. He added: ''[...] as you are about to find out, cancer is on our side, not against us [...]''. Moritz alleged that 95% of all cancer cases healed spontaneously, if no medical treatment interfered such self-healing process. Similar convictions are known from the German quack and former physician (now barred) [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], the inventor of [[Germanic New Medicine]], and also from supporters of [[metamedicine]] and [[biologie totale]] of Georges Sabbah from France.<br />
<br />
According to Moritz, cancer always was an extremely rare illness, except in industrialized nations during the past 40-50&nbsp;years. He ignored the fact that cancer is a disease affecting mostly elderly people. Progress in medicine caused an increase in life expectancy. Together with progress in cancer detection, the increase in life expectancy led to an increase in cancer incidence. Fewer cases of infectious diseases and of death due to accidents brought about an increase in the percentage of cancer as a cause of death.<br />
<br />
Moritz saw the origins of cancer in constant conflicts, guilt and shame, as they paralyzed basic body functions, and led to the growth of a cancerous tumor. Elimination of these alleged cancer-inducing factors would result in a complete healing of cancer, Moritz alleged. Therapies used in scientific medicine (operation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy) would effect healing in only&nbsp;7% of the cases, and only a few patients would survive these cures. According to Moritz, more people died because of therapeutic efforts than from their disease. These strange allegations without any proof are not backed by scientific literature and contradict solid scientific evidence of modern medicine.<br />
<br />
Moritz instead believed in alleged statements of one Dr. Hardin Jones (University of California, see below), who is quoted ''Den Patienten geht es genauso gut, oder noch besser, wenn Sie [sic] nicht behandelt werden [...]'', i.e. ''Patients are as well or even better without treatment [...]''.<br />
<br />
He further believed in the concept of a [[cancer-prone personality]], obsolete and outdated theories of psychiatrists [[Wilhelm Reich]], Hans Eysenck, [[Ronald Grossarth-Maticek]], Lydia Temoshok (typus&nbsp;C) and Hürny and Adler (1991). He confounded personality traits and consequences of cancer (for instance depression as a consequence of a severe disease).<br />
<br />
=="Liver Cleansing" According to Andreas Moritz==<br />
Moritz invented a pseudo-medical method he called "liver cleansing". Moritz believed that the majority of all adults in industrialized countries (and especially persons affected by heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer or MS) carried hundreds or even thousands of gall bladder stones, blocking liver function. A so-called "liver cleansing" (an almost identical method is known from American quack [[Hulda Clark]]) would "flush" gall bladder stones.<br />
<br />
The patient is advised to drink one litre of apple juice every day for a period of six days and then take magnesium sulfate and 1/8&nbsp;litre of olive oil and grapefruit or lemon juice each. These substances will build up soft lumps in the intestines looking like gall stones; these will end up in the toilet and convince patients they successfully eliminated their gall stones. In fact, as scientific evidence shows, no gall stone will be excreted in these cases.<ref>Christiaan W: Could these be gallstones? The Lancet, Volume 365, Issue 9468, Seite 1388, 16 April 2005, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8</ref><ref>Dekkers R. Apple juice and the chemical-contact softening of gallstones. Lancet 1999 25:354, 2171</ref><ref>Ewald, N, Hardt, P D: Flushing stones? „Leberreinigung” und „Gallenspülungen”. DMW 36, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
==Hardin Jones, Jones&nbsp;H.&nbsp;B. and Cancer Therapy==<br />
Many webpages with ties to alternative medicine contain allegations and speculations claiming that a conventional cancer therapy would harm cancer patients more than no treatment at all. On English language websites, an American physiologist by the name of Hardin Jones often gets presented as "a prominent cancer researcher" from the University of California (Berkeley). The following quotation is repeated time and again: ''My studies have proved conclusively that cancer patients who refuse chemotherapy and radiation actually live up to four times longer than treated cases.''<br />
<br />
This quote is assigned to a conference paper from 1969.<ref>Hardin B. Jones, Ph.D. "A Report on Cancer," paper delivered to the ACS's 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7 1969</ref> But in this text, Hardin's above quote cannot be found, see that document here: <ref>[http://www.psiram.com/media/Hardin_Jones/HardinJones1969.pdf Hardin Jones: "A Report on Cancer" 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7, 1969]</ref><br />
<br />
So what did Hardin actually say? Hardin was never active as a clinical oncologist<ref>http://www.users.on.net/~pmoran/cancer/hardin_jones_and_cancer.htm</ref>, but worked as a statistician and for the former "Atomic Energy Commission" in Berkeley. <br />
<br />
Quotes by Hardin are linked to a presentation in 1956.<ref>Jones H. B. Demographic consideration of the cancer problem. Transactions, New York Academy of Science, 1956, series 2, v. 18, pages 298 - 333, PMID: 13312067</ref> This was more than 50&nbsp;years ago, when chemotherapy was in its early stages. The article of 1956 contains statistical data related to female patients with breast cancer who both did and did not receive medical treatment. Author Jones says in this article: '''It is most likely that, in terms of life expectancy, the chance of survival is no better with than without treatment, and there is the possibility that treatment may make the survival time of cancer less'' (page 331). Jones in turn quotes articles, one dating back to 1926 and two from 1927. But even these very dated articles (with 651, 100, 64 and 100 cases resp.) contradict his opinion.<br />
<br />
These studies were not modern studies with a control group. According to Jones, the death-rate in case of cancer would remain constant over time (''the death rate for all kinds of cancer remains nearly fixed from the moment when cancer is identified'' page&nbsp;314). This theory was also known as "The Hardin Jones Principle" and was cited by Linus Pauling in 1989. However, it is known today that this simple theory is invalid. Different cancers have their own and different curves of survival.<br />
<br />
The description given by Jones is incorrect, if it was to be related to our times. At the end of the 1950ies, 25%&nbsp;of all breast cancer patients were still alive after 5&nbsp;years. In industrialised countries of today, this figure has increased to around&nbsp;80% (USA, in 2003),<ref>Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002: 23-47 Also: Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, Ries LA, Howe HL, Wingo PA, Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson RN, Edwards BK Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Sep 3;95(17):1276-99</ref> even considering that breast cancer is detected much earlier today.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Andreas Moritz|en=Andreas Moritz}}<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/02/andreas_moritz_legal_intimidation_in_the.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Finsolence+%28Respectful+Insolence%29<br />
*http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/alternative_medicine/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moritz, Andreas}}<br />
[[category:Author]]<br />
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]<br />
<br />
== Attachments ==<br />
*[[:File:Black Seeds Fanpage.pdf Snapshot of Black Seeds Andreas Moritz Fanpage]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Andreas_Moritz&diff=2204Andreas Moritz2013-02-17T09:01:46Z<p>Heimdall: File Black Seeds Fanpage attached</p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:andreasmoritz.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Andreas Moritz''' (January 27, 1954 - October 21, 2012) was a book-author, [[iridology|iridologist]], vaccine opponent, and inventor of pseudo-medical methods. He was born in Germany, and was living in Greer (South Carolina, USA) since 1998. Meanwhile, possible causes of death are a matter of speculation on the internet.<ref>[http://www.black--seeds.com/2012/10/andreas-moritz-mysterious-death-of.html Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend], Fansite Black Seeds, accessed 2012-11-07</ref> A video taken shortly before his death clearly displays hints of a disease.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MJ2906Cl2f8</ref><br />
<br />
In his books and on his websites, Moritz propagated strange and [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] opinions on cancer as well as his [[liver cleansing]] method (liver cleansing according to Moritz).<br />
<br />
In his descriptions, he portrayed himself as a ''medical intuitive, practitioner of [[Ayurveda]], Iridology, [[Shiatsu]] and Vibrational Medicine'' and used the title of a ''doctor of Ayurveda''.<ref>http://ener-chi.com/about.htm</ref> Moritz told his website readers that he used to be a teacher of meditation in the past and that he was interested in Ayurveda when he was in New Zealand and India.<br />
<br />
He was not only the inventor of a liver cleansing method, but also of an "Ener-Chi Art" (Ener-Chi Wellness Center, LLC), claiming the contemplation on a particular oil-painting had healing effects. His methods of "Sacred Santémony – Divine Chanting" allegedly "delete" interfering "Akasha-chronicle entries" by employing "healing sounds".<br />
<br />
==Andreas Moritz and Cancer==<br />
[[image:Moritz2.jpg|Cancer is not a disease|400px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Moritz3.jpg|Wisdom of cancer cells|400px|thumb]]<br />
In his book ''Cancer is not a Disease - It's a Survival Mechanism'', Moritz described cancer as but one of many ways in which the body tried to change the way a person sees and treats themselves. He added: ''[...] as you are about to find out, cancer is on our side, not against us [...]''. Moritz alleged that 95% of all cancer cases healed spontaneously, if no medical treatment interfered such self-healing process. Similar convictions are known from the German quack and former physician (now barred) [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], the inventor of [[Germanic New Medicine]], and also from supporters of [[metamedicine]] and [[biologie totale]] of Georges Sabbah from France.<br />
<br />
According to Moritz, cancer always was an extremely rare illness, except in industrialized nations during the past 40-50&nbsp;years. He ignored the fact that cancer is a disease affecting mostly elderly people. Progress in medicine caused an increase in life expectancy. Together with progress in cancer detection, the increase in life expectancy led to an increase in cancer incidence. Fewer cases of infectious diseases and of death due to accidents brought about an increase in the percentage of cancer as a cause of death.<br />
<br />
Moritz saw the origins of cancer in constant conflicts, guilt and shame, as they paralyzed basic body functions, and led to the growth of a cancerous tumor. Elimination of these alleged cancer-inducing factors would result in a complete healing of cancer, Moritz alleged. Therapies used in scientific medicine (operation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy) would effect healing in only&nbsp;7% of the cases, and only a few patients would survive these cures. According to Moritz, more people died because of therapeutic efforts than from their disease. These strange allegations without any proof are not backed by scientific literature and contradict solid scientific evidence of modern medicine.<br />
<br />
Moritz instead believed in alleged statements of one Dr. Hardin Jones (University of California, see below), who is quoted ''Den Patienten geht es genauso gut, oder noch besser, wenn Sie [sic] nicht behandelt werden [...]'', i.e. ''Patients are as well or even better without treatment [...]''.<br />
<br />
He further believed in the concept of a [[cancer-prone personality]], obsolete and outdated theories of psychiatrists [[Wilhelm Reich]], Hans Eysenck, [[Ronald Grossarth-Maticek]], Lydia Temoshok (typus&nbsp;C) and Hürny and Adler (1991). He confounded personality traits and consequences of cancer (for instance depression as a consequence of a severe disease).<br />
<br />
=="Liver Cleansing" According to Andreas Moritz==<br />
Moritz invented a pseudo-medical method he called "liver cleansing". Moritz believed that the majority of all adults in industrialized countries (and especially persons affected by heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer or MS) carried hundreds or even thousands of gall bladder stones, blocking liver function. A so-called "liver cleansing" (an almost identical method is known from American quack [[Hulda Clark]]) would "flush" gall bladder stones.<br />
<br />
The patient is advised to drink one litre of apple juice every day for a period of six days and then take magnesium sulfate and 1/8&nbsp;litre of olive oil and grapefruit or lemon juice each. These substances will build up soft lumps in the intestines looking like gall stones; these will end up in the toilet and convince patients they successfully eliminated their gall stones. In fact, as scientific evidence shows, no gall stone will be excreted in these cases.<ref>Christiaan W: Could these be gallstones? The Lancet, Volume 365, Issue 9468, Seite 1388, 16 April 2005, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8</ref><ref>Dekkers R. Apple juice and the chemical-contact softening of gallstones. Lancet 1999 25:354, 2171</ref><ref>Ewald, N, Hardt, P D: Flushing stones? „Leberreinigung” und „Gallenspülungen”. DMW 36, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
==Hardin Jones, Jones&nbsp;H.&nbsp;B. and Cancer Therapy==<br />
Many webpages with ties to alternative medicine contain allegations and speculations claiming that a conventional cancer therapy would harm cancer patients more than no treatment at all. On English language websites, an American physiologist by the name of Hardin Jones often gets presented as "a prominent cancer researcher" from the University of California (Berkeley). The following quotation is repeated time and again: ''My studies have proved conclusively that cancer patients who refuse chemotherapy and radiation actually live up to four times longer than treated cases.''<br />
<br />
This quote is assigned to a conference paper from 1969.<ref>Hardin B. Jones, Ph.D. "A Report on Cancer," paper delivered to the ACS's 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7 1969</ref> But in this text, Hardin's above quote cannot be found, see that document here: <ref>[http://www.psiram.com/media/Hardin_Jones/HardinJones1969.pdf Hardin Jones: "A Report on Cancer" 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7, 1969]</ref><br />
<br />
So what did Hardin actually say? Hardin was never active as a clinical oncologist<ref>http://www.users.on.net/~pmoran/cancer/hardin_jones_and_cancer.htm</ref>, but worked as a statistician and for the former "Atomic Energy Commission" in Berkeley. <br />
<br />
Quotes by Hardin are linked to a presentation in 1956.<ref>Jones H. B. Demographic consideration of the cancer problem. Transactions, New York Academy of Science, 1956, series 2, v. 18, pages 298 - 333, PMID: 13312067</ref> This was more than 50&nbsp;years ago, when chemotherapy was in its early stages. The article of 1956 contains statistical data related to female patients with breast cancer who both did and did not receive medical treatment. Author Jones says in this article: '''It is most likely that, in terms of life expectancy, the chance of survival is no better with than without treatment, and there is the possibility that treatment may make the survival time of cancer less'' (page 331). Jones in turn quotes articles, one dating back to 1926 and two from 1927. But even these very dated articles (with 651, 100, 64 and 100 cases resp.) contradict his opinion.<br />
<br />
These studies were not modern studies with a control group. According to Jones, the death-rate in case of cancer would remain constant over time (''the death rate for all kinds of cancer remains nearly fixed from the moment when cancer is identified'' page&nbsp;314). This theory was also known as "The Hardin Jones Principle" and was cited by Linus Pauling in 1989. However, it is known today that this simple theory is invalid. Different cancers have their own and different curves of survival.<br />
<br />
The description given by Jones is incorrect, if it was to be related to our times. At the end of the 1950ies, 25%&nbsp;of all breast cancer patients were still alive after 5&nbsp;years. In industrialised countries of today, this figure has increased to around&nbsp;80% (USA, in 2003),<ref>Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002: 23-47 Also: Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, Ries LA, Howe HL, Wingo PA, Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson RN, Edwards BK Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Sep 3;95(17):1276-99</ref> even considering that breast cancer is detected much earlier today.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Andreas Moritz|en=Andreas Moritz}}<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/02/andreas_moritz_legal_intimidation_in_the.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Finsolence+%28Respectful+Insolence%29<br />
*http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/alternative_medicine/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moritz, Andreas}}<br />
[[category:Author]]<br />
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]<br />
<br />
== Attachments ==<br />
*[[:File:Black Seeds Fanpage]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Black_Seeds_Fanpage.pdf&diff=2203File:Black Seeds Fanpage.pdf2013-02-17T09:01:44Z<p>Heimdall: Black Seeds Fanpage: Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend (2013-02-17)</p>
<hr />
<div>Black Seeds Fanpage: Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend (2013-02-17)</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Andreas_Moritz&diff=2201Andreas Moritz2013-02-16T18:48:33Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:andreasmoritz.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Andreas Moritz''' (January 27, 1954 - October 21, 2012) was a book-author, [[iridology|iridologist]], vaccine opponent, and inventor of pseudo-medical methods. He was born in Germany, and was living in Greer (South Carolina, USA) since 1998. Possible causes of death are a subject of speculation in the internet.<ref>[http://www.black--seeds.com/2012/10/andreas-moritz-mysterious-death-of.html Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend], Fansite Black Seeds, accessed 2012-11-07</ref> A video taken shortly before his death shows clear signs of a disease.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MJ2906Cl2f8</ref><br />
<br />
In his books and on his websites, Moritz propagated strange and [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] opinions on cancer as well as his [[liver cleansing]] method (liver cleansing according to Moritz).<br />
<br />
In his descriptions, he portrayed himself as a ''medical intuitive, practitioner of [[Ayurveda]], Iridology, [[Shiatsu]] and Vibrational Medicine'' and used the title of a ''doctor of Ayurveda''.<ref>http://ener-chi.com/about.htm</ref> Moritz told his website readers that he used to be a teacher of meditation in the past and that he was interested in Ayurveda when he was in New Zealand and India.<br />
<br />
He was not only the inventor of a liver cleansing method, but also of an "Ener-Chi Art" (Ener-Chi Wellness Center, LLC), claiming the contemplation on a particular oil-painting had healing effects. His methods of "Sacred Santémony – Divine Chanting" allegedly "delete" interfering "Akasha-chronicle entries" by employing "healing sounds".<br />
<br />
==Andreas Moritz and Cancer==<br />
[[image:Moritz2.jpg|Cancer is not a disease|400px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Moritz3.jpg|Wisdom of cancer cells|400px|thumb]]<br />
In his book ''Cancer is not a Disease - It's a Survival Mechanism'', Moritz described cancer as but one of many ways in which the body tried to change the way a person sees and treats themselves. He added: ''[...] as you are about to find out, cancer is on our side, not against us [...]''. Moritz alleged that 95% of all cancer cases healed spontaneously, if no medical treatment interfered such self-healing process. Similar convictions are known from the German quack and former physician (now barred) [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], the inventor of [[Germanic New Medicine]], and also from supporters of [[metamedicine]] and [[biologie totale]] of Georges Sabbah from France.<br />
<br />
According to Moritz, cancer always was an extremely rare illness, except in industrialized nations during the past 40-50&nbsp;years. He ignored the fact that cancer is a disease affecting mostly elderly people. Progress in medicine caused an increase in life expectancy. Together with progress in cancer detection, the increase in life expectancy led to an increase in cancer incidence. Fewer cases of infectious diseases and of death due to accidents brought about an increase in the percentage of cancer as a cause of death.<br />
<br />
Moritz saw the origins of cancer in constant conflicts, guilt and shame, as they paralyzed basic body functions, and led to the growth of a cancerous tumor. Elimination of these alleged cancer-inducing factors would result in a complete healing of cancer, Moritz alleged. Therapies used in scientific medicine (operation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy) would effect healing in only&nbsp;7% of the cases, and only a few patients would survive these cures. According to Moritz, more people died because of therapeutic efforts than from their disease. These strange allegations without any proof are not backed by scientific literature and contradict solid scientific evidence of modern medicine.<br />
<br />
Moritz instead believed in alleged statements of one Dr. Hardin Jones (University of California, see below), who is quoted ''Den Patienten geht es genauso gut, oder noch besser, wenn Sie [sic] nicht behandelt werden [...]'', i.e. ''Patients are as well or even better without treatment [...]''.<br />
<br />
He further believed in the concept of a [[cancer-prone personality]], obsolete and outdated theories of psychiatrists [[Wilhelm Reich]], Hans Eysenck, [[Ronald Grossarth-Maticek]], Lydia Temoshok (typus&nbsp;C) and Hürny and Adler (1991). He confounded personality traits and consequences of cancer (for instance depression as a consequence of a severe disease).<br />
<br />
=="Liver Cleansing" According to Andreas Moritz==<br />
Moritz invented a pseudo-medical method he called "liver cleansing". Moritz believed that the majority of all adults in industrialized countries (and especially persons affected by heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer or MS) carried hundreds or even thousands of gall bladder stones, blocking liver function. A so-called "liver cleansing" (an almost identical method is known from American quack [[Hulda Clark]]) would "flush" gall bladder stones.<br />
<br />
The patient is advised to drink one litre of apple juice every day for a period of six days and then take magnesium sulfate and 1/8&nbsp;litre of olive oil and grapefruit or lemon juice each. These substances will build up soft lumps in the intestines looking like gall stones; these will end up in the toilet and convince patients they successfully eliminated their gall stones. In fact, as scientific evidence shows, no gall stone will be excreted in these cases.<ref>Christiaan W: Could these be gallstones? The Lancet, Volume 365, Issue 9468, Seite 1388, 16 April 2005, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8</ref><ref>Dekkers R. Apple juice and the chemical-contact softening of gallstones. Lancet 1999 25:354, 2171</ref><ref>Ewald, N, Hardt, P D: Flushing stones? „Leberreinigung” und „Gallenspülungen”. DMW 36, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
==Hardin Jones, Jones&nbsp;H.&nbsp;B. and Cancer Therapy==<br />
Many webpages with ties to alternative medicine contain allegations and speculations claiming that a conventional cancer therapy would harm cancer patients more than no treatment at all. On English language websites, an American physiologist by the name of Hardin Jones often gets presented as "a prominent cancer researcher" from the University of California (Berkeley). The following quotation is repeated time and again: ''My studies have proved conclusively that cancer patients who refuse chemotherapy and radiation actually live up to four times longer than treated cases.''<br />
<br />
This quote is assigned to a conference paper from 1969.<ref>Hardin B. Jones, Ph.D. "A Report on Cancer," paper delivered to the ACS's 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7 1969</ref> But in this text, Hardin's above quote cannot be found, see that document here: <ref>[http://www.psiram.com/media/Hardin_Jones/HardinJones1969.pdf Hardin Jones: "A Report on Cancer" 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7, 1969]</ref><br />
<br />
So what did Hardin actually say? Hardin was never active as a clinical oncologist<ref>http://www.users.on.net/~pmoran/cancer/hardin_jones_and_cancer.htm</ref>, but worked as a statistician and for the former "Atomic Energy Commission" in Berkeley. <br />
<br />
Quotes by Hardin are linked to a presentation in 1956.<ref>Jones H. B. Demographic consideration of the cancer problem. Transactions, New York Academy of Science, 1956, series 2, v. 18, pages 298 - 333, PMID: 13312067</ref> This was more than 50&nbsp;years ago, when chemotherapy was in its early stages. The article of 1956 contains statistical data related to female patients with breast cancer who both did and did not receive medical treatment. Author Jones says in this article: '''It is most likely that, in terms of life expectancy, the chance of survival is no better with than without treatment, and there is the possibility that treatment may make the survival time of cancer less'' (page 331). Jones in turn quotes articles, one dating back to 1926 and two from 1927. But even these very dated articles (with 651, 100, 64 and 100 cases resp.) contradict his opinion.<br />
<br />
These studies were not modern studies with a control group. According to Jones, the death-rate in case of cancer would remain constant over time (''the death rate for all kinds of cancer remains nearly fixed from the moment when cancer is identified'' page&nbsp;314). This theory was also known as "The Hardin Jones Principle" and was cited by Linus Pauling in 1989. However, it is known today that this simple theory is invalid. Different cancers have their own and different curves of survival.<br />
<br />
The description given by Jones is incorrect, if it was to be related to our times. At the end of the 1950ies, 25%&nbsp;of all breast cancer patients were still alive after 5&nbsp;years. In industrialised countries of today, this figure has increased to around&nbsp;80% (USA, in 2003),<ref>Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002: 23-47 Also: Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, Ries LA, Howe HL, Wingo PA, Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson RN, Edwards BK Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Sep 3;95(17):1276-99</ref> even considering that breast cancer is detected much earlier today.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Andreas Moritz|en=Andreas Moritz}}<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/02/andreas_moritz_legal_intimidation_in_the.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Finsolence+%28Respectful+Insolence%29<br />
*http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/alternative_medicine/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moritz, Andreas}}<br />
[[category:Author]]<br />
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Andreas_Moritz&diff=2184Andreas Moritz2012-11-07T12:59:40Z<p>Heimdall: Death of Andreas Moritz</p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:andreasmoritz.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Andreas Moritz''' (January 27, 1954 - October 21, 2012) was a book-author, [[iridology|iridologist]], vaccine opponent and inventor of pseudo-medical methods. He was born in Germany, and has been living in Greer (South Carolina, USA) since 1998.<ref>[http://www.black--seeds.com/2012/10/andreas-moritz-mysterious-death-of.html Andreas Moritz - The Mysterious Death of a Legend], Fansite Black Seeds, retrieved 2012-11-07</ref><br />
<br />
In his books and his own websites, Moritz propagated strange and [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] opinions on cancer as well as his [[liver cleansing]] method (liver cleansing according to Moritz).<br />
<br />
In his own descriptions he viewed himself as a ''medical intuitive, practitioner of [[Ayurveda]], Iridology, [[Shiatsu]] and Vibrational Medicine'' and used the title of a ''doctor of Ayurveda''.<ref>http://ener-chi.com/about.htm</ref> Moritz told his website readers that he used to be a teacher for meditation in the past and that he was interested in Ayurveda when he was in New Zealand and India.<br />
<br />
He was not only the inventor of a liver cleansing method, but also of a "Ener-Chi Art" (Ener-Chi Wellness Center, LLC) claiming that the contemplation of a particular oil-painting had healing effects. His "Sacred Santèmony – Divine Chanting" - methods allegedly "deletes" interfering "Akasha-chronicle entries" by the use of "healing sounds".<br />
<br />
==Andreas Moritz and Cancer==<br />
[[image:Moritz2.jpg|Cancer is not a disease|400px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Moritz3.jpg|Wisdom of cancer cells|400px|thumb]]<br />
In his book ''Cancer is not a Disease - It's a Survival Mechanism'', Moritz described cancer as but one of many ways the body tries to change the way you see and treat yourself. He added: ''[...] as you are about to find out, cancer is on our side, not against us [...]''. 95% of all cancer cases healed spontaneously, if no medical treatment interfered such self-healing process. Similar convictions are known from the German quack and former physician (now barred) [[Ryke Geerd Hamer]], the inventor of [[Germanic New Medicine]], and also from followers of [[metamedicine]] and [[biologie totale]] of French Georges Sabbah.<br />
<br />
According to Moritz, cancer always was an extremely rare illness, except in industrialized nations during the past 40-50&nbsp;years. He ignored the fact that cancer is a disease affecting mostly elderly people. Progress in medicine led to an increase in life expectancy. Together with progress in cancer detection, the increase of life expectancy led to an increase of cancer incidence. Fewer cases of infectious diseases and fewer cases of death due to accidents led to an increase in the percentage of cancer as the cause of death.<br />
<br />
Moritz saw the origins of cancer in constant conflicts, guilt and shame, as they paralyzed basic functions of the body, and led to the growth of a cancerous tumor. Elimination of these alleged cancer-inducing factors would lead to a complete healing of cancer, said Moritz. Therapies used in scientific medicine (operation, radiation therapy or chemotherapy) would lead to a healing in only&nbsp;7% of the cases, and only a few patients would survive that form of healing. According to Moritz, more people died because of therapeutic efforts than due to their disease. These strange allegations without any proof are not backed by scientific literature and contradict solid scientific evidence of modern medicine.<br />
<br />
Moritz instead believed in alleged statements of a Dr. Hardin Jones (University of California, see below), who is quoted ''Den Patienten geht es genauso gut, oder noch besser, wenn Sie [sic] nicht behandelt werden [...]'', i.e. ''Patients are as well or even better without treatment [...]''.<br />
<br />
He also believed in the concept of a [[cancer prone personality]], obsolete and outdated theories of psychiatrists [[Wilhelm Reich]], Hans Eysenck, [[Ronald Grossarth-Maticek]], Lydia Temoshok (typus&nbsp;C) and Hürny and Adler (1991). He confounded personality traits and consequences of cancer (for instance depression as a consequence of a severe disease).<br />
<br />
=="Liver Cleansing" According to Andreas Moritz==<br />
Moritz was the inventor of a pseudo-medical method he called "liver cleansing". Moritz believed that the majority of all adults in the industrialized world (and especially persons affected by heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer or MS) carried hundreds or thousands of gall bladder stones, blocking liver function. A so-called "liver cleansing" (an almost identical method is known from American quack [[Hulda Clark]]) would "flush" gall bladder stones.<br />
<br />
The patient must drink one litre of apple juice every day for six days and then take magnesium sulfate and 1/8&nbsp;litre of olive oil and grapefruit juice or lemon juice. These substances will build up in the gut soft lumps looking like gall stones in the gut; these will end up in the toilet and convince the patient he successfully eliminated his gall stones. In fact, as scientific evidence shows, no gall stone will be excreted in these cases.<ref>Christiaan W: Could these be gallstones? The Lancet, Volume 365, Issue 9468, Seite 1388, 16 April 2005, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8</ref><ref>Dekkers R. Apple juice and the chemical-contact softening of gallstones. Lancet 1999 25:354, 2171</ref><ref>Ewald, N, Hardt, P D: Flushing stones? „Leberreinigung” und „Gallenspülungen”. DMW 36, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
==Hardin Jones, Jones&nbsp;H.&nbsp;B. and Cancer Therapy==<br />
On many webpages linked to alternative medicine, allegations and speculations can be found, claiming that a conventional cancer therapy would harm cancer patients more than no treatment at all. On English language webpages, an American physiologist named Hardin Jones is often presented as "a prominent cancer researcher" from the University of California (Berkeley). A quote often presented is the following: ''My studies have proved conclusively that cancer patients who refuse chemotherapy and radiation actually live up to four times longer than treated cases.''<br />
<br />
This quote is assigned to a conference paper of the year 1969.<ref>Hardin B. Jones, Ph.D. "A Report on Cancer," paper delivered to the ACS's 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7 1969</ref> But in this text, Hardin's above quote can not be found, see that document here: <ref>[http://www.psiram.com/media/Hardin_Jones/HardinJones1969.pdf Hardin Jones: "A Report on Cancer" 11th Annual Science Writers Conference, New Orleans, march 7, 1969]</ref><br />
<br />
So what did Hardin actually say? Hardin was never active as clinical oncologist<ref>http://www.users.on.net/~pmoran/cancer/hardin_jones_and_cancer.htm</ref>. He worked a statistician and for the former "Atomic Energy Commission" in Berkeley. <br />
<br />
Quotes by Hardin are linked to a presentation in 1956,<ref>Jones H. B. Demographic consideration of the cancer problem. Transactions, New York Academy of Science, 1956, series 2, v. 18, pages 298 - 333, PMID: 13312067</ref> this was more than 50&nbsp;years ago, when chemotherapy was in its early stages. The article of 1956 contains statistical data related to treated and untreated female patients with breast cancer. Author Jones in this article says: '''It is most likely that, in terms of life expectancy, the chance of survival is no better with than without treatment, and there is the possibility that treatment may make the survival time of cancer less'' (page 331). Jones in turn quotes articles, one dating back to 1926 and two from 1927. But even these very dated articles (with 651, 100, 64 and 100 cases) contradict his opinion.<br />
<br />
These studies were not modern studies with a control group. According to Jones, the death-rate in case of cancer would remain constant over time (''the death rate for all kinds of cancer remains nearly fixed from the moment when cancer is identified'' page&nbsp;314). This theory was also known as "The Hardin Jones Principle" and was cited by Linus Pauling in 1989. However, it is known today that this simple theory is invalid. Different cancers have their own and different curve of survival.<br />
<br />
The description given by Jones is false, if it was to be related to our times. At the end of the fifties, 25%&nbsp;of all breast cancer patients were still alive after 5&nbsp;years. In industrialised countries of today, this figure amounts to around&nbsp;80% (USA, year 2003),<ref>Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002: 23-47 Also: Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, Ries LA, Howe HL, Wingo PA, Jemal A, Ward E, Anderson RN, Edwards BK Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Sep 3;95(17):1276-99</ref> even considering that breast cancer is detected much earlier today.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Andreas Moritz|en=Andreas Moritz}}<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/02/andreas_moritz_legal_intimidation_in_the.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Finsolence+%28Respectful+Insolence%29<br />
*http://skeptico.blogs.com/skeptico/alternative_medicine/<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moritz, Andreas}}<br />
[[category:Author]]<br />
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Hyemeyohsts_Storm&diff=2168Hyemeyohsts Storm2012-08-21T19:58:47Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Storm.jpg|Swan (left) and Hyemeyohsts Storm|thumb]]<br />
Hyemeohsts Storm is among the most senior plastic shamans. His real name is Charles Storm, or Arthur C. Storm; he also goes by „Wolf Storm“ and „General Storm“, or „Chuck“ Storm.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Storm was born in 1931<ref name="McClinton">McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346 </ref> or 1935, according to a text written by Storm<ref name="metis">http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml accessed 07/05/2012 </ref>, and is a US citizen of German ancestry. According to Storm, his father was a German imigrant who came to the US after World War I, while he claims his mother was Cheyenne. In lectures done in Europe, Storm also seems to have mentioned his father came from a place near the town of Danzig and was a WWI veteran who had suffered injuries from war gas. An unemployed joiner, Storm Sr migrated to the US due to the difficult economic situation in Europe<ref name="KarlMay">http://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/pinnwand/kmgnachr/110/index.htm, accessed 07/04, 2012</ref> and died when Storm was very young.<br />
<br />
Storm is married to Swan Storm, real-life name Stephanie Leonard-Storm<ref name="storm">http://www.oocities.org/soho/lofts/4414/storm.html accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>, born 1957<ref>http://faqs.org/copyright/undercurrents-between-a-breakdown-and-a-breakthrough/ accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>, who is his business partner in selling indigenous spirituality and gets called Storm's „medicine twin“<ref>http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/09.12.96/native-9637.htm accessed 07/05/2012 </ref>. Leonard-Storm claims to be Métis without naming any indigenous nation she may descend from.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Contradictions in biographical information==<br />
<br />
The biographical details given by Storm, his followers, or his publishers vary, and his early life has not been established sufficiently; the Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature describes it as „murky“ <ref name="McClinton" />. Storm claims his mother's name was Pearl Eastman<ref name="CHEROKEE">http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CHEROKEE/1998-11/0909930126 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>, a Cheyenne with family not only in the Cheyenne nation, but also among the Crow and „many other reservations“<ref name="metis" />. In one article, Storm describes his mother as a „Cheyenne, Sioux, and Irish-American“ without mentioning any Crow relations<ref name="metis" />.<br />
<br />
He claims to have grown up on both the Cheyenne and Crow reservations in Montana. The vagueness of information provided is further added by claims of sympathizers who place Storm „on the Cheyenne-Crow reservation“<ref name="KarlMay" /> where he allegedly lived „as a reservation Indian for several decades“<ref name="KarlMay" />. A „Cheyenne-Crow reservation“, however, does not exist.<br />
<br />
Not only such accounts, but also Storm's various biographical articles on websites are grave contraditions to the claim he put forward in his first book ''Seven Arrows'', where he says that he received the information on Cheyenne religion from his father, and that this information was handed down through the generations from father to son<ref name="SAILns42">https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/42.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
In a biographical article apparently written by Storm, he also claims his mother Pearl Eastman had „been born in a tipi, among the first generation of Native Americans to be born in captivity on the reservation.“<ref name="metis" />. Since indigenous resistance on the Plains was largely stifled during the 1870ies, this claim seems highly dubious and rather improbable.<br />
<br />
Storm also differs regarding the number of his siblings is concerned, as he sometimes claims that his mother had six sons, two by a former marriage and four by his German father. In other biographical presentations written by Storm, the number of children is said to be five overall.<ref name="storm" /> In the same way, Storm represents himself either as the eldest of all or the eldest of the latter four.<br />
<br />
In one biographical article, Storm also claims to have been adopted by the Crow family Yellowtail<ref name="metis" />. While there is evidence pointing to such relations to the Crow nation<ref name="McClinton" />, such an adoption is an honorary act and does not give the adoptee any rights to ceremonies or spiritual teachings; the adoptee is supposed to look after his adoptive parents and family in times of need and old age. Such an adoption by a family also does not create any rights to enrollment and does not bestow the adoptee with citizenship in an indigenous nation or rights to this.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==A career as a Plastic Shaman==<br />
<br />
In 1972 already, Storm published the first of three books, titled „Seven Arrows“. The book, published by Harper & Row as non-fiction, was promoted as describing details of Cheyenne spirituality and ceremonies. However, it raised fierce protests and objections from the Cheyenne nation who regard the content as blasphemous and utterly wrong and also declared that Storm was not enrolled and not known in the nation. Harper & Row reacted to these objections by presenting a copy of an enrollment card of Charles Storm, issued by the Cheyenne nation, which was promptly exposed as forged<ref name="McClinton" />.<br />
<br />
Harper & Row's vice president Douglas Latimer, who was responsible for publishing the book, entered negotiations with the Cheyenne nation in an attempt of damage control and agreed to pay what the Cheyenne called „reparations“. The amount was paid to avoid a court judgement against Harper & Row. He refused, however, to withdraw the book completely, as the rights had already been sold to another publishing house<ref name="McClinton" />. A later court verdict ordered the book to be published as „fiction“ material to indicate its contents were not based on facts.<br />
<br />
Storm cooperated with other plastic shamans and is e.g. considered one of the teachers of [[Deer Tribe|Harley Reagan]]; he still gets mentioned by Deer Tribe members, some of whom claim him as a teacher, too. Storm and Regan seem to have cooperated for several years, e.g. alternately doing series of lectures and seminars in Europe<ref>http://www.schuledesrades.org/palme/books/eigensinn/?Q=1/1/9/0/0/1/22 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>. Other publications mention further well-known plastic shamans who allegedly were taught by Storm, like Harley Swift Deer and Lynn Andrews<ref>„...Hyemeyohsts Storm, the Cheyenne shaman, who not only taught Harley Swift Deer, but also sent Lynn Andrews on her way to Agnes Whistling Elk“. von Stuckrad, Kocku: Schamanismus und Esoterik. Kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. Leuven 2003, p. 151</ref>.<br />
<br />
Storm has written three books, the aforementioned ''Seven Arrows'' in 1972, ''Song of Heyoehkah'' in 1981, and ''Lightningbolt'' in 1994. All books have seen German translations and are still in print in both English and German.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Claims of Enrollment==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, the first attempt at presenting a card of tribal enrollment was exposed as fraudulent. Storm continued to claim Cheyenne ancestry, though, and tribal enrollment: In a letter published in a mailing list on November 1, 1998, a poster claimed to copy a letter sent by Storm which read: „Sure I can fly my enrollment flag-A.C. Storm I. D. number 207U002973, Bureau of Indian Affairs-- Billings Area Office, Billings, Montana“<ref name="CHEROKEE" />.<br />
<br />
Storm still maintains to be indigenous, resp. Métis. While there is a recognized ethnic entity by the name of Métis in Canada, which refers to descendants of French/English settlers and Ojibway and Cree who have their own distinct culture and language called Michif, the term is not in use in the United States. There is no federally recognized Métis entity in the USA, and the term there has been taken up by persons with distant and mostly unverifiable indigenous ancestry, thus not lending more credibility to Storm's claims.<br />
<br />
==Reception and Criticism==<br />
<br />
Storm's books saw a completely different reception in the dominant society and among indigenous Americans. They were for a long time – and sometimes still are – being taken for non-fiction books presenting the readers with insights into and genuine information on Cheyenne spirituality, or even on a non-existing generic indigenous spirituality. The German translation of Storm's first book, Seven Arrows, was done by an academic who still lists his work on this book in CVs available online<ref>http://www.zenaf.uni-frankfurt.de/contact_profiles/peyer/index.html, accessed 07/05/2012</ref>. Storm's claims to be Cheyenne (Storm himself uses the terms „Breed“ and „Métis“) were taken at face value more often than not, and Storm was even assigned a role as a „spokesperson of indigenous America“<ref name="ibd">von Stuckrad, Kocku: Schamanismus und Esoterik. Kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, Leuven 2003, p. 151</ref>.<br />
<br />
This did not change after Storm's books had to be sold in the fiction category, as he still maintained he was enrolled Cheyenne and his books contained literal truth. Therefore, Storm continued to be taken for an indigenous author and was read and recommened as such even in university seminars and lectures. In some cases, even academic authors distorted information available, deploring the Cheyenne nation's view of the book as blasphemous, claiming it was not meant as a monography on Cheyenne religion and „Seven Arrows was not, however, written for the own nation“<ref name="ibd" />. In fact this author attempts to trivialise the reaction of the Cheyenne nation and other indigenous nations and individuals by euphemistically describing „representatives of the publishing house were compelled to go to the reservations to settle the misunderstanding the book was a monography of Cheyenne religion“<ref name="ibd" />. The words chosen imply that indigenous views of the book were caused by mere misunderstanding, i.e. per definition a shortcoming on the part of the Natives instead of dominant white society, and include the notion that expecting the representatives to travel to the reservation was an undue impertinence again on the part of the Cheyenne. Thus, the sentence employs two racist stereotypes on indigenous persons: the stupid Indian, and the defiant and renegade one not knowing their place and overstepping boundaries by making undue demands.<br />
<br />
Such views thus firmly rely on concepts of white privilege and white interpretative dominance. Propagating fantasized descriptions and distorted views does not become appropriate if and as long as they are not addressed at the ethnic group they allege to be written on, but of course von Stuckradt does not mean to imply it is acceptable to cheat whites – white dominant society in its interpretative dominance over non-white ethnic entities includes the power to decide what to accept as that group's religion and culture. Additionally, von Stuckradt's stand is also nurtured by the concept that the dominant society of course has the right to chose whom to promote to spokespersons for non-white groups, instead of having the respective groups decide who speaks for them and who does not. The white dominant society thus enjoys vast freedoms of defining and redefining according to its own needs and at its whim, and also claims the power to decide who, to them, is a 'real Indian' and who is not.<br />
<br />
However, there were also other voices in academia who criticized ''Seven Arrows'' for its inaccuracies <ref>https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/21.html , accessed 07/04/2012</ref> as well as its definite ambition to portray authentic Cheyenne religion to its audience and for Storm's ambition to appoint himself as an authority and spokesperson<ref name="SAILns42"/>. Other critical evaluations established Storm relying on Jungian concepts of „unconditional respect for another person's perceiving way; while it is, to an extent, an authentic Native American trait, it is also a valid expression of the new-age hipster's belief in the concept of „live and let live“, and in a new, more open-minded morality to replace puritanical values of old. An over-reliance on Seven Arrows may lead to the mistaken belief that anything, anything at all, is morally acceptable to these wandering philosophers of the plains just as long as someone among them thinks it might be alright and can justify it with an argument. This is truly the modern American way, and that is why modern urban hippies like it, since it is, as noted earlier, the polar opposite of Christian Fundamentalism“ <ref>Hart, Phillip J.: The Book of Imaginary Indians. Ancient Traditions and Modern Caricatures in the White Man's Quest for Meaning, Lincoln 2008, p. 63</ref>. Hart thus concludes that the book „...is Heyemeyohsts Storm's own synthetic, new-age religion; […] but that is not the same thing as the ancient Cheyenne tradition, even where they superficially resemble each other“<ref>ibd., p. 64</ref>.<br />
<br />
As early as 1972, historian Rupert Costo criticized ''Seven Arrows'', stating that Storm showed little or no understanding of the Cheyenne Way, and that the book falsified and desecrated the traditions of the Northern Cheyenne. Costo, the President of the American Indian Historical Society (and from the Cahuilla nation) and publisher of The Indian Historian, further pointed out that the book contained „many irreligious and irreverent inaccuracies“. Storm's description of the Sun Dance was wrong, and his drawing of the Sun Dance Lodge was not Cheyenne, the four sacred directions were described inaccurately, Costo added, and Storm had „no religious or secular status in the tribe“.<ref name="SAILns42" />.<br />
<br />
Despite the criticism brought forward since long by indigenous nations as well as academic reviewers, Storm's books are still taken for Native American novels and are included in reputable publications and lectures. In June 2006, the IAA Institute of Rostock University organized a Fulbright Lecture Series ''American Culture, Past and Present''. In the series' fifth lecture, Double Crossing the Western Frontier in Native American Literature, speaker Cheli Reutter attributed Storm as the „...world's foremost speaker for the Mixed Blood People and a famous writer...“; the report on the lecture even provides a link to Storm's website<ref>http://www.iaa.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/IANGAM/Downloads/Fulbright/Fulbright_Summary_06.pdf, accessed 07/05/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Organisations==<br />
<br />
Storm has founded several organisations during his career. One is the Cirle of the Earth Temple of which Storm claims to be founder and director <ref name="storm"/>. The COTET has been defunct for a long time or has been dissolved; there is only scarce information to be found on this organisation. The same is true for the „International School of Metis Art“ of which Storm was founder and director, too<ref name="storm"/>. There are, however, still individuals who continue to mention this institute in biographical information or interviews<ref>http://creation-designs.com/gracemillennium/sojourn/Spring97/html/coverstory.html , http://www.xarto.com/profil/index.php?id=1365 , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, and it is to be noted that one of them can hardly claim Métis descent, as the person happens to be German. Evidence available suggests that it was active until at least 1999<ref>In an e-mail dd August 3, 1999, National American Metis Association functionary Mary Harper-Bellis wrote: „Friends of mine are involved in the International School of Metis Art and they teach as well as produce stunning work in sculpture, painting, jewelry art, drums, and many other mediums.“ http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MetisCulture/message/336 , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
The third organisation is the National American Metis Association which seems defunct, but which still is mentioned online, so e.g. even by one university who lists it as a genuine indigenous organisation and even recommends it as a „good source for teachers“<ref>http://www.eastern.edu/publications/emme/2001fall/reviews.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. The association seems to have been founded in 1978<ref name="METISGEN"/>. The organisation then disbanded, either in 1985<ref name="METISGEN" /> or in 1981<ref name="metis2065">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/metis/message/2065, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, and reconstituted in 1998<ref name="METISGEN">http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-07/0995118410</ref>. It has to be noted that all three mails quoted happen to have been written by the same person, Mary Harper-Bellis, who also held a position as a „second president“<ref>http://www.biopark.org/wolf/wolfsong.htm, accessed 07/04/2012 </ref> within the organisation. Harper-Bellis mentioned as her „partners in this venture, the other members of the Board of Directors are Billy Brady, Chet Alexander, Erena Lall-Brady, Rainbow LaLand, and Forest Helstrum“<ref name="metis2065" />. In a post to a mailing-list written in January 2001, Harper-Bellis speaks of „The org that I am the president of ...“<ref name="METISGEN" />, so she may have held different positions in the association.<br />
<br />
In another post to METISGEN in January 2001, Harper-Bellis states that the associated had „200 members from about 20 states“. It is also rather noteworthy that Harper-Bellis claims they were „in communication with the Metis group in Scandinavia“<ref name="METISGEN" />, although she does not elaborate any further about the membership or character of that group.<br />
<br />
William „Billy“ Brady maintains a commercial website selling sage on which he still propagates the National American Metis Association of which he announces to be the „Executive Director“<ref>http://buffalosage.ca/Granny%20Roots%20page.htm , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, so recruiting for this organisation is still possible and might still continue.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
<br />
Seven Arrows<br />
The Song of Heyoekah<br />
Lightningbolt<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Hyemeyohsts Storm|en=Hyemeyohsts Storm}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[category:Plastic Shamans]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Storm.jpg&diff=2167File:Storm.jpg2012-08-21T19:57:17Z<p>Heimdall: Source: http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/09.12.96/native-9637.html</p>
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<div>Source: http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/09.12.96/native-9637.html</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Hyemeyohsts_Storm&diff=2166Hyemeyohsts Storm2012-08-21T19:55:59Z<p>Heimdall: Cleanup</p>
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<div>[[image:Storm.jpg|Swan (left) and Hyemeyohsts Storm|thumb]]<br />
Hyemeohsts Storm is among the most senior plastic shamans. His real name is Charles Storm, or Arthur C. Storm; he also goes by „Wolf Storm“ and „General Storm“, or „Chuck“ Storm.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Storm was born in 1931<ref name="McClinton">McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346 </ref> or 1935, according to a text written by Storm<ref name="metis">http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml accessed 07/05/2012 </ref>, and is a US citizen of German ancestry. According to Storm, his father was a German imigrant who came to the US after World War I, while he claims his mother was Cheyenne. In lectures done in Europe, Storm also seems to have mentioned his father came from a place near the town of Danzig and was a WWI veteran who had suffered injuries from war gas. An unemployed joiner, Storm Sr migrated to the US due to the difficult economic situation in Europe<ref name="KarlMay">http://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/pinnwand/kmgnachr/110/index.htm, accessed 07/04, 2012</ref> and died when Storm was very young.<br />
<br />
Storm is married to Swan Storm, real-life name Stephanie Leonard-Storm<ref name="storm">http://www.oocities.org/soho/lofts/4414/storm.html accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>, born 1957<ref>http://faqs.org/copyright/undercurrents-between-a-breakdown-and-a-breakthrough/ accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>, who is his business partner in selling indigenous spirituality and gets called Storm's „medicine twin“<ref>http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/09.12.96/native-9637.htm accessed 07/05/2012 </ref>. Leonard-Storm claims to be Métis without naming any indigenous nation she may descend from.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Contradictions in biographical information==<br />
<br />
The biographical details given by Storm, his followers, or his publishers vary, and his early life has not been established sufficiently; the Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature describes it as „murky“ <ref name="McClinton" />. Storm claims his mother's name was Pearl Eastman<ref name="CHEROKEE">http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CHEROKEE/1998-11/0909930126 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>, a Cheyenne with family not only in the Cheyenne nation, but also among the Crow and „many other reservations“<ref name="metis" />. In one article, Storm describes his mother as a „Cheyenne, Sioux, and Irish-American“ without mentioning any Crow relations<ref name="metis" />.<br />
<br />
He claims to have grown up on both the Cheyenne and Crow reservations in Montana. The vagueness of information provided is further added by claims of sympathizers who place Storm „on the Cheyenne-Crow reservation“<ref name="KarlMay" /> where he allegedly lived „as a reservation Indian for several decades“<ref name="KarlMay" />. A „Cheyenne-Crow reservation“, however, does not exist.<br />
<br />
Not only such accounts, but also Storm's various biographical articles on websites are grave contraditions to the claim he put forward in his first book ''Seven Arrows'', where he says that he received the information on Cheyenne religion from his father, and that this information was handed down through the generations from father to son<ref name="SAILns42">https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/42.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
In a biographical article apparently written by Storm, he also claims his mother Pearl Eastman had „been born in a tipi, among the first generation of Native Americans to be born in captivity on the reservation.“<ref name="metis" />. Since indigenous resistance on the Plains was largely stifled during the 1870ies, this claim seems highly dubious and rather improbable.<br />
<br />
Storm also differs regarding the number of his siblings is concerned, as he sometimes claims that his mother had six sons, two by a former marriage and four by his German father. In other biographical presentations written by Storm, the number of children is said to be five overall.<ref name="storm" /> In the same way, Storm represents himself either as the eldest of all or the eldest of the latter four.<br />
<br />
In one biographical article, Storm also claims to have been adopted by the Crow family Yellowtail<ref name="metis" />. While there is evidence pointing to such relations to the Crow nation<ref name="McClinton" />, such an adoption is an honorary act and does not give the adoptee any rights to ceremonies or spiritual teachings; the adoptee is supposed to look after his adoptive parents and family in times of need and old age. Such an adoption by a family also does not create any rights to enrollment and does not bestow the adoptee with citizenship in an indigenous nation or rights to this.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==A career as a Plastic Shaman==<br />
<br />
In 1972 already, Storm published the first of three books, titled „Seven Arrows“. The book, published by Harper & Row as non-fiction, was promoted as describing details of Cheyenne spirituality and ceremonies. However, it raised fierce protests and objections from the Cheyenne nation who regard the content as blasphemous and utterly wrong and also declared that Storm was not enrolled and not known in the nation. Harper & Row reacted to these objections by presenting a copy of an enrollment card of Charles Storm, issued by the Cheyenne nation, which was promptly exposed as forged<ref name="McClinton" />.<br />
<br />
Harper & Row's vice president Douglas Latimer, who was responsible for publishing the book, entered negotiations with the Cheyenne nation in an attempt of damage control and agreed to pay what the Cheyenne called „reparations“. The amount was paid to avoid a court judgement against Harper & Row. He refused, however, to withdraw the book completely, as the rights had already been sold to another publishing house<ref name="McClinton" />. A later court verdict ordered the book to be published as „fiction“ material to indicate its contents were not based on facts.<br />
<br />
Storm cooperated with other plastic shamans and is e.g. considered one of the teachers of [[Deer Tribe|Harley Reagan]]; he still gets mentioned by Deer Tribe members, some of whom claim him as a teacher, too. Storm and Regan seem to have cooperated for several years, e.g. alternately doing series of lectures and seminars in Europe<ref>http://www.schuledesrades.org/palme/books/eigensinn/?Q=1/1/9/0/0/1/22 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>. Other publications mention further well-known plastic shamans who allegedly were taught by Storm, like Harley Swift Deer and Lynn Andrews<ref>„...Hyemeyohsts Storm, the Cheyenne shaman, who not only taught Harley Swift Deer, but also sent Lynn Andrews on her way to Agnes Whistling Elk“. von Stuckrad, Kocku: Schamanismus und Esoterik. Kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. Leuven 2003, p. 151</ref>.<br />
<br />
Storm has written three books, the aforementioned ''Seven Arrows'' in 1972, ''Song of Heyoehkah'' in 1981, and ''Lightningbolt'' in 1994. All books have seen German translations and are still in print in both English and German.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Claims of Enrollment==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, the first attempt at presenting a card of tribal enrollment was exposed as fraudulent. Storm continued to claim Cheyenne ancestry, though, and tribal enrollment: In a letter published in a mailing list on November 1, 1998, a poster claimed to copy a letter sent by Storm which read: „Sure I can fly my enrollment flag-A.C. Storm I. D. number 207U002973, Bureau of Indian Affairs-- Billings Area Office, Billings, Montana“<ref name="CHEROKEE" />.<br />
<br />
Storm still maintains to be indigenous, resp. Métis. While there is a recognized ethnic entity by the name of Métis in Canada, which refers to descendants of French/English settlers and Ojibway and Cree who have their own distinct culture and language called Michif, the term is not in use in the United States. There is no federally recognized Métis entity in the USA, and the term there has been taken up by persons with distant and mostly unverifiable indigenous ancestry, thus not lending more credibility to Storm's claims.<br />
<br />
==Reception and Criticism==<br />
<br />
Storm's books saw a completely different reception in the dominant society and among indigenous Americans. They were for a long time – and sometimes still are – being taken for non-fiction books presenting the readers with insights into and genuine information on Cheyenne spirituality, or even on a non-existing generic indigenous spirituality. The German translation of Storm's first book, Seven Arrows, was done by an academic who still lists his work on this book in CVs available online<ref>http://www.zenaf.uni-frankfurt.de/contact_profiles/peyer/index.html, accessed 07/05/2012</ref>. Storm's claims to be Cheyenne (Storm himself uses the terms „Breed“ and „Métis“) were taken at face value more often than not, and Storm was even assigned a role as a „spokesperson of indigenous America“<ref name="ibd">von Stuckrad, Kocku: Schamanismus und Esoterik. Kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, Leuven 2003, p. 151</ref>.<br />
<br />
This did not change after Storm's books had to be sold in the fiction category, as he still maintained he was enrolled Cheyenne and his books contained literal truth. Therefore, Storm continued to be taken for an indigenous author and was read and recommened as such even in university seminars and lectures. In some cases, even academic authors distorted information available, deploring the Cheyenne nation's view of the book as blasphemous, claiming it was not meant as a monography on Cheyenne religion and „Seven Arrows was not, however, written for the own nation“<ref name="ibd" />. In fact this author attempts to trivialise the reaction of the Cheyenne nation and other indigenous nations and individuals by euphemistically describing „representatives of the publishing house were compelled to go to the reservations to settle the misunderstanding the book was a monography of Cheyenne religion“<ref name="ibd" />. The words chosen imply that indigenous views of the book were caused by mere misunderstanding, i.e. per definition a shortcoming on the part of the Natives instead of dominant white society, and include the notion that expecting the representatives to travel to the reservation was an undue impertinence again on the part of the Cheyenne. Thus, the sentence employs two racist stereotypes on indigenous persons: the stupid Indian, and the defiant and renegade one not knowing their place and overstepping boundaries by making undue demands.<br />
<br />
Such views thus firmly rely on concepts of white privilege and white interpretative dominance. Propagating fantasized descriptions and distorted views does not become appropriate if and as long as they are not addressed at the ethnic group they allege to be written on, but of course von Stuckradt does not mean to imply it is acceptable to cheat whites – white dominant society in its interpretative dominance over non-white ethnic entities includes the power to decide what to accept as that group's religion and culture. Additionally, von Stuckradt's stand is also nurtured by the concept that the dominant society of course has the right to chose whom to promote to spokespersons for non-white groups, instead of having the respective groups decide who speaks for them and who does not. The white dominant society thus enjoys vast freedoms of defining and redefining according to its own needs and at its whim, and also claims the power to decide who, to them, is a 'real Indian' and who is not.<br />
<br />
However, there were also other voices in academia who criticized ''Seven Arrows'' for its inaccuracies <ref>https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/21.html , accessed 07/04/2012</ref> as well as its definite ambition to portray authentic Cheyenne religion to its audience and for Storm's ambition to appoint himself as an authority and spokesperson<ref name="SAILns42"/>. Other critical evaluations established Storm relying on Jungian concepts of „unconditional respect for another person's perceiving way; while it is, to an extent, an authentic Native American trait, it is also a valid expression of the new-age hipster's belief in the concept of „live and let live“, and in a new, more open-minded morality to replace puritanical values of old. An over-reliance on Seven Arrows may lead to the mistaken belief that anything, anything at all, is morally acceptable to these wandering philosophers of the plains just as long as someone among them thinks it might be alright and can justify it with an argument. This is truly the modern American way, and that is why modern urban hippies like it, since it is, as noted earlier, the polar opposite of Christian Fundamentalism“ <ref>Hart, Phillip J.: The Book of Imaginary Indians. Ancient Traditions and Modern Caricatures in the White Man's Quest for Meaning, Lincoln 2008, p. 63</ref>. Hart thus concludes that the book „...is Heyemeyohsts Storm's own synthetic, new-age religion; […] but that is not the same thing as the ancient Cheyenne tradition, even where they superficially resemble each other“<ref>ibd., p. 64</ref>.<br />
<br />
As early as 1972, historian Rupert Costo criticized ''Seven Arrows'', stating that Storm showed little or no understanding of the Cheyenne Way, and that the book falsified and desecrated the traditions of the Northern Cheyenne. Costo, the President of the American Indian Historical Society (and from the Cahuilla nation) and publisher of The Indian Historian, further pointed out that the book contained „many irreligious and irreverent inaccuracies“. Storm's description of the Sun Dance was wrong, and his drawing of the Sun Dance Lodge was not Cheyenne, the four sacred directions were described inaccurately, Costo added, and Storm had „no religious or secular status in the tribe“.<ref name="SAILns42" />.<br />
<br />
Despite the criticism brought forward since long by indigenous nations as well as academic reviewers, Storm's books are still taken for Native American novels and are included in reputable publications and lectures. In June 2006, the IAA Institute of Rostock University organized a Fulbright Lecture Series ''American Culture, Past and Present''. In the series' fifth lecture, Double Crossing the Western Frontier in Native American Literature, speaker Cheli Reutter attributed Storm as the „...world's foremost speaker for the Mixed Blood People and a famous writer...“; the report on the lecture even provides a link to Storm's website<ref>http://www.iaa.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/IANGAM/Downloads/Fulbright/Fulbright_Summary_06.pdf, accessed 07/05/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Organisations==<br />
<br />
Storm has founded several organisations during his career. One is the Cirle of the Earth Temple of which Storm claims to be founder and director <ref name="storm"/>. The COTET has been defunct for a long time or has been dissolved; there is only scarce information to be found on this organisation. The same is true for the „International School of Metis Art“ of which Storm was founder and director, too<ref name="storm"/>. There are, however, still individuals who continue to mention this institute in biographical information or interviews<ref>http://creation-designs.com/gracemillennium/sojourn/Spring97/html/coverstory.html , http://www.xarto.com/profil/index.php?id=1365 , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, and it is to be noted that one of them can hardly claim Métis descent, as the person happens to be German. Evidence available suggests that it was active until at least 1999<ref>In an e-mail dd August 3, 1999, National American Metis Association functionary Mary Harper-Bellis wrote: „Friends of mine are involved in the International School of Metis Art and they teach as well as produce stunning work in sculpture, painting, jewelry art, drums, and many other mediums.“ http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MetisCulture/message/336 , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
The third organisation is the National American Metis Association which seems defunct, but which still is mentioned online, so e.g. even by one university who lists it as a genuine indigenous organisation and even recommends it as a „good source for teachers“<ref>http://www.eastern.edu/publications/emme/2001fall/reviews.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. The association seems to have been founded in 1978<ref name="METISGEN"/>. The organisation then disbanded, either in 1985<ref name="METISGEN" /> or in 1981<ref name="metis2065">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/metis/message/2065, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, and reconstituted in 1998<ref name="METISGEN">http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-07/0995118410</ref>. It has to be noted that all three mails quoted happen to have been written by the same person, Mary Harper-Bellis, who also held a position as a „second president“<ref>http://www.biopark.org/wolf/wolfsong.htm, accessed 07/04/2012 </ref> within the organisation. Harper-Bellis mentioned as her „partners in this venture, the other members of the Board of Directors are Billy Brady, Chet Alexander, Erena Lall-Brady, Rainbow LaLand, and Forest Helstrum“<ref name="metis2065" />. In a post to a mailing-list written in January 2001, Harper-Bellis speaks of „The org that I am the president of ...“<ref name="METISGEN" />, so she may have held different positions in the association.<br />
<br />
In another post to METISGEN in January 2001, Harper-Bellis states that the associated had „200 members from about 20 states“. It is also rather noteworthy that Harper-Bellis claims they were „in communication with the Metis group in Scandinavia“<ref name="METISGEN" />, although she does not elaborate any further about the membership or character of that group.<br />
<br />
William „Billy“ Brady maintains a commercial website selling sage on which he still propagates the National American Metis Association of which he announces to be the „Executive Director“<ref>http://buffalosage.ca/Granny%20Roots%20page.htm , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, so recruiting for this organisation is still possible and might still continue.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
<br />
Seven Arrows<br />
The Song of Heyoekah<br />
Lightningbolt<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[category:Plastic Shamans]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Hyemeyohsts_Storm&diff=2165Hyemeyohsts Storm2012-08-21T19:32:49Z<p>Heimdall: Created page with "thumb Hyemeohsts Storm is among the most senior plastic shamans. His real name is Charles Storm, or Arthur C. Storm; he a..."</p>
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<div>[[image:Storm.jpg|Swan (left) and Hyemeyohsts Storm|thumb]]<br />
Hyemeohsts Storm is among the most senior plastic shamans. His real name is Charles Storm, or Arthur C. Storm; he also goes by „Wolf Storm“ and „General Storm“, or „Chuck“ Storm.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Storm was born in 1931<ref>McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346 </ref> or 1935, according to a text written by Storm<ref>http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml accessed 07/05/2012 </ref>, and is a US citizen of German ancestry. According to Storm, his father was a German imigrant who came to the US after World War I, while he claims his mother was Cheyenne. In lectures done in Europe, Storm also seems to have mentioned his father came from a place near the town of Danzig and was a WWI veteran who had suffered injuries from war gas. An unemployed joiner, Storm Sr migrated to the US due to the difficult economic situation in Europe<ref>http://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/pinnwand/kmgnachr/110/index.htm, accessed 07/04, 2012</ref> and died when Storm was very young.<br />
<br />
Storm is married to Swan Storm, real-life name Stephanie Leonard-Storm<ref>http://www.oocities.org/soho/lofts/4414/storm.html accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>, born 1957<ref>http://faqs.org/copyright/undercurrents-between-a-breakdown-and-a-breakthrough/ accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>, who is his business partner in selling indigenous spirituality and gets called Storm's „medicine twin“<ref>ttp://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/09.12.96/native-9637.htm accessed 07/05/2012 </ref>. Leonard-Storm claims to be Métis without naming any indigenous nation she may descend from.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Contradictions in biographical information==<br />
<br />
The biographical details given by Storm, his followers, or his publishers vary, and his early life has not been established sufficiently; the Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature describes it as „murky“ <ref>McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346</ref>. Storm claims his mother's name was Pearl Eastman<ref>http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CHEROKEE/1998-11/0909930126 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>, a Cheyenne with family not only in the Cheyenne nation, but also among the Crow and „many other reservations“<ref>http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. In one article, Storm describes his mother as a „Cheyenne, Sioux, and Irish-American“ without mentioning any Crow relations<ref>http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml , accessed 07/05, 2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
He claims to have grown up on both the Cheyenne and Crow reservations in Montana. The vagueness of information provided is further added by claims of sympathizers who place Storm „on the Cheyenne-Crow reservation“<ref>http://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/pinnwand/kmgnachr/110/index.htm</ref> where he allegedly lived „as a reservation Indian for several decades“<ref>http://www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de/kmg/pinnwand/kmgnachr/110/index.htm, accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>. A „Cheyenne-Crow reservation“, however, does not exist.<br />
<br />
Not only such accounts, but also Storm's various biographical articles on websites are grave contraditions to the claim he put forward in his first book ''Seven Arrows'', where he says that he received the information on Cheyenne religion from his father, and that this information was handed down through the generations from father to son<ref>https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/42.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
In a biographical article apparently written by Storm, he also claims his mother Pearl Eastman had „been born in a tipi, among the first generation of Native Americans to be born in captivity on the reservation.“<ref>http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. Since indigenous resistance on the Plains was largely stifled during the 1870ies, this claim seems highly dubious and rather improbable.<br />
<br />
Storm also differs regarding the number of his siblings is concerned, as he sometimes claims that his mother had six sons, two by a former marriage and four by his German father. In other biographical presentations written by Storm, the number of children is said to be five overall.<ref>http://www.oocities.org/soho/lofts/4414/storm.html , accessed 07/04, 2012</ref> In the same way, Storm represents himself either as the eldest of all or the eldest of the latter four.<br />
<br />
In one biographical article, Storm also claims to have been adopted by the Crow family Yellowtail<ref>http://www.universeofpoetry.org/metis.shtml accessed 07/04, 2012</ref>. While there is evidence pointing to such relations to the Crow nation<ref> McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346</ref>, such an adoption is an honorary act and does not give the adoptee any rights to ceremonies or spiritual teachings; the adoptee is supposed to look after his adoptive parents and family in times of need and old age. Such an adoption by a family also does not create any rights to enrollment and does not bestow the adoptee with citizenship in an indigenous nation or rights to this.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==A career as a Plastic Shaman==<br />
<br />
In 1972 already, Storm published the first of three books, titled „Seven Arrows“. The book, published by Harper & Row as non-fiction, was promoted as describing details of Cheyenne spirituality and ceremonies. However, it raised fierce protests and objections from the Cheyenne nation who regard the content as blasphemous and utterly wrong and also declared that Storm was not enrolled and not known in the nation. Harper & Row reacted to these objections by presenting a copy of an enrollment card of Charles Storm, issued by the Cheyenne nation, which was promptly exposed as forged<ref> McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346</ref>.<br />
<br />
Harper & Row's vice president Douglas Latimer, who was responsible for publishing the book, entered negotiations with the Cheyenne nation in an attempt of damage control and agreed to pay what the Cheyenne called „reparations“. The amount was paid to avoid a court judgement against Harper & Row. He refused, however, to withdraw the book completely, as the rights had already been sold to another publishing house<ref>McClinton, Jennifer; Velie, Alan R: Encyclopedia of American Indian Literature, New York 2007, p. 346</ref>. A later court verdict ordered the book to be published as „fiction“ material to indicate its contents were not based on facts.<br />
<br />
Storm cooperated with other plastic shamans and is e.g. considered one of the teachers of [[Deer Tribe|Harley Reagan]]; he still gets mentioned by Deer Tribe members, some of whom claim him as a teacher, too. Storm and Regan seem to have cooperated for several years, e.g. alternately doing series of lectures and seminars in Europe<ref>http://www.schuledesrades.org/palme/books/eigensinn/?Q=1/1/9/0/0/1/22 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>. Other publications mention further well-known plastic shamans who allegedly were taught by Storm, like Harley Swift Deer and Lynn Andrews<ref> „...Hyemeyohsts Storm, the Cheyenne shaman, who not only taught Harley Swift Deer, but also sent Lynn Andrews on her way to Agnes Whistling Elk“. von Stuckrad, Kocku: Schamanismus und Esoterik. Kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. Leuven 2003, p. 151</ref>.<br />
<br />
Storm has written three books, the aforementioned ''Seven Arrows'' in 1972, ''Song of Heyoehkah'' in 1981, and ''Lightningbolt'' in 1994. All books have seen German translations and are still in print in both English and German.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Claims of Enrollment==<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, the first attempt at presenting a card of tribal enrollment was exposed as fraudulent. Storm continued to claim Cheyenne ancestry, though, and tribal enrollment: In a letter published in a mailing list on November 1, 1998, a poster claimed to copy a letter sent by Storm which read: „Sure I can fly my enrollment flag-A.C. Storm I. D. number 207U002973, Bureau of Indian Affairs-- Billings Area Office, Billings, Montana“<ref>http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CHEROKEE/1998-11/0909930126 , accessed 07/03/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
Storm still maintains to be indigenous, resp. Métis. While there is a recognized ethnic entity by the name of Métis in Canada, which refers to descendants of French/English settlers and Ojibway and Cree who have their own distinct culture and language called Michif, the term is not in use in the United States. There is no federally recognized Métis entity in the USA, and the term there has been taken up by persons with distant and mostly unverifiable indigenous ancestry, thus not lending more credibility to Storm's claims.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Reception and Criticism==<br />
<br />
Storm's books saw a completely different reception in the dominant society and among indigenous Americans. They were for a long time – and sometimes still are – being taken for non-fiction books presenting the readers with insights into and genuine information on Cheyenne spirituality, or even on a non-existing generic indigenous spirituality. The German translation of Storm's first book, Seven Arrows, was done by an academic who still lists his work on this book in CVs available online<ref>http://www.zenaf.uni-frankfurt.de/contact_profiles/peyer/index.html, accessed 07/05/2012</ref>. Storm's claims to be Cheyenne (Storm himself uses the terms „Breed“ and „Métis“) were taken at face value more often than not, and Storm was even assigned a role as a „spokesperson of indigenous America“<ref>von Stuckrad, Kocku: Schamanismus und Esoterik. Kultur- und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, Leuven 2003, p. 151</ref>.<br />
<br />
This did not change after Storm's books had to be sold in the fiction category, as he still maintained he was enrolled Cheyenne and his books contained literal truth. Therefore, Storm continued to be taken for an indigenous author and was read and recommened as such even in university seminars and lectures. In some cases, even academic authors distorted information available, deploring the Cheyenne nation's view of the book as blasphemous, claiming it was not meant as a monography on Cheyenne religion and „Seven Arrows was not, however, written for the own nation“<ref>ibd, p. 151</ref>. In fact this author attempts to trivialise the reaction of the Cheyenne nation and other indigenous nations and individuals by euphemistically describing „representatives of the publishing house were compelled to go to the reservations to settle the misunderstanding the book was a monography of Cheyenne religion“<ref>ibd., p. 151</ref>. The words chosen imply that indigenous views of the book were caused by mere misunderstanding, i.e. per definition a shortcoming on the part of the Natives instead of dominant white society, and include the notion that expecting the representatives to travel to the reservation was an undue impertinence again on the part of the Cheyenne. Thus, the sentence employs two racist stereotypes on indigenous persons: the stupid Indian, and the defiant and renegade one not knowing their place and overstepping boundaries by making undue demands.<br />
<br />
Such views thus firmly rely on concepts of white privilege and white interpretative dominance. Propagating fantasized descriptions and distorted views does not become appropriate if and as long as they are not addressed at the ethnic group they allege to be written on, but of course von Stuckradt does not mean to imply it is acceptable to cheat whites – white dominant society in its interpretative dominance over non-white ethnic entities includes the power to decide what to accept as that group's religion and culture. Additionally, von Stuckradt's stand is also nurtured by the concept that the dominant society of course has the right to chose whom to promote to spokespersons for non-white groups, instead of having the respective groups decide who speaks for them and who does not. The white dominant society thus enjoys vast freedoms of defining and redefining according to its own needs and at its whim, and also claims the power to decide who, to them, is a 'real Indian' and who is not.<br />
<br />
However, there were also other voices in academia who criticized ''Seven Arrows'' for its inaccuracies <ref>https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/21.html , accessed 07/04/2012</ref> as well as its definite ambition to portray authentic Cheyenne religion to its audience and for Storm's ambition to appoint himself as an authority and spokesperson<ref>https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/42.html , accessed 07/05, 2012</ref>. Other critical evaluations established Storm relying on Jungian concepts of „unconditional respect for another person's perceiving way; while it is, to an extent, an authentic Native American trait, it is also a valid expression of the new-age hipster's belief in the concept of „live and let live“, and in a new, more open-minded morality to replace puritanical values of old. An over-reliance on Seven Arrows may lead to the mistaken belief that anything, anything at all, is morally acceptable to these wandering philosophers of the plains just as long as someone among them thinks it might be alright and can justify it with an argument. This is truly the modern American way, and that is why modern urban hippies like it, since it is, as noted earlier, the polar opposite of Christian Fundamentalism“ <ref>Hart, Phillip J.: The Book of Imaginary Indians. Ancient Traditions and Modern Caricatures in the White Man's Quest for Meaning, Lincoln 2008, p. 63</ref>. Hart thus concludes that the book „...is Heyemeyohsts Storm's own synthetic, new-age religion; […] but that is not the same thing as the ancient Cheyenne tradition, even where they superficially resemble each other“<ref>ibd., p. 64</ref>.<br />
<br />
As early as 1972, historian Rupert Costo criticized ''Seven Arrows'', stating that Storm showed little or no understanding of the Cheyenne Way, and that the book falsified and desecrated the traditions of the Northern Cheyenne. Costo, the President of the American Indian Historical Society (and from the Cahuilla nation<ref> , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>) and publisher of The Indian Historian, further pointed out that the book contained „many irreligious and irreverent inaccuracies“. Storm's description of the Sun Dance was wrong, and his drawing of the Sun Dance Lodge was not Cheyenne, the four sacred directions were described inaccurately, Costo added, and Storm had „no religious or secular status in the tribe“.<ref> https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~rnelson/asail/SAILns/42.html, Aufruf 04.07.2012, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
Despite the criticism brought forward since long by indigenous nations as well as academic reviewers, Storm's books are still taken for Native American novels and are included in reputable publications and lectures. In June 2006, the IAA Institute of Rostock University organized a Fulbright Lecture Series ''American Culture, Past and Present''. In the series' fifth lecture, Double Crossing the Western Frontier in Native American Literature, speaker Cheli Reutter attributed Storm as the „...world's foremost speaker for the Mixed Blood People and a famous writer...“; the report on the lecture even provides a link to Storm's website<ref>http://www.iaa.uni-rostock.de/fileadmin/IANGAM/Downloads/Fulbright/Fulbright_Summary_06.pdf, accessed 07/05/2012</ref>.<br />
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<br />
==Organisations==<br />
<br />
Storm has founded several organisations during his career. One is the Cirle of the Earth Temple of which Storm claims to be founder and director <ref>http://www.oocities.org/soho/lofts/4414/storm.html , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. The COTET has been defunct for a long time or has been dissolved; there is only scarce information to be found on this organisation. The same is true for the „International School of Metis Art“ of which Storm was founder and director, too<ref>http://www.oocities.org/soho/lofts/4414/storm.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. There are, however, still individuals who continue to mention this institute in biographical information or interviews<ref>http://creation-designs.com/gracemillennium/sojourn/Spring97/html/coverstory.html , http://www.xarto.com/profil/index.php?id=1365 , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, and it is to be noted that one of them can hardly claim Métis descent, as the person happens to be German. Evidence available suggests that it was active until at least 1999<ref>In an e-mail dd August 3, 1999, National American Metis Association functionary Mary Harper-Bellis wrote: „Friends of mine are involved in the International School of Metis Art and they teach as well as produce stunning work in sculpture, painting, jewelry art, drums, and many other mediums.“ http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MetisCulture/message/336 , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>.<br />
<br />
The third organisation is the National American Metis Association which seems defunct, but which still is mentioned online, so e.g. even by one university who lists it as a genuine indigenous organisation and even recommends it as a „good source for teachers“<ref>http://www.eastern.edu/publications/emme/2001fall/reviews.html, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. The association seems to have been founded in 1978<ref>http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-07/0995118410, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. The organisation then disbanded, either in 1985<ref>http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-07/0995118410, accessed 07/04/2012</ref> or in 1981<ref> http://groups.yahoo.com/group/metis/message/2065, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, and reconstituted in 1998<ref>http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-07/0995118410 </ref>. It has to be noted that all three mails quoted happen to have been written by the same person, Mary Harper-Bellis, who also held a position as a „second president“<ref> http://www.biopark.org/wolf/wolfsong.htm, accessed 07/04/2012 </ref> within the organisation. Harper-Bellis mentioned as her „partners in this venture, the other members of the Board of Directors are Billy Brady, Chet Alexander, Erena Lall-Brady, Rainbow LaLand, and Forest Helstrum“<ref>http://groups.yahoo.com/group/metis/message/2065, accessed 07/04/2012 </ref>. In a post to a mailing-list written in January 2001, Harper-Bellis speaks of „The org that I am the president of ...“<ref> http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-07/0995118410, accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, so she may have held different positions in the association.<br />
<br />
In another post to METISGEN in January 2001, Harper-Bellis states that the associated had „200 members from about 20 states“<ref> , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>. It is also rather noteworthy that Harper-Bellis claims they were „in communication with the Metis group in Scandinavia“<ref> http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/METISGEN/2001-01/0980776414, accessed July 5, 2012 </ref>, although she does not elaborate any further about the membership or character of that group.<br />
<br />
William „Billy“ Brady maintains a commercial website selling sage on which he still propagates the National American Metis Association of which he announces to be the „Executive Director“<ref>http://buffalosage.ca/Granny%20Roots%20page.htm , accessed 07/04/2012</ref>, so recruiting for this organisation is still possible and might still continue.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
<br />
Seven Arrows<br />
The Song of Heyoekah<br />
Lightningbolt<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[category:Plastic Shamans]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Template:OtherLang&diff=2164Template:OtherLang2012-08-12T13:40:53Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div><onlyinclude><includeonly><h2>Versions of this article in other languages</h2><br />
<!-- {{#if:{{{en|}}}|*English: [{{SERVER}}/en/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{en}}}}} {{{en}}}] [[Category:English]]}} -->{{#if:{{{es|}}}|*Espanol: *[{{SERVER}}/es/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{es}}}}} {{{es}}}] [[Category:Espanol]]}}{{#if:{{{fr|}}}|*Français: [{{SERVER}}/fr/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{fr}}}}} {{{fr}}}] [[Category:Français]]}}{{#if:{{{ge|}}}|*Deutsch: [{{SERVER}}/ge/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{ge}}}}} {{{ge}}}] [[Category:Deutsch]]}}{{#if:{{{it|}}}|*Italiano: [{{SERVER}}/it/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{it}}}}} {{{it}}}] [[Category:Italian]]}}{{#if:{{{nl|}}}|*Nederlands: [{{SERVER}}/nl/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{nl}}}}} {{{nl}}}] [[Category:Nederlands]]}}{{#if:{{{pl|}}}|*Polski: [{{SERVER}}/pl/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{pl}}}}} {{{pl}}}] [[Category:Polski]]}}{{#if:{{{ru|}}}|*Русский: [{{SERVER}}/ru/index.php/{{anchorencode:{{{ru}}}}} {{{ru}}}] [[Category:Русский]]}}[[Category:Multilingual]]</includeonly></onlyinclude><noinclude>{{{{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}/Doku}}</noinclude></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Claus_Fritzsche&diff=2163Claus Fritzsche2012-08-06T20:44:08Z<p>Heimdall: Fixed link</p>
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<div>'''Claus Fritzsche''' (b. 1964), resident of Meerbusch/Northrhine-Westfalia, is a German freelance copywriter, [[spin doctor]] for [[alternative medicine]], author, and a [[homeopathy]]-lobbyist sponsored by pharmaceutical industry. Fritzsche, originally a qualified business economist, operates several internet sites on alternative medicine and [[Esotericism|esoteric]] issues. Among the sites maintained is "psychophysik.com" (launched in 2005), for which he managed to win authors of the "renown" of one Helmut Hille<ref>Hille is a retired civil engineer and philosopher, who believes that theory of relativity and Einstein must be wrong. His knowledge of physics and mathematics is very limited.</ref>, and an ''H.Blog'' promoting homeopathy. With partners, Claus Fritzsche also operates a ''Network Claus Fritzsche Mentaltraining'', marketing courses in [[mental training]].<br />
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Fritzsche also is the editor of a blog which is part of the website of [[Deutscher Zentralverein homöopathischer Ärzte e.V. (DZVhÄ)]], the German Central Association of Homeopathic Physicians.<br />
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==Prayer-Service==<br />
Fritzsche became known when, in May 2005, he believed to have found a market gap for [[remote healing]] on the [[psycho-market]]: An internet health prayer service ''Let people pray for you'', a ''Projekt WIR'' (Project Us)<ref>http://anonym.to/?http://www.psychophysik.com/html/e10-projektwir.html</ref>, declared an experiment, organized in cooperation with Swiss [[spirit healing|spirit healer]] and [[MLM]]-salesperson [[Perry Fehr]]. Following a free registration with an e-mail address, other users of the project (not Fritzsche himself) were supposed to pray for the newly registered person. To cite from Projekt WIR: ''"We understand "praying" in the way that you wish for something for all of the members of Project Us. How exactly you will do that is left up to you."'' Apparently this free offer of a prayer service was meant to become fee-based at a later point in time "to cover running cost". The project probably failed to succeed: since January 2009, Projekt WIR has been continued with Perry Fehr as its sole director.<br />
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==Claus Fritzsche and the German Bundestag==<br />
[[image:Fritzsche2.jpg|Homeopathy: 58% of the members of German Bundestag have positive experience with homeopathic treatment|350px|thumb]] <br />
On January 7, 2010, Fritzsche reported a "highly interesting" news item in his "H.Blog": "Homeopathy: 58% of the members of German Bundestag have positive experience with homeopathic treatment""<ref>Claus Fritzsche, H.Blog on January 7, 2010 [http://www.anonym.to?http://www.psychophysik.com/h-blog/?p=9325]</ref>, relying on an announcement of "[[Deutscher Zentralverein homöopathischer Ärzte e.V. (DZVhÄ)]]" from December 2009. Upon closer examination, the announcement of "Homöopathische Nachrichten" (Homeopathic News) actually turned out purely "homeopathic news", since it did not give any proof that 58%&nbsp;of the members of Bundestag (Lower House of German parliament) had conceded positive experience with homeopathy. Figures rather showed that - contrary to the claim that 360 of the 622 MPs admitted positive experience with homeopathy - a mere 61&nbsp;representatives had answered the question at all (9,8%), and of these only 35&nbsp;had answered "Yes" (6%&nbsp;of all representatives). German Scienceblogger Marcus Anhäuser disclosed this in his blog "Plazeboalarm".<ref>http://www.scienceblogs.de/plazeboalarm/2010/02/58-der-abgeordneten-des-deutschen-bundestags-haben-positive-erfahrungen-mit-einer-homoopathischen-behandlung.php</ref><br />
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==Controversies with Nina Gerlach, GWUP, Psiram (''EsoWatch'') and others==<br />
[[image:GWUP-Freimaurer.jpg|Logo of GWUP-Blog, alleged proof of [[freemasonry]] and [[esotericism]] in skeptics' organization GWUP according to Claus Fritzsche. Citation Fritzsche: ''Note the icon reminiscent of a freemason symbol in the top left corner of GWUP-blog. This symbolism and the lurid style of the blog and its commentators is hardly different from the stuff some „esoteric“ world conspiracy and doomsday groups put in the world. You can almost see the foam at their mouths.''|300px|left|thumb]] <br />
[[image:Fritzsche Rumsfeld2.jpg|Comments by Claus Fritzsche regarding edits of articles in German Wikipedia under the pseudonym "Rumsfeld2". According to Fritzsche, these edits were private "edit experiments". Wikipedia did not recognize them as regular writer activity and permanently banned Fritzsche for "vandalism"|thumb]]<br />
Using the pseudonym of ''rumsfeld2'', Fritzsche tried to integrate his personal views on homeopathy into Wikipedia articles, without giving valid sources as required by Wikipedia regulations. Additionally, he repeatedly attempted to place links to his website psychophysik.com into articles. When this failed, he resorted to denigrating Wikipedia entirely, and started to publish respective [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] in his blog. Fritzsche's Wikipedia activities ended with his permanent ban for vandalism.<ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Rumsfeld-2</ref><ref>Posted: 16:46, Aug 21, 2007 Achim Raschka (Diskussion | Beiträge) sperrte „Rumsfeld-2 (Diskussion | Beiträge)“ für den Zeitraum: Unbeschränkt (Erstellung von Benutzerkonten gesperrt) (Verstoß gegen keine persönlichen Angriffe: Meinungsmache gegen einzelne Mitarbeiter und Verbreitung schwachsinniger Verschwörungstheorien, siehe http://openpr.de/news/153137/Wikipedia-im-Privateigentum-von-Nin)</ref> Fritzsche blamed his ban on a conspiracy of Nina Gerlach who was a board member of Wikimedia Germany&nbsp;e.V. at that point in time. In retaliation, he has taken up internet stalking Mrs Gerlach since then, publishing her alleged misconduct in his H. Blog and in OpenPR, an open access public relations portal.<ref>http://www.openpr.de/pdf/153137/Wikipedia-im-Privateigentum-von-Nina-Gerlach.pdf</ref> Fritzsche later claimed his edits in German Wikipedia under the pseudonym Rumsfeld2 had just been private "edit experiments". Such experiments as well as linking to non-reputable sources (or blogs) do not comply with Wikipedia regulations.<br />
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Fritzsche is a pronounced opponent of the German skeptics' organisation [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWUP Gesellschaft zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (GWUP)] (Society for the Scientific Investigation of Para-Sciences) based in Roßdorf near Darmstadt. GWUP is well known in Germany and e.g. organised the [http://www.worldskeptics.org/ 6th World Skeptics Congress 2012]. Fritzsche accused GWUP, in his view a "group of atheistic fundamentalists", of proceeding „esoterically“, „pseudoscientifically“ and „naively“. Fritzsche sees proof of this "esoteric" nature of the organisation in the GWUP logo which reminded him of a [[Masonry|„Freemason symbol“]]. Fritzsche believes GWUP to be part of a conspiracy in collaboration with German Scienceblogs and Psiram (''EsoWatch'').<ref>http://www.psychophysik.com/h-blog/?p=7326</ref> Cooperating with [[Rolf Finkbeiner]] (a climate skeptic, antivaccinationist, [[Germanic New Medicine]] proponent, ...) and [[Hans Weidenbusch]] (inventor of a [[Perpetual Motion|perpetual motion]] device), Fritzsche is the initiator of an anti-Esowatch campaign started in early 2009. In March 2009, he transfered activities against GWUP and Nina Gerlach from his H.Blog to a new site called GWUP.WATCH<ref>http://anonym.to/?http://gwup-skeptiker.blogspot.com</ref>, attended by anonymous "press releases".<ref>http://pressemitteilung.ws/user/22028/track</ref> Various writers at scienceblogs.de, most notably Prof. Dr. Dr. Ulrich Berger and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Freistetter Florian Freistetter], are being "watched" by Claus Fritzsche.<br />
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Since November 2009, Fritzsche is also supported by [[Jocelyne Lopez]] (a physics-layman who criticizes theory of relativity) who quotes his publications against Psiram (''EsoWatch'') on GWUP.WATCH in her blog.<ref>The first reference to GWUP.WATCH in the blog of Jocelyne Lopez: [http://web.archive.org/web/20100131135534/http://www.jocelyne-lopez.de/blog/2009/11/ideologie-und-agitation-bei-scienceblogs-gwup-esowatch-und-alpha-centauri/ Ideologie und Agitation bei ScienceBlogs, GWUP, ESOWATCH und Alpha Centauri], November 2, 2009</ref> It is presumably just by coincidence that the begin of cooperation between Fritzsche and Lopez was marked by the exposure of a forum user "webfox" who had criticised Lopez fiercely for her undifferentiated views on antisemitism and for holocaust denial and then became a target of Fritzsche.<ref>Jocelyne Lopez on accusations of holocaust denial: [http://web.archive.org/web/20090610052200/http://www.jocelyne-lopez.de/blog/2009/06/vorwurf-der-holocaustleugnung-im-mahag-forum-und-im-blog-von-thilo-kuessner/ Vorwurf der Holocaustleugnung im MAHAG-Forum und im Blog von Thilo Kuessner]. webfox was therefore "bullying" Lopez</ref>Fritzsche "unmasked" webfox on his GWUP.WATCH blog. Without restraint and without the slightest evidence, real persons were associated with the account ''webfox'', and IP addresses were published which he presumably received from Lopez. Fritzsche thus acts as a stooge of Jocelyne Lopez and perhaps also of [[Helmut Hille]] (a philosopher, physics layman and critic of theory of relativity).<br />
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==Activities as a pharma lobbyist and author of vituperative attacks==<br />
[[image:Fritzsche_CMW.jpg|Sponsoring of CAM Media.Watch by pharma industry (June 2012)|360px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Fritzsche-SZ2.jpg|Article in Süddeutsche Zeitung (Source: [http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/homoeopathie-lobby-im-netz-schmutzige-methoden-der-sanften-medizin-1.1397617])|360px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Fritzsche-SZ.jpg|Article in Süddeutsche Zeitung|360px|thumb]]<br />
Fritzsche also operates a pharmalobby blog www.cam-media-watch.de, whose imprint also lists [[Harald Walach]]. Walach holds an endowed chair funded by Heel, a large producer of homeopathics, which in turn supports Fritzsche's CAM Media.Watch blog. The blog maintained by Walach's [[Institut für transkulturelle Gesundheitswissenschaften der Europa-Universität Viadrina]] [Institute of transcultural health sciences] in turn again refers to CAM&nbsp;Media.Watch.<br />
<br />
By its own account, the PR blog is supposed to assist journalists „''who want to look behind the curtain of scientific research of natural remedies, complementary medicine, as well as unconventional methods''“, thus providing public relations for pseudo medicine, in particular homeopathy. Fritzsche's blog used to be sponsored by several pharmaceutical companies, e.g. [[Weleda AG]], [[DHU|Deutsche Homöopathie-Union]] (DHU-Arzneimittel GmbH &&nbsp;Co.&nbsp;KG, Karlsruhe), [[Hevert Arzneimittel]] and [[Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH]], Baden-Baden, with an annual amount of 43.000&nbsp;Euro in sum.<ref>http://anonym.to/?http://www.cam-media-watch.de/?page_id=2</ref> According to an article in German daily newspaper Süddeutschen Zeitung from June 2012, Fritzsche was an author of ''"vituperative articles"'' and ''"apparently responsible for the denigration of critics of homeopathy"'' for DZVhÄ. Upon inquiry, DZVhÄ as well as several "producers of globuli" confirmed their sponsoring of the blogs which in part were volunteered by Fritzsche while for some blogs, Fritzsche was fully responsible as an editor in charge. According to SZ there was a kind of network of Munich Neural and "Noise-field" therapist Imke Plischko (board member of Internationale Gesellschaft für Neuraltherapie IGNH [International Society for Neural Therapy]), Claus Fritzsche, and Harald Walach. An e-mail available to SZ which Fritzsche distributed to his network, containing the draft of a scorcher on renowned journalist Max Rauner with a request for "examination of contents and style", SZ commented, was not compatible with journalistic principles.<br />
<br />
Quote from the SZ article:<br />
<br />
"[...]Manufacturers of medicinal products finance a journalist who pillories critics of their products. For any conventional pharmaceutical company this would be regarded as a scandal. [...] Fritzsche’s sponsors are the popular manufacturers of homeopathic pills. Market leader is DHU, a subsidiary of [[Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG|Schwabe]] (well-known products are Kytta, Prostagutt, Tebonin).. [...] The sums they are dealing with are not peanuts: Total sales of all manufacturers amounts to 400 million Euro, 100 alone on behalf of DHU.[...] Fritzsche sees no problem in the sponsorship: “Nearly identical contracts exist with every sponsor”, he openly writes. “These contracts oblige me to respect relevant laws, to remain a neutral position regarding ideology, science and politics. Moreover they provide independency of my editorial work and my scientific advisory board.” Also advertising of products is strictly excluded.<br>But for a publisher of a journalistic blog also the Codex of the Press applies. “For the responsibility of the press towards the public it is common courtesy that editorial publications must not be biased by private or economical interests of third parties or personal economical interests of journalists.” Furthermore, “Anyone who lets himself be bribed for the publishing or suppressing of news acts dishonorable and against the values of his profession." How he reconciles this with his sponsoring, Fritzsche was asked. No answer to these questions from him, though several e-mails were written in which he criticized the “leading questions” and threatened to instigate legal measures.<br>Fritzsche has several more websites on which he recommends esoteric therapies that are not scientifically acknowledged. Moreover he denigrated several journalists from Spiegel, Spiegel Online, Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Süddeutsche.de. And of course Edzard Ernst, again and again. The allegations are always the same: frivolous research, incompetence, lopsided and biased presentation of facts. Fritzsche counterlinks his sites to each other in order to improve their google ranking. Besides CAM Media.Watch, Fritzsche also holds the websites www.psychophysik.com, www.neuraltherapie-blog.de and www.esowatch.org.[...]''<ref>[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/homoeopathie-lobby-im-netz-schmutzige-methoden-der-sanften-medizin-1.1397617 Jens Lubbadeh: "Homöopathie-Lobby im Netz - Schmutzige Methoden der sanften Medizin", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 30.06.2012]</ref><ref>http://blog.gwup.net/2012/07/01/homoopathie-lobbyisten-ohne-schamgrenzen/</ref><ref>[http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2012/07/the-dirty-tricks-of-alternative-medicine.html The dirty tricks of alternative medicine], Translation of the article at Quackometer</ref><br />
<br />
When criticism of CAM Media.Watch was voiced on Weleda's facebook pages in July 2012, Weleda-spokesman Theo Stepp declared that they will stop sponsoring the blog.<ref>Citation Facebook/Weleda: ''„Aufgrund der Debatte um das Blog CAM Media werden wir noch mehr als bisher auf Transparenz setzen, damit künftig keine Missverständnisse entstehen. Eine klare Trennung von Anzeigen und Redaktion ist uns wichtig. Wir sind am echten Austausch und Feedback interessiert. Das bisherige Blogsponsoring werden wir in diesem Falle sofort stoppen.<br />
Theo Stepp, Pressesprecher Weleda AG Deutschland“''</ref><ref>http://dieausrufer.wordpress.com/2012/07/09/weleda-und-die-weisheit-der-menschen/</ref><br />
<br />
==Zitate==<br />
*''Ohne Spitzenplätze bei Google wirft das Denunziations-Geschäft allerdings nur wenig Ertrag ab.'' (2012) (Without a Google top ranking, the defamatory business renders only small profits)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Psychophysik 2.0]]<br />
<br />
==Press releases==<br />
*[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/homoeopathie-lobby-im-netz-schmutzige-methoden-der-sanften-medizin-1.1397617 Jens Lubbadeh: "Homöopathie-Lobby im Netz - Schmutzige Methoden der sanften Medizin", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 30.06.2012] (German) [http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2012/07/the-dirty-tricks-of-alternative-medicine.html Translation at Quackometer]<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://www.sales-and-marketing.biz/<br />
*http://www.gwup.org/component/content/article/303-kritiker-der-gwup<br />
<br />
==Blogs==<br />
*Little H.:http://www.thetwentyfirstfloor.com/?p=4424<br />
*Little H.: http://blog.psiram.com/2012/07/edzard-ernst-uber-little-h/ (German)<br />
-----------------------------<br />
*http://www.transgallaxys.com/~kanzlerzwo/board.php?boardid=109<br />
*http://blog.gwup.net/2012/05/02/mietmauler-und-co/<br />
*http://blog.gwup.net/2012/07/01/homoopathie-lobbyisten-ohne-schamgrenzen/<br />
*http://www.internet-law.de/2012/07/gesponsertes-blog.html<br />
*http://brightsblog.wordpress.com/tag/www-claus-fritzsche-de/<br />
*https://blasphemieblog2.wordpress.com/2012/07/02/homoopathiehersteller-sponsorn-netz-pranger-fur-kritiker/<br />
-----------------------------<br />
*http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2012/07/german-homeopathy-companies-pay-journalist-who-smears-uk-academic.html<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fritzsche, Claus}}<br />
[[category:Esoteric]]<br />
[[category:Lobbyist]]<br />
[[category:Medicine-interested Person]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Fritzsche-SZ.jpg&diff=2162File:Fritzsche-SZ.jpg2012-08-06T20:43:10Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Fritzsche-SZ2.jpg&diff=2161File:Fritzsche-SZ2.jpg2012-08-06T20:43:01Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:GWUP-Freimaurer.jpg&diff=2160File:GWUP-Freimaurer.jpg2012-08-06T20:42:00Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Fritzsche2.jpg&diff=2159File:Fritzsche2.jpg2012-08-06T20:41:52Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Fritzsche_Rumsfeld2.jpg&diff=2158File:Fritzsche Rumsfeld2.jpg2012-08-06T20:41:39Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Fritzsche_CMW.jpg&diff=2157File:Fritzsche CMW.jpg2012-08-06T20:41:29Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div></div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Claus_Fritzsche&diff=2156Claus Fritzsche2012-08-06T20:41:15Z<p>Heimdall: Created page with "'''Claus Fritzsche''' (b. 1964), resident of Meerbusch/Northrhine-Westfalia, is a German freelance copywriter, spin doctor for alternative medicine, author, and a [[ho..."</p>
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<div>'''Claus Fritzsche''' (b. 1964), resident of Meerbusch/Northrhine-Westfalia, is a German freelance copywriter, [[spin doctor]] for [[alternative medicine]], author, and a [[homeopathy]]-lobbyist sponsored by pharmaceutical industry. Fritzsche, originally a qualified business economist, operates several internet sites on alternative medicine and [[Esotericism|esoteric]] issues. Among the sites maintained is "psychophysik.com" (launched in 2005), for which he managed to win authors of the "renown" of one Helmut Hille<ref>Hille is a retired civil engineer and philosopher, who believes that theory of relativity and Einstein must be wrong. His knowledge of physics and mathematics is very limited.</ref>, and an ''H.Blog'' promoting homeopathy. With partners, Claus Fritzsche also operates a ''Network Claus Fritzsche Mentaltraining'', marketing courses in [[mental training]].<br />
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Fritzsche also is the editor of a blog which is part of the website of [[Deutscher Zentralverein homöopathischer Ärzte e.V. (DZVhÄ)]], the German Central Association of Homeopathic Physicians.<br />
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==Prayer-Service==<br />
Fritzsche became known when, in May 2005, he believed to have found a market gap for [[remote healing]] on the [[psycho-market]]: An internet health prayer service ''Let people pray for you'', a ''Projekt WIR'' (Project Us)<ref>http://anonym.to/?http://www.psychophysik.com/html/e10-projektwir.html</ref>, declared an experiment, organized in cooperation with Swiss [[spirit healing|spirit healer]] and [[MLM]]-salesperson [[Perry Fehr]]. Following a free registration with an e-mail address, other users of the project (not Fritzsche himself) were supposed to pray for the newly registered person. To cite from Projekt WIR: ''"We understand "praying" in the way that you wish for something for all of the members of Project Us. How exactly you will do that is left up to you."'' Apparently this free offer of a prayer service was meant to become fee-based at a later point in time "to cover running cost". The project probably failed to succeed: since January 2009, Projekt WIR has been continued with Perry Fehr as its sole director.<br />
<br />
==Claus Fritzsche and the German Bundestag==<br />
[[image:Fritzsche2.jpg|Homeopathy: 58% of the members of German Bundestag have positive experience with homeopathic treatment|350px|thumb]] <br />
On January 7, 2010, Fritzsche reported a "highly interesting" news item in his "H.Blog": "Homeopathy: 58% of the members of German Bundestag have positive experience with homeopathic treatment""<ref>Claus Fritzsche, H.Blog on January 7, 2010 [http://www.anonym.to?http://www.psychophysik.com/h-blog/?p=9325]</ref>, relying on an announcement of "[[Deutscher Zentralverein homöopathischer Ärzte e.V. (DZVhÄ)]]" from December 2009. Upon closer examination, the announcement of "Homöopathische Nachrichten" (Homeopathic News) actually turned out purely "homeopathic news", since it did not give any proof that 58%&nbsp;of the members of Bundestag (Lower House of German parliament) had conceded positive experience with homeopathy. Figures rather showed that - contrary to the claim that 360 of the 622 MPs admitted positive experience with homeopathy - a mere 61&nbsp;representatives had answered the question at all (9,8%), and of these only 35&nbsp;had answered "Yes" (6%&nbsp;of all representatives). German Scienceblogger Marcus Anhäuser disclosed this in his blog "Plazeboalarm".<ref>http://www.scienceblogs.de/plazeboalarm/2010/02/58-der-abgeordneten-des-deutschen-bundestags-haben-positive-erfahrungen-mit-einer-homoopathischen-behandlung.php</ref><br />
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==Controversies with Nina Gerlach, GWUP, Psiram (''EsoWatch'') and others==<br />
[[image:GWUP-Freimaurer.jpg|Logo of GWUP-Blog, alleged proof of [[freemasonry]] and [[esotericism]] in skeptics' organization GWUP according to Claus Fritzsche. Citation Fritzsche: ''Note the icon reminiscent of a freemason symbol in the top left corner of GWUP-blog. This symbolism and the lurid style of the blog and its commentators is hardly different from the stuff some „esoteric“ world conspiracy and doomsday groups put in the world. You can almost see the foam at their mouths.''|300px|left|thumb]] <br />
[[image:Fritzsche Rumsfeld2.jpg|Comments by Claus Fritzsche regarding edits of articles in German Wikipedia under the pseudonym "Rumsfeld2". According to Fritzsche, these edits were private "edit experiments". Wikipedia did not recognize them as regular writer activity and permanently banned Fritzsche for "vandalism"|thumb]]<br />
Using the pseudonym of ''rumsfeld2'', Fritzsche tried to integrate his personal views on homeopathy into Wikipedia articles, without giving valid sources as required by Wikipedia regulations. Additionally, he repeatedly attempted to place links to his website psychophysik.com into articles. When this failed, he resorted to denigrating Wikipedia entirely, and started to publish respective [[conspiracy theories]] in his blog. Fritzsche's Wikipedia activities ended with his permanent ban for vandalism.<ref>http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Rumsfeld-2</ref><ref>Posted: 16:46, Aug 21, 2007 Achim Raschka (Diskussion | Beiträge) sperrte „Rumsfeld-2 (Diskussion | Beiträge)“ für den Zeitraum: Unbeschränkt (Erstellung von Benutzerkonten gesperrt) (Verstoß gegen keine persönlichen Angriffe: Meinungsmache gegen einzelne Mitarbeiter und Verbreitung schwachsinniger Verschwörungstheorien, siehe http://openpr.de/news/153137/Wikipedia-im-Privateigentum-von-Nin)</ref> Fritzsche blamed his ban on a conspiracy of Nina Gerlach who was a board member of Wikimedia Germany&nbsp;e.V. at that point in time. In retaliation, he has taken up internet stalking Mrs Gerlach since then, publishing her alleged misconduct in his H. Blog and in OpenPR, an open access public relations portal.<ref>http://www.openpr.de/pdf/153137/Wikipedia-im-Privateigentum-von-Nina-Gerlach.pdf</ref> Fritzsche later claimed his edits in German Wikipedia under the pseudonym Rumsfeld2 had just been private "edit experiments". Such experiments as well as linking to non-reputable sources (or blogs) do not comply with Wikipedia regulations.<br />
<br />
Fritzsche is a pronounced opponent of the German skeptics' organisation [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWUP Gesellschaft zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (GWUP)] (Society for the Scientific Investigation of Para-Sciences) based in Roßdorf near Darmstadt. GWUP is well known in Germany and e.g. organised the [http://www.worldskeptics.org/ 6th World Skeptics Congress 2012]. Fritzsche accused GWUP, in his view a "group of atheistic fundamentalists", of proceeding „esoterically“, „pseudoscientifically“ and „naively“. Fritzsche sees proof of this "esoteric" nature of the organisation in the GWUP logo which reminded him of a [[Masonry|„Freemason symbol“]]. Fritzsche believes GWUP to be part of a conspiracy in collaboration with German Scienceblogs and Psiram (''EsoWatch'').<ref>http://www.psychophysik.com/h-blog/?p=7326</ref> Cooperating with [[Rolf Finkbeiner]] (a climate skeptic, antivaccinationist, [[Germanic New Medicine]] proponent, ...) and [[Hans Weidenbusch]] (inventor of a [[Perpetual Motion|perpetual motion]] device), Fritzsche is the initiator of an anti-Esowatch campaign started in early 2009. In March 2009, he transfered activities against GWUP and Nina Gerlach from his H.Blog to a new site called GWUP.WATCH<ref>http://anonym.to/?http://gwup-skeptiker.blogspot.com</ref>, attended by anonymous "press releases".<ref>http://pressemitteilung.ws/user/22028/track</ref> Various writers at scienceblogs.de, most notably Prof. Dr. Dr. Ulrich Berger and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Freistetter Florian Freistetter], are being "watched" by Claus Fritzsche.<br />
<br />
Since November 2009, Fritzsche is also supported by [[Jocelyne Lopez]] (a physics-layman who criticizes theory of relativity) who quotes his publications against Psiram (''EsoWatch'') on GWUP.WATCH in her blog.<ref>The first reference to GWUP.WATCH in the blog of Jocelyne Lopez: [http://web.archive.org/web/20100131135534/http://www.jocelyne-lopez.de/blog/2009/11/ideologie-und-agitation-bei-scienceblogs-gwup-esowatch-und-alpha-centauri/ Ideologie und Agitation bei ScienceBlogs, GWUP, ESOWATCH und Alpha Centauri], November 2, 2009</ref> It is presumably just by coincidence that the begin of cooperation between Fritzsche and Lopez was marked by the exposure of a forum user "webfox" who had criticised Lopez fiercely for her undifferentiated views on antisemitism and for holocaust denial and then became a target of Fritzsche.<ref>Jocelyne Lopez on accusations of holocaust denial: [http://web.archive.org/web/20090610052200/http://www.jocelyne-lopez.de/blog/2009/06/vorwurf-der-holocaustleugnung-im-mahag-forum-und-im-blog-von-thilo-kuessner/ Vorwurf der Holocaustleugnung im MAHAG-Forum und im Blog von Thilo Kuessner]. webfox was therefore "bullying" Lopez</ref>Fritzsche "unmasked" webfox on his GWUP.WATCH blog. Without restraint and without the slightest evidence, real persons were associated with the account ''webfox'', and IP addresses were published which he presumably received from Lopez. Fritzsche thus acts as a stooge of Jocelyne Lopez and perhaps also of [[Helmut Hille]] (a philosopher, physics layman and critic of theory of relativity).<br />
<br />
==Activities as a pharma lobbyist and author of vituperative attacks==<br />
[[image:Fritzsche_CMW.jpg|Sponsoring of CAM Media.Watch by pharma industry (June 2012)|360px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Fritzsche-SZ2.jpg|Article in Süddeutsche Zeitung (Source: [http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/homoeopathie-lobby-im-netz-schmutzige-methoden-der-sanften-medizin-1.1397617])|360px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Fritzsche-SZ.jpg|Article in Süddeutsche Zeitung|360px|thumb]]<br />
Fritzsche also operates a pharmalobby blog www.cam-media-watch.de, whose imprint also lists [[Harald Walach]]. Walach holds an endowed chair funded by Heel, a large producer of homeopathics, which in turn supports Fritzsche's CAM Media.Watch blog. The blog maintained by Walach's [[Institut für transkulturelle Gesundheitswissenschaften der Europa-Universität Viadrina]] [Institute of transcultural health sciences] in turn again refers to CAM&nbsp;Media.Watch.<br />
<br />
By its own account, the PR blog is supposed to assist journalists „''who want to look behind the curtain of scientific research of natural remedies, complementary medicine, as well as unconventional methods''“, thus providing public relations for pseudo medicine, in particular homeopathy. Fritzsche's blog used to be sponsored by several pharmaceutical companies, e.g. [[Weleda AG]], [[DHU|Deutsche Homöopathie-Union]] (DHU-Arzneimittel GmbH &&nbsp;Co.&nbsp;KG, Karlsruhe), [[Hevert Arzneimittel]] and [[Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH]], Baden-Baden, with an annual amount of 43.000&nbsp;Euro in sum.<ref>http://anonym.to/?http://www.cam-media-watch.de/?page_id=2</ref> According to an article in German daily newspaper Süddeutschen Zeitung from June 2012, Fritzsche was an author of ''"vituperative articles"'' and ''"apparently responsible for the denigration of critics of homeopathy"'' for DZVhÄ. Upon inquiry, DZVhÄ as well as several "producers of globuli" confirmed their sponsoring of the blogs which in part were volunteered by Fritzsche while for some blogs, Fritzsche was fully responsible as an editor in charge. According to SZ there was a kind of network of Munich Neural and "Noise-field" therapist Imke Plischko (board member of Internationale Gesellschaft für Neuraltherapie IGNH [International Society for Neural Therapy]), Claus Fritzsche, and Harald Walach. An e-mail available to SZ which Fritzsche distributed to his network, containing the draft of a scorcher on renowned journalist Max Rauner with a request for "examination of contents and style", SZ commented, was not compatible with journalistic principles.<br />
<br />
Quote from the SZ article:<br />
<br />
"[...]Manufacturers of medicinal products finance a journalist who pillories critics of their products. For any conventional pharmaceutical company this would be regarded as a scandal. [...] Fritzsche’s sponsors are the popular manufacturers of homeopathic pills. Market leader is DHU, a subsidiary of [[Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG|Schwabe]] (well-known products are Kytta, Prostagutt, Tebonin).. [...] The sums they are dealing with are not peanuts: Total sales of all manufacturers amounts to 400 million Euro, 100 alone on behalf of DHU.[...] Fritzsche sees no problem in the sponsorship: “Nearly identical contracts exist with every sponsor”, he openly writes. “These contracts oblige me to respect relevant laws, to remain a neutral position regarding ideology, science and politics. Moreover they provide independency of my editorial work and my scientific advisory board.” Also advertising of products is strictly excluded.<br>But for a publisher of a journalistic blog also the Codex of the Press applies. “For the responsibility of the press towards the public it is common courtesy that editorial publications must not be biased by private or economical interests of third parties or personal economical interests of journalists.” Furthermore, “Anyone who lets himself be bribed for the publishing or suppressing of news acts dishonorable and against the values of his profession." How he reconciles this with his sponsoring, Fritzsche was asked. No answer to these questions from him, though several e-mails were written in which he criticized the “leading questions” and threatened to instigate legal measures.<br>Fritzsche has several more websites on which he recommends esoteric therapies that are not scientifically acknowledged. Moreover he denigrated several journalists from Spiegel, Spiegel Online, Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Süddeutsche.de. And of course Edzard Ernst, again and again. The allegations are always the same: frivolous research, incompetence, lopsided and biased presentation of facts. Fritzsche counterlinks his sites to each other in order to improve their google ranking. Besides CAM Media.Watch, Fritzsche also holds the websites www.psychophysik.com, www.neuraltherapie-blog.de and www.esowatch.org.[...]''<ref>[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/homoeopathie-lobby-im-netz-schmutzige-methoden-der-sanften-medizin-1.1397617 Jens Lubbadeh: "Homöopathie-Lobby im Netz - Schmutzige Methoden der sanften Medizin", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 30.06.2012]</ref><ref>http://blog.gwup.net/2012/07/01/homoopathie-lobbyisten-ohne-schamgrenzen/</ref><ref>[http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2012/07/the-dirty-tricks-of-alternative-medicine.html The dirty tricks of alternative medicine], Translation of the article at Quackometer</ref><br />
<br />
When criticism of CAM Media.Watch was voiced on Weleda's facebook pages in July 2012, Weleda-spokesman Theo Stepp declared that they will stop sponsoring the blog.<ref>Citation Facebook/Weleda: ''„Aufgrund der Debatte um das Blog CAM Media werden wir noch mehr als bisher auf Transparenz setzen, damit künftig keine Missverständnisse entstehen. Eine klare Trennung von Anzeigen und Redaktion ist uns wichtig. Wir sind am echten Austausch und Feedback interessiert. Das bisherige Blogsponsoring werden wir in diesem Falle sofort stoppen.<br />
Theo Stepp, Pressesprecher Weleda AG Deutschland“''</ref><ref>http://dieausrufer.wordpress.com/2012/07/09/weleda-und-die-weisheit-der-menschen/</ref><br />
<br />
==Zitate==<br />
*''Ohne Spitzenplätze bei Google wirft das Denunziations-Geschäft allerdings nur wenig Ertrag ab.'' (2012) (Without a Google top ranking, the defamatory business renders only small profits)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Psychophysik 2.0]]<br />
<br />
==Press releases==<br />
*[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/homoeopathie-lobby-im-netz-schmutzige-methoden-der-sanften-medizin-1.1397617 Jens Lubbadeh: "Homöopathie-Lobby im Netz - Schmutzige Methoden der sanften Medizin", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 30.06.2012] (German) [http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2012/07/the-dirty-tricks-of-alternative-medicine.html Translation at Quackometer]<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*http://www.sales-and-marketing.biz/<br />
*http://www.gwup.org/component/content/article/303-kritiker-der-gwup<br />
<br />
==Blogs==<br />
*Little H.:http://www.thetwentyfirstfloor.com/?p=4424<br />
*Little H.: http://blog.psiram.com/2012/07/edzard-ernst-uber-little-h/ (German)<br />
-----------------------------<br />
*http://www.transgallaxys.com/~kanzlerzwo/board.php?boardid=109<br />
*http://blog.gwup.net/2012/05/02/mietmauler-und-co/<br />
*http://blog.gwup.net/2012/07/01/homoopathie-lobbyisten-ohne-schamgrenzen/<br />
*http://www.internet-law.de/2012/07/gesponsertes-blog.html<br />
*http://brightsblog.wordpress.com/tag/www-claus-fritzsche-de/<br />
*https://blasphemieblog2.wordpress.com/2012/07/02/homoopathiehersteller-sponsorn-netz-pranger-fur-kritiker/<br />
-----------------------------<br />
*http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2012/07/german-homeopathy-companies-pay-journalist-who-smears-uk-academic.html<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fritzsche, Claus}}<br />
[[category:Esoteric]]<br />
[[category:Lobbyist]]<br />
[[category:Medicine-interested Person]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Homeopathy&diff=2141Homeopathy2012-04-14T21:49:52Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{IN USE}}<br />
[[image:Hom7.jpg|Frontpage DER SPIEGEL 28/2010|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:PrinceCharles.jpg|Homeopathy fan Prince Charles inspecting a pharmacy company, creating homeopathic remedies|300px|thumb]]<br />
Homeopathy is a [[Pseudoscience|pseudo-scientific]] method used for the treatment of almost any disease. It was invented by [[Samuel Hahnemann]], a doctor and occultist from Saxony, around 1800 and, largely unaltered, persists to this day. Homeopathy relies on two general basic principles. One of them, known as the "law of similars", reads "let like be cured by like." Hahnemann determined that, according to the law of similars, every disease was curable by substances which cause similar symptoms when taken by a healthy patient. The other principle is called potentialization (actually meaning dilution). Homeopathic remedies are supposed to be more effective the more they are diluted into solutions according to particular procedures. None of these two principles was confirmed experimentally until now.<br />
<br />
Believers in homeopathy are frequently, consciously or unconsciously, overall skeptical towards scientific medicine: the (mostly irrational) fear of "harmful chemistry" is inseparably connected to a "nocebo effect" which impairs the effect of well approved conventional methods.<br />
<br />
Also see: [[Allopathy]]<br />
<br />
==Variants of Homeopathy==<br />
Different variants of the original classic homeopathy developed in the course of time. Today, there are low-potentizers and high-potentizers, monotherapists and polypragmatists, homeopathic phytotherapists and anthroposophic homeopaths, etc.<br />
<br />
*Classic homeopathy is the form of homeopathy strictly complying to Samuel Hahnemann's teachings. According to Hahnemann, no more than one remedy is to be administered for all physical or mental diseases at any given time. A classical homeopath thus will look for the one remedy he believes to be the appropriate similar. The most well-known current representative is Georgos Vithoulkas.<br />
*Constitutional homeopathy applies mixtures of homeopathic remedies based on respective diagnoses. Also see: Constitutional homeopathy<br />
*Clinical homeopathy describes the application of homeopathic remedies in so-called low potencies (D1-D12) for certain diagnoses.<br />
*Miasmatic homeopathy describes different variants of constitutional homeopathy with an emphasis on the therapy of chronic diseases in due consideration of Hahneman's miasmatic theory.<br />
*Micro-immune therapy is a method which potentises cytokines applied sublingually. Providers of this therapy assume that this will place a high concentration of immune system components under the patient's tongue. The therapy aims at modulating the immune system with the potentized effect of cytokines. Maurice Jenaer is regarded the founder of micro-immune therapy. One supplier of micro-immunal therapeutic agents is Labo'Life company which also holds a patent on "specific nucleid acids". Details on effect and composition of the remedies are not available.<br />
*Biochemical homeopathy refers to a variant of homeopathy which uses nosodes and potentized toxins (also see the Horvi-Enzyme-Therapy). The method apparently is only used by its inventor, biochemist and non-medical practitioner Karin Lenger from Offenbach.<br />
*Newer interpretations and derivatives of homeopathy are gaining ground. Borderlines towards faith healing or energy medicine are rather blurred. Representatives of this therapy mostly refused by classical homeopaths believe an introduction of remedies into the patient's body following anamnesis and repertorization was not necessary. They believe physical proximity between patient and remedy was sufficient to develop effects. Remedies could thus e.g. be kept on the body or placed under the patient's pillow. A glass of water is also said to show homeopathic effects when merely placed on a sheet of paper with the name of the remedy. The paper will then transfer its information to the water. Some methods typically applied in this spectrum are Harmopathy, New Homeopathy according to Erich Körbler, Seghal's method, Herscue's method, process-oriented homeopathy, quantum logical homeopathy, creative homeopathy, impulse homeopathy, Similis cards, Silent Healing or the Sankaran method (also called "Bombay method" or "systematic homeopathy"). Tele-homeopathy is another variant of homeopathy whose inventor claims it was effective as a remote treatment via internet (e-mail or Skype) or via telephone.<br />
*Homoeosiniatry is a method combining the elements of homeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine. Both acupuncture and homeopathic remedies are being applied.<br />
*Digital homeopathy as an alternative expression for Holopathy.<br />
*[[Banerji protocol]]-method<br />
*C4-Homeopathy<br />
*"resonance healing" according to Peter Chappell<br />
<br />
Electro-homeopathy is no homeopathic method with which it only shares the name, but refers to a variant of spagyrics. Some electrically operated equipment for diagnostics or therapy will be connected to homeopathy by their inventors and suppliers. Cem Tech, Transmaterial Catalyst or Wave Transfer are some examples of such devices.<br />
<br />
In accordance with the patients to be treated, there is a homeopathy aiming at curing human beings, but also animal and plant homeopathy. Plant homeopathy comprises methods influencing plant growth with homeopathic products (e.g. a product named Biplantol).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Hering's Law of Cure==<br />
A so-called [[Hering's Law]] of cure was suggested by Constantin Hering, a Saxonian supporter of Hahnemann in the 19th century. Hering believed a recovery happened when an extinction of symptoms was effected in the following directions: <br />
*from inside to the outside<br />
*from above to below<br />
*from now to earlier<br />
<br />
==No scientific basis==<br />
After some 200&nbsp;years of research of homeopaths and non-homeopaths, no scientific proof of an efficacy of homeopathy - beyond the placebo effect - has been established, and mechanism of actions postulated are classified as disproven today. According to the present level of knowledge, homeopathy must be seen as a placebo therapy which, however, does not mean it is completey ineffective. One can indeed assume that, particularly given a charismatic therapist and a corresponding therapeutic ritual, it can achieve an effect with corresponding patients compared to no treatment (i.e. inactivity). <br />
Dangers may result from homeopathy when homeopath and patient will overestimate the placebo effects and thus refrain from treatments with reproducible proof of efficacy beyond the placebo effect.<br />
<br />
The following aspects speak against homeopathy: there is no evidence of efficacy, the pseudo-scientific dogmatic character of homeopathy schools (which are actually orthodox medical practitioners), the complete lack of prevention of disease as well as inherent contradictions like the irreproducible cinchona experiment to which Hahnemann refers alternatively. Homeopaths do not like to tell how long a therapy shall be carried out. From a chemical scientific point of view the method of potentialization (which rather is a dilution) cannot be accomodated to reality.<br />
<br />
An alleged lack of side effects is often mentioned as an argument speaking for homeopathy. It is being argued that hardly any side effects are to be expected from strong dilutions. This argument, however, contradicts the assumption that dilution increases the effect of a substance and thus must be seen as an inherent contradiction of homeopathy. Another argument in favour of homeopathy often voiced is the strengthening of human abilities of self-healing. Supporters have, as of yet, failed to provide any respective evidence.<br />
<br />
Contrary to frequent views of homeopathy offering a holistic treatment, this alternative form of medical treatment must be considered as a symptom-based therapy exclusively based on symptoms discernible to and described by the patient. The aetiology of diseases (cause study) is vastly ignored.<br />
<br />
Hahnemann and modern homeopaths base their theories on healing laws which include the concept that homeopathic therapies were healing a human being from top to bottom and from inside to outside, beginning with the latest symptom. Such ideas are not based on any models of biology or disease.<br />
<br />
The Medical Faculty of Marburg University, in magazine Ärzteblatt dated March&nbsp;3, 1993, declared homeopathy a false doctrine: Its mechanism of action was a deception of the patient, enforced by self-deception on the part of the therapist.<br />
<br />
==Pseudo-scientific explanatory approaches==<br />
From a scientific view, homeopathy is not plausible:It contradicts logic, the laws of nature, and medical knowledge past and present. High potencies of D23 or C12 or more do not contain any molecule of raw material. How are drops supposed to work which only consist of solvents? There is no water memory which could assimilate "information".<br />
<br />
Within the framework of scientific medicine, it is not reasonable to explain the functionality of methods which are not in a position to prove their efficacy. Any exploration of mechanisms of action in homeopathy are not reasonable as long as there is no indication of homeopathy having any efficacy in the first place. Therefore, all attempts at explaining homeopathy are scientifically unfounded and must be classified as pseudo-science.<br />
<br />
This, however, does not prevent homeopaths from devising mechanisms of action regarding homeopathy, nor from publishing these. The range covered spans from animist concepts of animated matter in which dilution will release the positive spirits (or vibrations) of substances to a pseudo-scientific re-interpretation of quantum mechanic and nuclear physical concepts (cf. quantum mysticism). Contemporary homeopaths and supporters of homeopathy often refer to quantum mechanics in physics in order to explain the alleged effects of homeopathic remedies. Quantum effects, however, only matter on a subatomic and perhaps probably on an atomic level. They are not relevant for the macroscopic world or for biological systems like virus, individual cells or upwards. Two persons often mentioned in this context are Anton Zeilinger, a quantum physicist from Vienna, and psychologist Harald Walach, a professor at European University Viadrina in Frankfort.<br />
<br />
An alleged water memory, which Jacques Benveniste imagined to have detected, is often cited as evidence. It has been evident since 1995 at the latest that Benvenistes results are not reproducible. Still the claim is maintained that high dilutions contained information, although neither an information carrier nor a code can be conceived. Therefore, it does not come as a surprise that also the most recent "evidence" employing rat intestines, celebrated as a breakthrough, was finally proven wrong and proved to be untenable. An extensive appreciation of this pseudo-research at Leipzig University may be found here: '''add source'''[4]. Whatever information the structure of water is supposed to contain according to the concept of its supporters, it additionally needed to be transferred to the sugar pills on which the drop of homeopathic water is applied. Water memory would have to "survive" ingestion and absorption by the gastrointestinal system, as well as transport to the body tissues by blood. Biologists have neither found a "water memory" nor discovered homeopathic signals or receptors, nor anything which plausibly was in a position to serve as a receptor for water structures.<br />
<br />
Diluted water, too, is being offered as a homeopathic remedy (1&nbsp;gram of diluted water costs about 1&nbsp;pound, see illustration on the right), rendering the concept just as dubious as the assertions of some homeopaths that remedies placed beneath the pillow or carried on the body were also able to take an effect.<br />
<br />
==Dangers of Homeopathy==<br />
As scientific article and media have established repeatedly, homeopathic remedies are not free of risks. Homeopathic cures may, for instance, relay the application of adequate efficient therapies, or may prevent their use completely.<br />
<br />
==Homeopathy and malaria prophylaxis and anti-tick globules==<br />
It has been repeatedly observed in Germany that homeopaths will use a remedy by the name of "Malaria&nbsp;2000", using it as a prophylactic with patients who intend to enter countries where malaria happens to be endemic. On quite a regular basis, hospitals will treat patients suffering from malaria who report to have done a prophylaxis with this remedy but contracted the disease all the same. There was at least one fatal case in which a patient died after having undergone a prophylaxis with Malaria 2000.<br />
<br />
On its website, a public radio station in Bavaria quotes the Munich Institute for Tropical Diseases which established several fatalities of persons having relied on a homeopathic malaria prophylaxis. In publications, the Drug Commissions of Pharmacists and the German Medical Association explicitly cautioned against such homeopathic malaria prophylaxes: Already on March 19, 1998, the Drug Commission of Pharmacists cautioned against a homeopathic malaria prophylaxis. It is explicitly pointed out that malaria is a serious and in some cases life-threatening medical condition which "may not be met by non-specific homeopathic remedies with which patients believe to be able to acquire an increased immunity towards malaria pathogens. There are cases on record in scientific literature in which such a "prophylaxis" failed. We therefore strongly advise against dispensing homeopathic remedies for malaria prophylaxis". The warning issued by the Drug Commission of German Medical Doctors (AMK), published in German Medical News issue no. 95 dated August 19, 1998, is even more explicit and insistent. AMK refers to the homeopathic malaria prophylaxis provided by one particular company, writing: [...] Practising physicians prescribing homeopathic malaria prophylaxes to patients will face consequences under professional codes of practice and will be prosecuted criminally. Malaria is a serious disease which may be life-threatening, [...] Due to acute dangers for patients relying on the homeopathic remedy received, AMK views this as malpractice and, to protect patients, strictly advises against prescribing such remedies. <br />
<br />
On the other hand, disease prophylaxis per se is controversial within the homeopathy scene, since no homeopathic remedies can be found in the absence of recognizable symptoms. Such malaria prophylaxes also emerged in England, causing British NHS to suspend payments to homeopathic facilities in 2008. <br />
<br />
So-called anti-tick globules to prevent Lyme disease - in a natural way, as an Arnsberg pharmacy advises sub rosa - must be seen in a similarly critical way. The pharmacy claims to have developed a particular mixture in cooperation with a manufacturer of homeopathics; the mixture contains nosodes which are supposed to be a homeopathic equivalent to vaccination. There is an explicit reference to diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. The globules are said to additionally contain ledum palustre (Marsh Labrador tea) which is supposed to effect changes in body odour and thus protect patients.<br />
<br />
The application of homeopathic Spenglersan Kolloid M remedies for malaria prophylaxis documentedly was not in a position to prevent malaria. Swedish doctors published case reports and cautioned.<br />
<br />
In 2009, the World Health Organization WHO explicitly warned against homeopathy as a treatment option for malaria, HIV infection, tuberculosis, influenza, and diarrhoea in children.<br />
<br />
==Homeopathic Antidots==<br />
Supporters of homeopathy are afraid of apparently unwelcome effects of their therapies, particularly in terms of a too intense initial worsening following a homeopathic medication. In such cases, so-called homeopathic antidotes may be applied. For this purpose patients are advised it was sufficient to render the remedy ineffective simply by ingesting [...] some strong coffee or taking smells at camphor (tiger balm, Vic-vapo-rup...) [...].<br />
<br />
According to so-called women's magazine "FÜR SIE" (i.e. "for her"), mobile phones "impaired" the efficacy of homeopathic remedies. Before ingesting such a remedy, mobile phones therefore should be put aside. Similarly, electromagnetic fields of radio alarm clocks, computers, and microwave ovens may impair the efficacy of remedies.<br />
<br />
==History of Homeopathy==<br />
At the time of its emerge, homeopathy must be conceded quite "scientific" a character, in accordance with definitions valid at that time. After all, Hahnemann proceeded empirically, checking theses in self-experiments. <br />
Due to the increase in knowledge occured since, this theory appears interesting merely from a medico-historical point of view. Due to the lack of evidence regarding efficacy, homeopathy cannot be regarded as a serious medical method. At Hahnemann's times, neither clinical thermometers had been invented nor had knowledge of bacteria been acquired, instead there were weird explanations (e.g. miasma theories of pathogenic vapours emanating from the soil), so Hahnemann's model must be seen as quite sensible from a historical point of view. From today's view, after more than two centuries of an enormous gain in knowledge, one can assume that even Hahnemann, given today's knowledge, felt inclined to ridicule his apologists. Thus homeopathy was fiercely criticized already more than 100&nbsp;years ago (see links). The law of similars does not go back to Hahnemann; analogical concepts already existed prior to Hahnemann (e.g. in England).<br />
<br />
It is furthermore remarkable that some of the recommendations given in Hahnemann's Organon are not being propagated broadly any longer, such as applying hot turpentine to scaldings. While Hahnemann's teachings thus are, quite appropriately, partly rejected as outdated and unfounded, particulary with treatments showing immediate effect or failure, other parts of his teachings are still being marketed profitably, in particular those allowing for a placebo effect.<br />
<br />
==Homeopathic doctors in Europe==<br />
Approximately 5,000&nbsp;doctors are said to have acquired a qualification as a homeopath in Germany. Netzzeitung (an online paper) says that presently about 1 in every 40&nbsp;doctors hold additional qualifications in "homeopathy" in Germany. According to ECHAMP, about 2.5% of doctors in Germany, 8.3% in Italy, and 14% in Slovakia have a qualification in "homeopathy". On the other hand, this quota is below 0.03% in Sweden, where only ten of almost 30,000 have an additional homeopathic qualification. <br />
<br />
Throughout Europe, 56,000&nbsp;doctors were holding respective qualifications. An acceptance of homeopathy so glaringly different in two industrialized nations like Germany and Sweden with a comparable health status indicates, on the one hand, that homeopathy may be seen as dispensable without difficulty and without causing a relevant effect on a population's health. On the other hand it shows that the popularity of homeopathy is not as much connected to scientific arguments or a probable efficacy, but rather to Weltanschauung, prejudice or tradition, since conclusive scientific arguments and proof of efficacy supporting the implementation of homeopathy would have also convinced Swedish physicians.<br />
<br />
==The business with homeopathics==<br />
Germany and France are the most important markets for both homeopathic and anthroposophic-homeopathic remedies in Europe. Almost 60% of all medicines of these therapy concepts produced in Europe were sold in these two countries '''add source'''[27], with a Europe-wide increase of 60% between 1995 and 2005. German sales saw a turnover plus amounting to 80%, while figures in France increased by 300%. Europe-wide sales volumes amount to 1.7&nbsp;billion Euros, about 7% of all non-prescription drugs. In 2005, produce revenues amounted to approx. 930&nbsp;million Euros, with 810&nbsp;million Euros thereof for medicine.<br />
<br />
Measured by producer's prices, about 268&nbsp;million Euros of the EU sales were effected in Germany, and 294&nbsp;million Euros in France. According to information from weekly periodical "Der Spiegel", sales volumes for homeopathic remedies amounted to 400&nbsp;million Euros in 2009. According to information from Federal Association of Pharmaceutical Industry, statutory health insurance companies paid 9&nbsp;million Euros for homeopathic remedies. However, follow-up costs incurring due to ineffective homeopathic therapies are not included in this figure. Costs for homeopathic first and follow-up anamneses are not included, either, since these usually have to be paid by patients.<br />
<br />
In Germany, German Homeopathic Union (DHU) are the leading providers. This corporation with more than 400 employees emerged from Schwabe company founded in 1961. <br />
<br />
The most commonly used homeopathic in the USA is Oscilococcinum C200. This remedy also goes by the name of "20&nbsp;million canard". Annual turnover for this product adds up to 20&nbsp;million dollars. The remedy is produced from duck liver, but the complete sales volume does not need more than one single liver - with considerable left-overs remaining from this one piece: A dilution of C200 means a liver to solution ratio of 1&nbsp;to&nbsp;10 and 400&nbsp;ciphers.<br />
<br />
==Homeopathy is financially interesting for doctors==<br />
It is getting more and more attractive for physicians to bill health funds for homeopathic services, as German medical journal Ärztezeitung already reported in 2007. Commission includes amounts of € 90 for a first anamnesis, € 20 for repertorisations, € 20 for analysis, and € 45 for follow-up anamneses. For the same amount of € 175, medical specialists will treat five "conventional" patients for three months, regardless how often these patients will consult them. Social health insurance patients were able to claim homeopathic services in case of such forms of disease "in which a cure or palliation may be expected from a specific therapeutical response of self-healing powers still potentially available".<br />
<br />
==Homeopathy and controversial measles parties==<br />
As became known in 2005, supporters of homeopathy do not reject so-called measles parties in general. A respective newspaper article said: Homeopathic doctors do not reject "measles parties" in general. Considering possible side effects of vaccination against the risks of a disease, an infection caused deliberately was "worth considering" at an age between about three and eight years, Munich paediatrician Dr.&nbsp;Steffen Rabe commented.<br />
<br />
It was a result of vaccinating campaigns that more infants and adults fall ill during outbreaks of measles today, compared with earlier times. However, these persons have a ten times higher risk of developing complications like e.g. meningitis, Rabe explained. "The increase in measles infections in infants is a direct consequence of vaccination policies", Rabe said. According to his view, the final decision regarding a participation of a child in any "measles party" rested with its parents.<br />
<br />
In case of an infection with measles, the paediatrician recommends a complete abstinence of antipyretics, since these probably increased the risk of complications. "The patient rather needs rest." In many cases, the illness responded well to a treatment with classic homeopathy.<br />
<br />
==Studies on homeopathy==<br />
===The early studies===<br />
In Hahnemann's lifetime already, his teachings were controversial and caused lively discussions, and the first tests of homeopathics proceeded negatively. Repetitions of Hahnemann's original "medicine tests" could not confirm his specifications. The famous cinchona experiment the teachings are based on was a misapprehension: Although cinchona reduces the body temperature, Hahnemann felt feverish after ingesting it. Possibly this was due to an allergic reaction. The non-blinded "drug examinations", which do not exclude a possible placebo effect by facilitating a comparison to a fake medication, are not acceptable scientifically, either.<br />
<br />
In 1835, the first double-blind drug study took place. The same year, Georg Löhner, a theologian and editor, published test results which he had obtained in cooperation with physicians, pharmacists, and further dignitaries in the town of Nuremberg. They examined 55 volunteers and did not establish any effect of homeopathic dilution. This publication was met with fierce and polemic resistance by homeopathic magazines of that time, e.g. by "Hygea - central organ for the homeopathic or specific art of healing".<br />
<br />
===Homeopathy studies in the time of National Socialism===<br />
Further studies of homeopathy took place in the times of National Socialism. The regime intended a reorientation of public health care, the "new German medicine". Additionally, National Socialist circles voiced increasing criticisms of what they perceived as "Jewish medicine". Drug studies were done at different homeopathic hospitals by the state health office (Reichsgesundheitsamt - RGA) between 1936 and 1939, much of them placebo checked. They aimed at investigating the reliability of previous drug studies, and also the valence of "pharmacologic images" based on them. Members of this study group were homeopath Hanns Rabe (1890-1959), internal specialist Werner Siebert (1897-1951), and professors of pharmacology Gustav Kuschinsky (1904-1992) and Richard Bonsmann. Also significantly involved in these test was doctor and homeopath Fritz Donner (1896-1979), then working in Berlin at the homeopathic ward of Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital. Donner's voluminous records of RGA investigations became known as Donner Report on Homeopathy, and the original copy is available at the "Homeopathic Archives" of the Institute of Medical History of Robert Bosch Foundations in Stuttgart today.<br />
<br />
These goverment-sponsored studies, however, had no positive results for homeopathy. As one example, double-blinded experiments were carried out regarding Silicea C30. Their results: Verum and placebo caused exactly the same number of symptoms. The homeopaths participating were not able to distinguish verum from placebo.<br />
<br />
More clinical studies were effected in Robert-Koch-Hospital in Berlin in 1938/39, again presenting negative results. Rabe, a homeopath, reacted to them assuming that [...] homeopathy [is] no pharmaco-therapeutic method as has been contended as of yet, but a form of psychotherapy [...]. In a protocol, Fritz Donner wrote: One would have to reply truthfully that nothing came out of the drug studies, and that, during the clinical studies, there was no single case in which a patient showed a respective reaction whatsoever indicating a therapeutic effect of the remedies applied. <br />
<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the official announcement disclosed that certain difficulties had manifested so that it was necessary to restart. Further research, however, was prevent by the war. Donner was far more outspoken later on during the 1960ies: He called the study a complete fiasco for homeopathy.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Homöopathie|nl=Homeopathie|en=Homeopathy}}<br />
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[[category:Homeopathy]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Homeopathy&diff=2140Homeopathy2012-04-14T21:31:06Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{IN USE}}<br />
[[image:Hom7.jpg|Frontpage DER SPIEGEL 28/2010|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:PrinceCharles.jpg|Homeopathy fan Prince Charles inspecting a pharmacy company, creating homeopathic remedies|300px|thumb]]<br />
Homeopathy is a [[Pseudoscience|pseudo-scientific]] method used for the treatment of almost any disease. It was invented by [[Samuel Hahnemann]], a doctor and occultist from Saxony, around 1800 and, largely unaltered, presists to this day. Homeopathy relies on two general basic principles. One of them, known as the "law of similars", reads "let like be cured by like." Hahnemann determined that, according to the law of similars, every disease was curable by substances which cause similar symptoms when taken by a healthy patient. The other principle is called potentialization (actually meaning dilution). Homoeopathic remedies are supposed to be more effecitve the more they are diluted into solutions according to particular procedures. None of these two principles was confirmed experimentally until now.<br />
<br />
Believers in homeopathy are frequently, consciously or unconsciously, overall sceptical towards scientific medicine: the (mostly irrational) fear of "harmful chemistry" is inseparably connected to a "nocebo effect" which impairs the effect of well approved conventional methods.<br />
<br />
Also see: [[Allopathy]]<br />
<br />
==Variants of Homeopathy==<br />
Different variants of the original classic homeopathy developed in the course of time. Today, there are low-potentizers and high-potentizers, monotherapists and polypragmatists, homoeopathic phytotherapists and anthroposophic homoeopaths, etc.<br />
<br />
*Classic homeopathy is the form of homeopathy strictly complying to Samuel Hahnemann's teachings. According to Hahnemann, no more than one remedy is to be administered for all physical or mental diseases at any given time. A classical homoeopath thus will look for the one remedy he believes to be the appropriate similar. The most well-known current representative is Georgos Vithoulkas.<br />
*Constitutional homeopathy applies mixtures of homoeopathic remedies based on respective diagnoses. Also see: Constitutional homoeopathy<br />
*Clinical homoeopathy describes the application of homoeopathic remedies in so-called low potencies (D1-D12) for certain diagnoses.<br />
*Miasmatic homoeopathy describes different variants of constitutional homoeopathy with an emphasis on the therapy of chronic diseases in due consideration of Hahneman's miasmatic theory.<br />
*Micro-immune therapy is a method which potentises cytokines applied sublingually. Providers of this therapy assume that this will place a high concentration of immune system components under the patient's tongue. The therapy aims at modulating the immune system with the potentized effect of cytokines. Maurice Jenaer is regarded the founder of micro-immune therapy. One supplier of micro-immunal therapeutic agents is Labo'Life company which also holds a patent on "specific nucleid acids". Details on effect and composition of the remedies are not available.<br />
*Biochemical homoeopathy refers to a variant of homoeopathy which uses nosodes and potentized toxins (also see the Horvi-Enzyme-Therapy). The method apparently is only used by its inventor, biochemist and non-medical practitioner Karin Lenger from Offenbach.<br />
*Newer interpretations and derivatives of homoeopathy are gaining ground. Borderlines towards faith healing or energy medicine are rather blurred. Representatives of this therapy mostly refused by classical homeopaths believe an introduction of remedies into the patient's body following anamnesis and repertorization was not necessary. They believe physical proximity between patient and remedy was sufficient to develop effects. Remedies could thus e.g. be kept on the body or placed under the patient's pillow. A glass of water is also said to show homoeopathic effects when merely placed on a sheet of paper with the name of the remedy. The paper will then transfer its information to the water. Some methods typically applied in this spectrum are Harmopathy, New Homoeopathy according to Erich Körbler, Seghal's method, Herscue's method, process-oriented homoeopathy, quantum logical homoeopathy, creative homoeopathy, impulse homoeopathy, Similis cards, Silent Healing or the Sankaran method (also called "Bombay method" or "systematic homoeopathy"). Tele-homoeopathy is another variant of homoeopathy whose inventor claims it was effective as a remote treatment via internet (e-mail or Skype) or via telephone.<br />
*Homoeosiniatry is a method combining the elements of homoeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine. Both acupuncture and homoeopathic remedies are being applied.<br />
*Digital homoeopathy as an alternative expression for Holopathy.<br />
*[[Banerji protocol]]-method<br />
*C4-Homoeopathy<br />
*"resonance healing" according to Peter Chappell<br />
<br />
Electro-homoeopathy is no homoeopathic method with which it only shares the name, but refers to a variant of spagyrics. Some electrically operated equipment for diagnostics or therapy will be connected to homoeopathy by their inventors and suppliers. Cem Tech, Transmaterial Catalyst or Wave Transfer are some examples of such devices.<br />
<br />
In accordance with the patients to be treated, there is a homoeopathy aiming at curing human beings, but also animal and plant homoeopathy. Plant homoeopathy comprises methods influencing plant growth with homoeopathic products (e.g. a product named Biplantol).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Hering's Law of Cure==<br />
A so-called [[Hering's Law]] of cure was suggested by Constantin Hering, a Saxonian supporter of Hahnemann in the 19th century. Hering believed a recovery happened when an extinction of symptoms was effected in the following directions: <br />
*from inside to the outside<br />
*from above to below<br />
*from now to earlier<br />
<br />
==No scientific basis==<br />
After some 200&nbsp;years of research of homoeopaths and non-homoeopaths, no scientific proof of an efficacy of homoeopathy - beyond the placebo effect - has been established, and mechanism of actions postulated are classified as disproven today. According to the present level of knowledge, homoeopathy must be seen as a placebo therapy which, however, does not mean it is completey ineffective. One can indeed assume that, particularly given a charismatic therapist and a corresponding therapeutic ritual, it can achieve an effect with corresponding patients compared to no treatment (i.e. inactivity). <br />
Dangers may result from homoeopathy when homoeopath and patient will overestimate the placebo effects and thus refrain from treatments with reproducible proof of efficacy beyond the placebo effect.<br />
<br />
The following aspects speak against homoeopathy: there is no evidence of efficacy, the pseudo-scientific dogmatic character of homoeopathy schools (which are actually orthodox medical practitioners), the complete lack of prevention of disease as well as inherent contradictions like the irreproducible cinchona experiment to which Hahnemann refers alternatively. Homoeopaths do not like to tell how long a therapy shall be carried out. From a chemical scientific point of view the method of potentialization (which rather is a dilution) cannot be accomodated to reality.<br />
<br />
An alleged lack of side effects is often mentioned as an argument speaking for homoeopathy. It is being argued that hardly any side effects are to be expected from strong dilutions. This argument, however, contradicts the assumption that dilution increases the effect of a substance and thus must be seen as an inherent contradiction of homoeopathy. Another argument in favour of homoeopathy often voiced is the strengthening of human abilities of self-healing. Supporters have, as of yet, failed to provide any respective evidence.<br />
<br />
Contrary to frequent views of homoeopathy offering a holistic treatment, this alternative form of medical treatment must be considered as a symptom-based therapy exclusively based on symptoms discernible to and described by the patient. The aetiology of diseases (cause study) is vastly ignored.<br />
<br />
Hahnemann and modern homoeopaths base their theories on healing laws which include the concept that homoeopathic therapies were healing a human being from top to bottom and from inside to outside, beginning with the latest symptom. Such ideas are not based on any models of biology or disease.<br />
<br />
The Medical Faculty of Marburg University, in magazine Ärzteblatt dated March&nbsp;3, 1993, declared homoeopathy a false doctrine: Its mechanism of action was a deception of the patient, enforced by self-deception on the part of the therapist.<br />
<br />
==Pseudo-scientific explanatory approaches==<br />
From a scientific view, homoeopathy is not plausible:It contradicts logic, the laws of nature, and medical knowledge past and present. High potencies of D23 or C12 or more do not contain any molecule of raw material. How are drops supposed to work which only consist of solvents? There is no water memory which could assimilate "information".<br />
<br />
Within the framework of scientific medicine, it is not reasonable to explain the functionality of methods which are not in a position to prove their efficacy. Any exploration of mechanisms of action in homoeopathy are not reasonable as long as there is no indication of homoeopathy having any efficacy in the first place. Therefore, all attempts at explaining homoeopathy are scientifically unfounded and must be classified as pseudo-science.<br />
<br />
This, however, does not prevent homoeopaths from devising mechanisms of action regarding homoeopathy, nor from publishing these. The range covered spans from animist concepts of animated matter in which dilution will release the positive spirits (or vibrations) of substances to a pseudo-scientific re-interpretation of quantum mechanic and nuclear physical concepts (cf. quantum mysticism). Contemporary homoeopaths and supporters of homoeopathy often refer to quantum mechanics in physics in order to explain the alleged effects of homoeopathic remedies. Quantum effects, however, only matter on a subatomic and perhaps probably on an atomic level. They are not relevant for the macroscopic world or for biological systems like virus, individual cells or upwards. Two persons often mentioned in this context are Anton Zeilinger, a quantum physicist from Vienna, and psychologist Harald Walach, a professor at European University Viadrina in Frankfort.<br />
<br />
An alleged water memory, which Jacques Benveniste imagined to have detected, is often cited as evidence. It has been evident since 1995 at the latest that Benvenistes results are not reproducible. Still the claim is maintained that high dilutions contained information, although neither an information carrier nor a code can be conceived. Therefore, it does not come as a surprise that also the most recent "evidence" employing rat intestines, celebrated as a breakthrough, was finally proven wrong and proved to be untenable. An extensive appreciation of this pseudo-research at Leipzig University may be found here: '''add source'''[4]. Whatever information the structure of water is supposed to contain according to the concept of its supporters, it additionally needed to be transferred to the sugar pills on which the drop of homoeopathic water is applied. Water memory would have to "survive" ingestion and absorption by the gastrointestinal system, as well as transport to the body tissues by blood. Biologists have neither found a "water memory" nor discovered homoeopathic signals or receptors, nor anything which plausibly was in a position to serve as a receptor for water structures.<br />
<br />
Diluted water, too, is being offered as a homoeopathic remedy (1&nbsp;gram of diluted water costs about 1&nbsp;pound, see illustration on the right), rendering the concept just as dubious as the assertions of some homoeopaths that remedies placed beneath the pillow or carried on the body were also able to take an effect.<br />
<br />
==Dangers of Homoeopathy==<br />
As scientific article and media have established repeatedly, homoeopathic remedies are not free of risks. Homoeopathic cures may, for instance, relay the application of adequate efficient therapies, or may prevent their use completely.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathy and malaria prophylaxis and anti-tick globules==<br />
It has been repeatedly observed in Germany that homoeopaths will use a remedy by the name of "Malaria&nbsp;2000", using it as a prophylactic with patients who intend to enter countries where malaria happens to be endemic. On quite a regular basis, hospitals will treat patients suffering from malaria who report to have done a prophylaxis with this remedy but contracted the disease all the same. There was at least one fatal case in which a patient died after having undergone a prophylaxis with Malaria 2000.<br />
<br />
On its website, a public radio station in Bavaria quotes the Munich Institute for Tropical Diseases which established several fatalities of persons having relied on a homoeopathic malaria prophylaxis. In publications, the Drug Commissions of Pharmacists and the German Medical Association explicitly cautioned against such homoeopathic malaria prophylaxes: Already on March 19, 1998, the Drug Commission of Pharmacists cautioned against a homoeopathic malaria prophylaxis. It is explicitly pointed out that malaria is a serious and in some cases life-threatening medical condition which "may not be met by non-specific homoeopathic remedies with which patients believe to be able to acquire an increased immunity towards malaria pathogens. There are cases on record in scientific literature in which such a "prophylaxis" failed. We therefore strongly advise against dispensing homoeopathic remedies for malaria prophylaxis". The warning issued by the Drug Commission of German Medical Doctors (AMK), published in German Medical News issue no. 95 dated August 19, 1998, is even more explicit and insistent. AMK refers to the homoeopathic malaria prophylaxis provided by one particular company, writing: [...] Practising physicians prescribing homoeopathic malaria prophylaxes to patients will face consequences under professional codes of practice and will be prosecuted criminally. Malaria is a serious disease which may be life-threatening, [...] Due to acute dangers for patients relying on the homoeopathic remedy received, AMK views this as malpractice and, to protect patients, strictly advises against prescribing such remedies. <br />
<br />
On the other hand, disease prophylaxis per se is controversial within the homoeopathy scene, since no homoeopathic remedies can be found in the absence of recognizable symptoms. Such malaria prophylaxes also emerged in England, causing British NHS to suspend payments to homoeopathic facilities in 2008. <br />
<br />
So-called anti-tick globules to prevent Lyme disease - in a natural way, as an Arnsberg pharmacy advises sub rosa - must be seen in a similarly critical way. The pharmacy claims to have developed a particular mixture in cooperation with a manufacturer of homoeopathics; the mixture contains nosodes which are supposed to be a homoeopathic equivalent to vaccination. There is an explicit reference to diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. The globules are said to additionally contain ledum palustre (Marsh Labrador tea) which is supposed to effect changes in body odour and thus protect patients.<br />
<br />
The application of homoeopathic Spenglersan Kolloid M remedies for malaria prophylaxis documentedly was not in a position to prevent malaria. Swedish doctors published case reports and cautioned.<br />
<br />
In 2009, the World Health Organization WHO explicitly warned against homoeopathy as a treatment option for malaria, HIV infection, tuberculosis, influenza, and diarrhoea in children.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathic Antidots==<br />
Supporters of homoeopathy are afraid of apparently unwelcome effects of their therapies, particularly in terms of a too intense initial worsening following a homoeopathic medication. In such cases, so-called homoeopathic antidotes may be applied. For this purpose patients are advised it was sufficient to render the remedy ineffective simply by ingesting [...] some strong coffee or taking smells at camphor (tiger balm, Vic-vapo-rup...) [...].<br />
<br />
According to so-called women's magazine "FÜR SIE" (i.e. "for her"), mobile phones "impaired" the efficacy of homoeopathic remedies. Before ingesting such a remedy, mobile phones therefore should be put aside. Similarly, electromagnetic fields of radio alarm clocks, computers, and microwave ovens may impair the efficacy of remedies.<br />
<br />
==History of Homoeopathy==<br />
At the time of its emerge, homoeopathy must be conceded quite "scientific" a character, in accordance with definitions valid at that time. After all, Hahnemann proceeded empirically, checking theses in self-experiments. <br />
Due to the increase in knowledge occured since, this theory appears interesting merely from a medico-historical point of view. Due to the lack of evidence regarding efficacy, homoeopathy cannot be regarded as a serious medical method. At Hahnemann's times, neither clinical thermometers had been invented nor had knowledge of bacteria been acquired, instead there were weird explanations (e.g. miasma theories of pathogenic vapours emanating from the soil), so Hahnemann's model must be seen as quite sensible from a historical point of view. From today's view, after more than two centuries of an enormous gain in knowledge, one can assume that even Hahnemann, given today's knowledge, felt inclined to ridicule his apologists. Thus homoeopathy was fiercely criticized already more than 100&nbsp;years ago (see links). The law of similars does not go back to Hahnemann; analogical concepts already existed prior to Hahnemann (e.g. in England).<br />
<br />
It is furthermore remarkable that some of the recommendations given in Hahnemann's Organon are not being propagated broadly any longer, such as applying hot turpentine to scaldings. While Hahnemann's teachings thus are, quite appropriately, partly rejected as outdated and unfounded, particulary with treatments showing immediate effect or failure, other parts of his teachings are still being marketed profitably, in particular those allowing for a placebo effect.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathic doctors in Europe==<br />
Approximately 5,000&nbsp;doctors are said to have acquired a qualification as a homoeopath in Germany. Netzzeitung (an online paper) says that presently about 1 in every 40&nbsp;doctors hold additional qualifications in "homeopathy" in Germany. According to ECHAMP, about 2.5% of doctors in Germany, 8.3% in Italy, and 14% in Slovakia have a qualification in "homeopathy". On the other hand, this quota is below 0.03% in Sweden, where only ten of almost 30,000 have an additional homoeopathic qualification. <br />
<br />
Throughout Europe, 56,000&nbsp;doctors were holding respective qualifications. An acceptance of homeopathy so glaringly different in two industrialized nations like Germany and Sweden with a comparable health status indicates, on the one hand, that homeopathy may be seen as dispensable without difficulty and without causing a relevant effect on a population's health. On the other hand it shows that the popularity of homeopathy is not as much connected to scientific arguments or a probable efficacy, but rather to Weltanschauung, prejudice or tradition, since conclusive scientific arguments and proof of efficacy supporting the implementation of homeopathy would have also convinced Swedish physicians.<br />
<br />
==The business with homeopathics==<br />
Germany and France are the most important markets for both homoeopathic and anthroposophic-homoeopathic remedies in Europe. Almost 60% of all medicines of these therapy concepts produced in Europe were sold in these two countries '''add source'''[27], with a Europe-wide increase of 60% between 1995 and 2005. German sales saw a turnover plus amounting to 80%, while figures in France increased by 300%. Europe-wide sales volumes amount to 1.7&nbsp;billion Euros, about 7% of all non-prescription drugs. In 2005, produce revenues amounted to approx. 930&nbsp;million Euros, with 810&nbsp;million Euros thereof for medicine.<br />
<br />
Measured by producer's prices, about 268&nbsp;million Euros of the EU sales were effected in Germany, and 294&nbsp;million Euros in France. According to information from weekly periodical "Der Spiegel", sales volumes for homoeopathic remedies amounted to 400&nbsp;million Euros in 2009. According to information from Federal Association of Pharmaceutical Industry, statutory health insurance companies paid 9&nbsp;million Euros for homoeopathic remedies. However, follow-up costs incurring due to ineffective homoeopathic therapies are not included in this figure. Costs for homoeopathic first and follow-up anamneses are not included, either, since these usually have to be paid by patients.<br />
<br />
In Germany, German Homoeopathic Union (DHU) are the leading providers. This corporation with more than 400 employees emerged from Schwabe company founded in 1961. <br />
<br />
The most commonly used homeopathic in the USA is Oscilococcinum C200. This remedy also goes by the name of "20&nbsp;million canard". Annual turnover for this product adds up to 20&nbsp;million dollars. The remedy is produced from duck liver, but the complete sales volume does not need more than one single liver - with considerable left-overs remaining from this one piece: A dilution of C200 means a liver to solution ratio of 1&nbsp;to&nbsp;10 and 400&nbsp;ciphers.<br />
<br />
==Homeopathy is financially interesting for doctors==<br />
It is getting more and more attractive for physicians to bill health funds for homoeopathic services, as German medical journal Ärztezeitung already reported in 2007. Commission includes amounts of € 90 for a first anamnesis, € 20 for repertorisations, € 20 for analysis, and € 45 for follow-up anamneses. For the same amount of € 175, medical specialists will treat five "conventional" patients for three months, regardless how often these patients will consult them. Social health insurance patients were able to claim homoeopathic services in case of such forms of disease "in which a cure or palliation may be expected from a specific therapeutical response of self-healing powers still potentially available".<br />
<br />
==Homeopathy and controversial measles parties==<br />
As became known in 2005, supporters of homeopathy do not reject so-called measles parties in general. A respective newspaper article said: Homoeopathic doctors do not reject "measles parties" in general. Considering possible side effects of vaccination against the risks of a disease, an infection caused deliberately was "worth considering" at an age between about three and eight years, Munich paediatrician Dr.&nbsp;Steffen Rabe commented.<br />
<br />
It was a result of vaccinating campaigns that more infants and adults fall ill during outbreaks of measles today, compared with earlier times. However, these persons have a ten times higher risk of developing complications like e.g. meningitis, Rabe explained. "The increase in measles infections in infants is a direct consequence of vaccination policies", Rabe said. According to his view, the final decision regarding a participation of a child in any "measles party" rested with its parents.<br />
<br />
In case of an infection with measles, the paediatrician recommends a complete abstinence of antipyretics, since these probably increased the risk of complications. "The patient rather needs rest." In many cases, the illness responded well to a treatment with classic homeopathy.<br />
<br />
==Studies on homeopathy==<br />
===The early studies===<br />
In Hahnemann's lifetime already, his teachings were controversial and caused lively discussions, and the first tests of homeopathics proceeded negatively. Repetitions of Hahnemann's original "medicine tests" could not confirm his specifications. The famous cinchona experiment the teachings are based on was a misapprehension: Although cinchona reduces the body temperature, Hahnemann felt feverish after ingesting it. Possibly this was due to an allergic reaction. The non-blinded "drug examinations", which do not exclude a possible placebo effect by facilitating a comparison to a fake medication, are not acceptable scientifically, either.<br />
<br />
In 1835, the first double-blind drug study took place. The same year, Georg Löhner, a theologian and editor, published test results which he had obtained in cooperation with physicians, pharmacists, and further dignitaries in the town of Nuremberg. They examined 55 volunteers and did not establish any effect of homoeopathic dilution. This publication was met with fierce and polemic resistance by homoeopathic magazines of that time, e.g. by "Hygea - central organ for the homoeopathic or specific art of healing".<br />
<br />
===Homeopathy studies in the time of National Socialism===<br />
Further studies of homeopathy took place in the times of National Socialism. The regime intended a reorientation of public health care, the "new German medicine". Additionally, National Socialist circles voiced increasing criticisms of what they perceived as "Jewish medicine". Drug studies were done at different homoeopathic hospitals by the state health office (Reichsgesundheitsamt - RGA) between 1936 and 1939, much of them placebo checked. They aimed at investigating the reliability of previous drug studies, and also the valence of "pharmacologic images" based on them. Members of this study group were homoeopath Hanns Rabe (1890-1959), internal specialist Werner Siebert (1897-1951), and professors of pharmacology Gustav Kuschinsky (1904-1992) and Richard Bonsmann. Also significantly involved in these test was doctor and homoeopath Fritz Donner (1896-1979), then working in Berlin at the homoeopathic ward of Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital. Donner's voluminous records of RGA investigations became known as Donner Report on Homeopathy, and the original copy is available at the "Homoeopathic Archives" of the Institute of Medical History of Robert Bosch Foundations in Stuttgart today.<br />
<br />
These goverment-sponsored studies, however, had no positive results for homeopathy. As one example, double-blinded experiments were carried out regarding Silicea C30. Their results: Verum and placebo caused exactly the same number of symptoms. The homoeopaths participating were not able to distinguish verum from placebo.<br />
<br />
More clinical studies were effected in Robert-Koch-Hospital in Berlin in 1938/39, again presenting negative results. Rabe, a homoeopath, reacted to them assuming that [...] homeopathy [is] no pharmaco-therapeutic method as has been contended as of yet, but a form of psychotherapy [...]. In a protocol, Fritz Donner wrote: One would have to reply truthfully that nothing came out of the drug studies, and that, during the clinical studies, there was no single case in which a patient showed a respective reaction whatsoever indicating a therapeutic effect of the remedies applied. <br />
<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the official announcement disclosed that certain difficulties had manifested so that it was necessary to restart. Further research, however, was prevent by the war. Donner was far more outspoken later on during the 1960ies: He called the study a complete fiasco for homeopathy.<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Homöopathie|nl=Homeopathie|en=Homeopathy}}<br />
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[[category:Homeopathy]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2139Main Page2012-04-14T21:26:46Z<p>Heimdall: /* New articles */</p>
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[[category:!Psiram]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Homoeopathy&diff=2138Homoeopathy2012-04-08T11:24:28Z<p>Heimdall: moved Homoeopathy to Homeopathy</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Homeopathy]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Homeopathy&diff=2137Homeopathy2012-04-08T11:24:28Z<p>Heimdall: moved Homoeopathy to Homeopathy</p>
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<div>{{IN USE}}<br />
Homoeopathy is a [[Pseudoscience|pseudo-scientific]] method used for the treatment of almost any disease. It was invented by [[Samuel Hahnemann]], a doctor and occultist from Saxony, around 1800 and, largely unaltered, presists to this day. Homoeopathy relies on two general basic principles. One of them, known as the "law of similars", reads "let like be cured by like." Hahnemann determined that, according to the law of similars, every disease was curable by substances which cause similar symptoms when taken by a healthy patient. The other principle is called potentialization (actually meaning dilution). Homoeopathic remedies are supposed to be more effecitve the more they are diluted into solutions according to particular procedures. None of these two principles was confirmed experimentally until now.<br />
<br />
Believers in homoeopathy are frequently, consciously or unconsciously, overall sceptical towards scientific medicine: the (mostly irrational) fear of "harmful chemistry" is inseparably connected to a "nocebo effect" which impairs the effect of well approved conventional methods.<br />
<br />
Also see: [[Allopathy]]<br />
<br />
==Variants of Homoeopathy==<br />
Different variants of the original classic homoeopathy developed in the course of time. Today, there are low-potentizers and high-potentizers, monotherapists and polypragmatists, homoeopathic phytotherapists and anthroposophic homoeopaths, etc.<br />
<br />
*Classic homoeopathy is the form of homoeopathy strictly complying to Samuel Hahnemann's teachings. According to Hahnemann, no more than one remedy is to be administered for all physical or mental diseases at any given time. A classical homoeopath thus will look for the one remedy he believes to be the appropriate similar. The most well-known current representative is Georgos Vithoulkas.<br />
*Constitutional homoeopathy applies mixtures of homoeopathic remedies based on respective diagnoses. Also see: Constitutional homoeopathy<br />
*Clinical homoeopathy describes the application of homoeopathic remedies in so-called low potencies (D1-D12) for certain diagnoses.<br />
*Miasmatic homoeopathy describes different variants of constitutional homoeopathy with an emphasis on the therapy of chronic diseases in due consideration of Hahneman's miasmatic theory.<br />
*Micro-immune therapy is a method which potentises cytokines applied sublingually. Providers of this therapy assume that this will place a high concentration of immune system components under the patient's tongue. The therapy aims at modulating the immune system with the potentized effect of cytokines. Maurice Jenaer is regarded the founder of micro-immune therapy. One supplier of micro-immunal therapeutic agents is Labo'Life company which also holds a patent on "specific nucleid acids". Details on effect and composition of the remedies are not available.<br />
*Biochemical homoeopathy refers to a variant of homoeopathy which uses nosodes and potentized toxins (also see the Horvi-Enzyme-Therapy). The method apparently is only used by its inventor, biochemist and non-medical practitioner Karin Lenger from Offenbach.<br />
*Newer interpretations and derivatives of homoeopathy are gaining ground. Borderlines towards faith healing or energy medicine are rather blurred. Representatives of this therapy mostly refused by classical homeopaths believe an introduction of remedies into the patient's body following anamnesis and repertorization was not necessary. They believe physical proximity between patient and remedy was sufficient to develop effects. Remedies could thus e.g. be kept on the body or placed under the patient's pillow. A glass of water is also said to show homoeopathic effects when merely placed on a sheet of paper with the name of the remedy. The paper will then transfer its information to the water. Some methods typically applied in this spectrum are Harmopathy, New Homoeopathy according to Erich Körbler, Seghal's method, Herscue's method, process-oriented homoeopathy, quantum logical homoeopathy, creative homoeopathy, impulse homoeopathy, Similis cards, Silent Healing or the Sankaran method (also called "Bombay method" or "systematic homoeopathy"). Tele-homoeopathy is another variant of homoeopathy whose inventor claims it was effective as a remote treatment via internet (e-mail or Skype) or via telephone.<br />
*Homoeosiniatry is a method combining the elements of homoeopathy and traditional Chinese medicine. Both acupuncture and homoeopathic remedies are being applied.<br />
*Digital homoeopathy as an alternative expression for Holopathy.<br />
*[[Banerji protocol]]-method<br />
*C4-Homoeopathy<br />
*"resonance healing" according to Peter Chappell<br />
<br />
Electro-homoeopathy is no homoeopathic method with which it only shares the name, but refers to a variant of spagyrics. Some electrically operated equipment for diagnostics or therapy will be connected to homoeopathy by their inventors and suppliers. Cem Tech, Transmaterial Catalyst or Wave Transfer are some examples of such devices.<br />
<br />
In accordance with the patients to be treated, there is a homoeopathy aiming at curing human beings, but also animal and plant homoeopathy. Plant homoeopathy comprises methods influencing plant growth with homoeopathic products (e.g. a product named Biplantol).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Hering's Law of Cure==<br />
A so-called [[Hering's Law]] of cure was suggested by Constantin Hering, a Saxonian supporter of Hahnemann in the 19th century. Hering believed a recovery happened when an extinction of symptoms was effected in the following directions: <br />
*from inside to the outside<br />
*from above to below<br />
*from now to earlier<br />
<br />
==No scientific basis==<br />
After some 200&nbsp;years of research of homoeopaths and non-homoeopaths, no scientific proof of an efficacy of homoeopathy - beyond the placebo effect - has been established, and mechanism of actions postulated are classified as disproven today. According to the present level of knowledge, homoeopathy must be seen as a placebo therapy which, however, does not mean it is completey ineffective. One can indeed assume that, particularly given a charismatic therapist and a corresponding therapeutic ritual, it can achieve an effect with corresponding patients compared to no treatment (i.e. inactivity). <br />
Dangers may result from homoeopathy when homoeopath and patient will overestimate the placebo effects and thus refrain from treatments with reproducible proof of efficacy beyond the placebo effect.<br />
<br />
The following aspects speak against homoeopathy: there is no evidence of efficacy, the pseudo-scientific dogmatic character of homoeopathy schools (which are actually orthodox medical practitioners), the complete lack of prevention of disease as well as inherent contradictions like the irreproducible cinchona experiment to which Hahnemann refers alternatively. Homoeopaths do not like to tell how long a therapy shall be carried out. From a chemical scientific point of view the method of potentialization (which rather is a dilution) cannot be accomodated to reality.<br />
<br />
An alleged lack of side effects is often mentioned as an argument speaking for homoeopathy. It is being argued that hardly any side effects are to be expected from strong dilutions. This argument, however, contradicts the assumption that dilution increases the effect of a substance and thus must be seen as an inherent contradiction of homoeopathy. Another argument in favour of homoeopathy often voiced is the strengthening of human abilities of self-healing. Supporters have, as of yet, failed to provide any respective evidence.<br />
<br />
Contrary to frequent views of homoeopathy offering a holistic treatment, this alternative form of medical treatment must be considered as a symptom-based therapy exclusively based on symptoms discernible to and described by the patient. The aetiology of diseases (cause study) is vastly ignored.<br />
<br />
Hahnemann and modern homoeopaths base their theories on healing laws which include the concept that homoeopathic therapies were healing a human being from top to bottom and from inside to outside, beginning with the latest symptom. Such ideas are not based on any models of biology or disease.<br />
<br />
The Medical Faculty of Marburg University, in magazine Ärzteblatt dated March&nbsp;3, 1993, declared homoeopathy a false doctrine: Its mechanism of action was a deception of the patient, enforced by self-deception on the part of the therapist.<br />
<br />
==Pseudo-scientific explanatory approaches==<br />
From a scientific view, homoeopathy is not plausible:It contradicts logic, the laws of nature, and medical knowledge past and present. High potencies of D23 or C12 or more do not contain any molecule of raw material. How are drops supposed to work which only consist of solvents? There is no water memory which could assimilate "information".<br />
<br />
Within the framework of scientific medicine, it is not reasonable to explain the functionality of methods which are not in a position to prove their efficacy. Any exploration of mechanisms of action in homoeopathy are not reasonable as long as there is no indication of homoeopathy having any efficacy in the first place. Therefore, all attempts at explaining homoeopathy are scientifically unfounded and must be classified as pseudo-science.<br />
<br />
This, however, does not prevent homoeopaths from devising mechanisms of action regarding homoeopathy, nor from publishing these. The range covered spans from animist concepts of animated matter in which dilution will release the positive spirits (or vibrations) of substances to a pseudo-scientific re-interpretation of quantum mechanic and nuclear physical concepts (cf. quantum mysticism). Contemporary homoeopaths and supporters of homoeopathy often refer to quantum mechanics in physics in order to explain the alleged effects of homoeopathic remedies. Quantum effects, however, only matter on a subatomic and perhaps probably on an atomic level. They are not relevant for the macroscopic world or for biological systems like virus, individual cells or upwards. Two persons often mentioned in this context are Anton Zeilinger, a quantum physicist from Vienna, and psychologist Harald Walach, a professor at European University Viadrina in Frankfort.<br />
<br />
An alleged water memory, which Jacques Benveniste imagined to have detected, is often cited as evidence. It has been evident since 1995 at the latest that Benvenistes results are not reproducible. Still the claim is maintained that high dilutions contained information, although neither an information carrier nor a code can be conceived. Therefore, it does not come as a surprise that also the most recent "evidence" employing rat intestines, celebrated as a breakthrough, was finally proven wrong and proved to be untenable. An extensive appreciation of this pseudo-research at Leipzig University may be found here: '''add source'''[4]. Whatever information the structure of water is supposed to contain according to the concept of its supporters, it additionally needed to be transferred to the sugar pills on which the drop of homoeopathic water is applied. Water memory would have to "survive" ingestion and absorption by the gastrointestinal system, as well as transport to the body tissues by blood. Biologists have neither found a "water memory" nor discovered homoeopathic signals or receptors, nor anything which plausibly was in a position to serve as a receptor for water structures.<br />
<br />
Diluted water, too, is being offered as a homoeopathic remedy (1&nbsp;gram of diluted water costs about 1&nbsp;pound, see illustration on the right), rendering the concept just as dubious as the assertions of some homoeopaths that remedies placed beneath the pillow or carried on the body were also able to take an effect.<br />
<br />
==Dangers of Homoeopathy==<br />
As scientific article and media have established repeatedly, homoeopathic remedies are not free of risks. Homoeopathic cures may, for instance, relay the application of adequate efficient therapies, or may prevent their use completely.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathy and malaria prophylaxis and anti-tick globules==<br />
It has been repeatedly observed in Germany that homoeopaths will use a remedy by the name of "Malaria&nbsp;2000", using it as a prophylactic with patients who intend to enter countries where malaria happens to be endemic. On quite a regular basis, hospitals will treat patients suffering from malaria who report to have done a prophylaxis with this remedy but contracted the disease all the same. There was at least one fatal case in which a patient died after having undergone a prophylaxis with Malaria 2000.<br />
<br />
On its website, a public radio station in Bavaria quotes the Munich Institute for Tropical Diseases which established several fatalities of persons having relied on a homoeopathic malaria prophylaxis. In publications, the Drug Commissions of Pharmacists and the German Medical Association explicitly cautioned against such homoeopathic malaria prophylaxes: Already on March 19, 1998, the Drug Commission of Pharmacists cautioned against a homoeopathic malaria prophylaxis. It is explicitly pointed out that malaria is a serious and in some cases life-threatening medical condition which "may not be met by non-specific homoeopathic remedies with which patients believe to be able to acquire an increased immunity towards malaria pathogens. There are cases on record in scientific literature in which such a "prophylaxis" failed. We therefore strongly advise against dispensing homoeopathic remedies for malaria prophylaxis". The warning issued by the Drug Commission of German Medical Doctors (AMK), published in German Medical News issue no. 95 dated August 19, 1998, is even more explicit and insistent. AMK refers to the homoeopathic malaria prophylaxis provided by one particular company, writing: [...] Practising physicians prescribing homoeopathic malaria prophylaxes to patients will face consequences under professional codes of practice and will be prosecuted criminally. Malaria is a serious disease which may be life-threatening, [...] Due to acute dangers for patients relying on the homoeopathic remedy received, AMK views this as malpractice and, to protect patients, strictly advises against prescribing such remedies. <br />
<br />
On the other hand, disease prophylaxis per se is controversial within the homoeopathy scene, since no homoeopathic remedies can be found in the absence of recognizable symptoms. Such malaria prophylaxes also emerged in England, causing British NHS to suspend payments to homoeopathic facilities in 2008. <br />
<br />
So-called anti-tick globules to prevent Lyme disease - in a natural way, as an Arnsberg pharmacy advises sub rosa - must be seen in a similarly critical way. The pharmacy claims to have developed a particular mixture in cooperation with a manufacturer of homoeopathics; the mixture contains nosodes which are supposed to be a homoeopathic equivalent to vaccination. There is an explicit reference to diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. The globules are said to additionally contain ledum palustre (Marsh Labrador tea) which is supposed to effect changes in body odour and thus protect patients.<br />
<br />
The application of homoeopathic Spenglersan Kolloid M remedies for malaria prophylaxis documentedly was not in a position to prevent malaria. Swedish doctors published case reports and cautioned.<br />
<br />
In 2009, the World Health Organization WHO explicitly warned against homoeopathy as a treatment option for malaria, HIV infection, tuberculosis, influenza, and diarrhoea in children.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathic Antidots==<br />
Supporters of homoeopathy are afraid of apparently unwelcome effects of their therapies, particularly in terms of a too intense initial worsening following a homoeopathic medication. In such cases, so-called homoeopathic antidotes may be applied. For this purpose patients are advised it was sufficient to render the remedy ineffective simply by ingesting [...] some strong coffee or taking smells at camphor (tiger balm, Vic-vapo-rup...) [...].<br />
<br />
According to so-called women's magazine "FÜR SIE" (i.e. "for her"), mobile phones "impaired" the efficacy of homoeopathic remedies. Before ingesting such a remedy, mobile phones therefore should be put aside. Similarly, electromagnetic fields of radio alarm clocks, computers, and microwave ovens may impair the efficacy of remedies.<br />
<br />
==History of Homoeopathy==<br />
At the time of its emerge, homoeopathy must be conceded quite "scientific" a character, in accordance with definitions valid at that time. After all, Hahnemann proceeded empirically, checking theses in self-experiments. <br />
Due to the increase in knowledge occured since, this theory appears interesting merely from a medico-historical point of view. Due to the lack of evidence regarding efficacy, homoeopathy cannot be regarded as a serious medical method. At Hahnemann's times, neither clinical thermometers had been invented nor had knowledge of bacteria been acquired, instead there were weird explanations (e.g. miasma theories of pathogenic vapours emanating from the soil), so Hahnemann's model must be seen as quite sensible from a historical point of view. From today's view, after more than two centuries of an enormous gain in knowledge, one can assume that even Hahnemann, given today's knowledge, felt inclined to ridicule his apologists. Thus homoeopathy was fiercely criticized already more than 100&nbsp;years ago (see links). The law of similars does not go back to Hahnemann; analogical concepts already existed prior to Hahnemann (e.g. in England).<br />
<br />
It is furthermore remarkable that some of the recommendations given in Hahnemann's Organon are not being propagated broadly any longer, such as applying hot turpentine to scaldings. While Hahnemann's teachings thus are, quite appropriately, partly rejected as outdated and unfounded, particulary with treatments showing immediate effect or failure, other parts of his teachings are still being marketed profitably, in particular those allowing for a placebo effect.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathic doctors in Europe==<br />
Approximately 5,000&nbsp;doctors are said to have acquired a qualification as a homoeopath in Germany. Netzzeitung (an online paper) says that presently about 1 in every 40&nbsp;doctors hold additional qualifications in "homoeopathy" in Germany. According to ECHAMP, about 2.5% of doctors in Germany, 8.3% in Italy, and 14% in Slovakia have a qualification in "homoeopathy". On the other hand, this quota is below 0.03% in Sweden, where only ten of almost 30,000 have an additional homoeopathic qualification. <br />
<br />
Throughout Europe, 56,000&nbsp;doctors were holding respective qualifications. An acceptance of homoeopathy so glaringly different in two industrialized nations like Germany and Sweden with a comparable health status indicates, on the one hand, that homoeopathy may be seen as dispensable without difficulty and without causing a relevant effect on a population's health. On the other hand it shows that the popularity of homoeopathy is not as much connected to scientific arguments or a probable efficacy, but rather to Weltanschauung, prejudice or tradition, since conclusive scientific arguments and proof of efficacy supporting the implementation of homoeopathy would have also convinced Swedish physicians.<br />
<br />
==The business with homeopathics==<br />
Germany and France are the most important markets for both homoeopathic and anthroposophic-homoeopathic remedies in Europe. Almost 60% of all medicines of these therapy concepts produced in Europe were sold in these two countries '''add source'''[27], with a Europe-wide increase of 60% between 1995 and 2005. German sales saw a turnover plus amounting to 80%, while figures in France increased by 300%. Europe-wide sales volumes amount to 1.7&nbsp;billion Euros, about 7% of all non-prescription drugs. In 2005, produce revenues amounted to approx. 930&nbsp;million Euros, with 810&nbsp;million Euros thereof for medicine.<br />
<br />
Measured by producer's prices, about 268&nbsp;million Euros of the EU sales were effected in Germany, and 294&nbsp;million Euros in France. According to information from weekly periodical "Der Spiegel", sales volumes for homoeopathic remedies amounted to 400&nbsp;million Euros in 2009. According to information from Federal Association of Pharmaceutical Industry, statutory health insurance companies paid 9&nbsp;million Euros for homoeopathic remedies. However, follow-up costs incurring due to ineffective homoeopathic therapies are not included in this figure. Costs for homoeopathic first and follow-up anamneses are not included, either, since these usually have to be paid by patients.<br />
<br />
In Germany, German Homoeopathic Union (DHU) are the leading providers. This corporation with more than 400 employees emerged from Schwabe company founded in 1961. <br />
<br />
The most commonly used homeopathic in the USA is Oscilococcinum C200. This remedy also goes by the name of "20&nbsp;million canard". Annual turnover for this product adds up to 20&nbsp;million dollars. The remedy is produced from duck liver, but the complete sales volume does not need more than one single liver - with considerable left-overs remaining from this one piece: A dilution of C200 means a liver to solution ratio of 1&nbsp;to&nbsp;10 and 400&nbsp;ciphers.<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathy is financially interesting for doctors==<br />
It is getting more and more attractive for physicians to bill health funds for homoeopathic services, as German medical journal Ärztezeitung already reported in 2007. Commission includes amounts of € 90 for a first anamnesis, € 20 for repertorisations, € 20 for analysis, and € 45 for follow-up anamneses. For the same amount of € 175, medical specialists will treat five "conventional" patients for three months, regardless how often these patients will consult them. Social health insurance patients were able to claim homoeopathic services in case of such forms of disease "in which a cure or palliation may be expected from a specific therapeutical response of self-healing powers still potentially available".<br />
<br />
==Homoeopathy and controversial measles parties==<br />
As became known in 2005, supporters of homoeopathy do not reject so-called measles parties in general. A respective newspaper article said: Homoeopathic doctors do not reject "measles parties" in general. Considering possible side effects of vaccination against the risks of a disease, an infection caused deliberately was "worth considering" at an age between about three and eight years, Munich paediatrician Dr.&nbsp;Steffen Rabe commented.<br />
<br />
It was a result of vaccinating campaigns that more infants and adults fall ill during outbreaks of measles today, compared with earlier times. However, these persons have a ten times higher risk of developing complications like e.g. meningitis, Rabe explained. "The increase in measles infections in infants is a direct consequence of vaccination policies", Rabe said. According to his view, the final decision regarding a participation of a child in any "measles party" rested with its parents.<br />
<br />
In case of an infection with measles, the paediatrician recommends a complete abstinence of antipyretics, since these probably increased the risk of complications. "The patient rather needs rest." In many cases, the illness responded well to a treatment with classic homoeopathy.<br />
<br />
==Studies on homoeopathy==<br />
===The early studies===<br />
In Hahnemann's lifetime already, his teachings were controversial and caused lively discussions, and the first tests of homeopathics proceeded negatively. Repetitions of Hahnemann's original "medicine tests" could not confirm his specifications. The famous cinchona experiment the teachings are based on was a misapprehension: Although cinchona reduces the body temperature, Hahnemann felt feverish after ingesting it. Possibly this was due to an allergic reaction. The non-blinded "drug examinations", which do not exclude a possible placebo effect by facilitating a comparison to a fake medication, are not acceptable scientifically, either.<br />
<br />
In 1835, the first double-blind drug study took place. The same year, Georg Löhner, a theologian and editor, published test results which he had obtained in cooperation with physicians, pharmacists, and further dignitaries in the town of Nuremberg. They examined 55 volunteers and did not establish any effect of homoeopathic dilution. This publication was met with fierce and polemic resistance by homoeopathic magazines of that time, e.g. by "Hygea - central organ for the homoeopathic or specific art of healing".<br />
<br />
===Homoeopathy studies in the time of National Socialism===<br />
Further studies of homoeopathy took place in the times of National Socialism. The regime intended a reorientation of public health care, the "new German medicine". Additionally, National Socialist circles voiced increasing criticisms of what they perceived as "Jewish medicine". Drug studies were done at different homoeopathic hospitals by the state health office (Reichsgesundheitsamt - RGA) between 1936 and 1939, much of them placebo checked. They aimed at investigating the reliability of previous drug studies, and also the valence of "pharmacologic images" based on them. Members of this study group were homoeopath Hanns Rabe (1890-1959), internal specialist Werner Siebert (1897-1951), and professors of pharmacology Gustav Kuschinsky (1904-1992) and Richard Bonsmann. Also significantly involved in these test was doctor and homoeopath Fritz Donner (1896-1979), then working in Berlin at the homoeopathic ward of Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital. Donner's voluminous records of RGA investigations became known as Donner Report on Homoeopathy, and the original copy is available at the "Homoeopathic Archives" of the Institute of Medical History of Robert Bosch Foundations in Stuttgart today.<br />
<br />
These goverment-sponsored studies, however, had no positive results for homoeopathy. As one example, double-blinded experiments were carried out regarding Silicea C30. Their results: Verum and placebo caused exactly the same number of symptoms. The homoeopaths participating were not able to distinguish verum from placebo.<br />
<br />
More clinical studies were effected in Robert-Koch-Hospital in Berlin in 1938/39, again presenting negative results. Rabe, a homoeopath, reacted to them assuming that [...] homoeopathy [is] no pharmaco-therapeutic method as has been contended as of yet, but a form of psychotherapy [...]. In a protocol, Fritz Donner wrote: One would have to reply truthfully that nothing came out of the drug studies, and that, during the clinical studies, there was no single case in which a patient showed a respective reaction whatsoever indicating a therapeutic effect of the remedies applied. <br />
<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the official announcement disclosed that certain difficulties had manifested so that it was necessary to restart. Further research, however, was prevent by the war. Donner was far more outspoken later on during the 1960ies: He called the study a complete fiasco for homoeopathy.<br />
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<div>German wiki</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Focardi-Rossi_Energy-Catalyzer&diff=2121Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer2012-03-20T19:29:28Z<p>Heimdall: Updated translation</p>
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<div>[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1&nbsp;l/h)|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture: TV channel "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:John_Michell_Ecat.jpg|Planned book of a John Michell: Rossi's eCcat - Free Energy, Free Money, Free People. (Xecnet Verlag <ref>From the advertising: ''Featured Book<br />
<br />
Our featured book is John Michell's new book Rossi's eCat - Free Energy,<br />
Free Money, Free People.<br />
<br />
Out Now!<br />
<br />
2011 – And an amazing technology has been developed in Italy which has been<br />
described as the greatest scientific discovery of all human history.<br />
<br />
Although shunned by most mainstream media - an army of enthusiasts have<br />
created websites, blogs, forums and videos discussing every stage of its<br />
development – while thousands are following this discovery on social<br />
networks.<br />
<br />
For the first time in human history - energy – heat and power - have been<br />
produced in abundant quantities at an insignificant cost without pollution.<br />
For the first time energy can be obtained cleanly and cheaply without<br />
burning fossil fuels, without nuclear power and without renewables –<br />
genuinely portable, free, green energy.<br />
<br />
Rossi’s eCat tells the story of how this energy source was discovered,<br />
developed by inventor Andrea Rossi, how it challenges modern science and<br />
what the consequences for mankind could be. This is a discovery which<br />
heralds nothing less than the start of a new era – the year 0 PR<br />
(Post-Rossi).''</ref>)|thumb]]<br />
The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor that was planned to be marketed in 2011. Commercial launch was postponed several times. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref> which, at strong heat, led to the creation of copper. Rossi's 2011 demonstrations were criticized by various sources and several alternative explantations for the alleged effects were found. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation typical for fusion processes could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref>, and there is no proof of the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion" suffered from several methodic shortcomings and displayed contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature regarding the "energy-catalyzer" is not available (as of March 2012).<br />
<br />
In March 2011, a Greek business journal titled „Investor's World“ reported the concept was central to a speculative investment deal worth several hundred million Euro. Greek startup "Defkalion is offering state licenses for commercialization of the invention at a price of 40.5 million Euros per country since July 2011.<ref>July 6th, 2011<br>Dear interested party,<br>You have received this email because you have shown an initial interest for commercial involvement with our company and our products based on Andrea Rossi’s e-Cat invention (exothermic reaction between Hydrogen and Nickel). Many have signed non disclosure agreements with us and others are in the process of doing so. We offer you the possibility to meet with us prior to our public announcement that we accept international expressions of interest through our website as of September 2011.<br>As such, this letter will update you on our current status, and provide you with a clearer understanding of the structure with which we are proceeding for all international partnerships. As many of you know, the manner is the same globally.<br>Regarding exclusivity, having received expressions of interest from 63 countries and more than 850 companies, we decided to change our non-exclusivity approach so that due diligence and selection of multiple partners in any given country is the responsibility off the country rights holder. As such, we will only sign agreements with one company per country. Any additional factories will pass through this partner.<br>--- ---<br>Regarding our international sales approach, it is as follows:<br />
We sell the rights to manufacture our products exclusively to one company for a given country at a fixed royalty price of 40.5 million Euros per factory producing 300,000 units annually. Within this price, we will:<br><br />
o Provide the blueprints to establish the factory according to our international standardized plans, including all details for the machinery / software / technical know-how used in the factory.<br />
o Provide transfer-of-knowledge (production, technical, after sales, maintenance) both in Greece as well as on location <br />
Additional royalties are paid to us for each product sold<br />
We sell and deliver the industrial secret as a component to the final product in a black box, plug-and-play module.<br />
Local company partnerships, marketing, points of sales, technical support remains the responsibility of the country rights holder.<br />
If additional factories need to be built, the same principles remain.<br />
Our business and pricing is structured to create lucrative win-win opportunities for all.<br><br />
<br />
Regarding time-line and milestones for those interested to proceed in talks:<br />
Initial meeting in Athens during July and August (except 14-20 July and 10-20<br />
August) to discuss and sign preliminary expression of interest contract, whereby the opportunity to secure the exclusive rights will be given.<br><br />
Meeting in our factory during October to inspect and verify kW units<br />
Meeting in our factory during December to inspect and verify MW units<br><br />
--- ---<br />
Regarding next steps, and based on the information provided herein, if you<br />
See opportunities that match your company’s capabilities, and if you believe<br />
your company qualifies to proceed with further talks, we welcome your reply to this email<br />
accordingly in order to:<br><br />
Signing of a non disclosure confidentiality agreement sent by us upon<br />
request<br />
Secure a date for a meeting in Athens during July or August<br />
The abovementioned initial meeting in our offices here in Athens should not<br />
last more than 3-5 hours. Appointments will be set according to availability. As<br />
mentioned above, these meetings will take place during July (excluding above dates).<br><br />
--- ---<br />
Regarding factory specs, below is some basic information regarding the overview of the factory requirements according to our standards. Many of you will have already seen these figures; nothing has changed:<br><br />
Larger and smaller factories can be negotiated according to markets. Basic<br />
aspects of each factory producing 300,000 units annually (kW and MW product ranges)<br />
are:<br><br />
12,000m2 space (maximum height of 14 meters for half of the allocated<br />
space)<br />
IT to monitor production line, 1st level support and distribution channels<br />
Assembly of products will include the following activities:<br />
Build-up of final product (electronics, heat management, etc)<br />
Assembly of reactors (purchased from Defkalion)<br />
Quality Control<br />
Total Quality Management<br />
Environmental Control<br />
Stress Tests<br />
Functional Tests of end products<br />
Recharging of units<br />
Recycling procedures<br><br />
<br />
Factory Special Conditions:<br><br />
Clear air similar to pharmaceutical industry standards<br />
Access to constant flow of water<br />
Heat management of waste heat during tests of modules (this heat energy<br />
could also be used to run the factory’s energy needs with third party technology)<br><br />
--- ---<br />
Regarding R&D, it is also the case that some of you seek partnerships in the<br />
field of R&D. Such interest is seen favorably, but will be dealt with under<br />
case-by-case assessment following a detailed expression of interest. Please note that<br />
such talks will take place after October 2011.<br><br />
--- ---<br />
We would like to reiterate that this communication is made and provided to<br />
you prior to our international announcement in light of your early participation in<br />
this exciting endeavor. As of September we shall be open to the world at-large through our<br />
new website, which, to date, has received nearly 2 million hits since June 23rd.<br />
We look forward to hearing from you accordingly, and look forward to<br />
welcoming you in Greece soon. You can use the same email (i...@defkalion-energy.com) for<br />
your replies.<br><br />
Sincerely,<br />
Symeon Tsalikoglou<br />
Director Business Development & Marketing<br />
Defkalion Green Technologies<br />
</ref> However, in August Rossi ended the just weeks old association. <br />
<br />
Inventor Rossi, having got in conflict with the law previously, had also supplied thermoelectrical elements of an alleged miraculous efficiency which, however, displayed merely average properties when tested.<br />
<br />
The actual inventor of the principle was Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989 who filed patent applications in 1995 and 2010.<ref>Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion''. Patent EP 0767962 B1, 1995. [https://data.epo.org/publication-server/pdf-document?PN=EP0767962%20EP%200767962&iDocId=4823352&iepatch=.pdf]</ref><ref>WO 2010058288 A1: METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27. Erfinder: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO</ref> Rossi, who also attempts to have his invention patented, does not acknowledge priority and importance of Piantelli's patents: ''"My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not."'' Piantelli's patent expert commented in May 2011 that Rossi had no chance to have the functional principle patented since Piantelli already held a patent on it since 1995.<ref>Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 May 3, 2011</ref> Meanwhile, Piantelli has founded the Italian company NichEnergy S.R.L. which is developing a reactor similar to Rossi's.<br />
<br />
Some aspects of the claimed functional principle also happen to be similar to descriptions in a patent registered by Yoshiaki Arata in Japan dated July 2005 (see below). A remote similarity to the [[CETI Patterson Power Cell]] and to the [[Zirconium fusion reactor of Bolotov]] can also be established.<br />
<br />
==Purported functional principle==<br />
[[image:Ecat3.jpg|Power control and main switch|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:FAE3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and the reactor (demonstration dd. January 14, 2011, Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ecat4.jpg|Heating power can be selected in steps: 0...9|left|thumb]] <br />
[[image:Rossi_Ecat2.jpg|Several "E-cat" stripped of shielding and insulation. The heating element is clearly a "Rotfil S21" (Image: Giuseppe Levi)|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ecat5.jpg|Power control|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi_Ecat.jpg|Outside view of reaction chamber, lead shielding and insulation removed. Below: Outer heating resistor (here: heating sleeve 300W), above: hydrogen intake, left and right: cooling water line. Image: Giuseppe Levi|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_control_box.jpg|The "control box" with 12 phase fired controllers of the type "VL676" from company GSEI in Genoa (Genova)<ref>http://www.gsei.it/attachs/P020_01.pdf</ref> (Image: S.B. Krivit)|300px|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Hydrogen.jpg|Hydrogen pressure indicator|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Heizmanschette.jpg|Typical heating sleeve|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ultramax.jpg|Typical elements of the "Ultramax cartridge heater" (company Rotfil)(Image: [http://www.rotfil.com/public/downloads/PDF-CAR-017-E.pdf])|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi6.jpg|Claims of cheap nickel isotope enrichment as part of the invention (Screenshot: Blog "Journal of nuclear physics", April 11, 2011)|350px|thumb]]<br />
All data currently available regarding the "Focardi-Rossi Energy Catalyzer" come from inventors and their internet blog, from a patent application submitted by Rossi, from YouTube videos, and from statements of the few physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There has been no noteworthy reception on the part of the international physics community so far. An attempt of inventors to publish an article on their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only individual physicists reacted with public blog entries and comments (e.g.: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/][http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf][http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html]). The most renowned person having commented the energy catalyzer so far is English Nobel Prize winner Brian Josephson<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAJnZZi41YA&feature=youtu.be</ref>. Josephson has been known for a supporter of so called "cold fusion" for years. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Focardi and Rossi publish statements in their own "online periodical" titled "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an internet blog, and in Italian journal "Il&nbsp;Cimento". Upon inquiry, physicist Focardi advised the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded by Rossi since publication in accredited journals failed. Focardi stated that [http://arxiv.org "arXiv.org"] was the journal which rejected them: ''A. Carnera, S. Focardi, A. Rossi, to be published on Arxiv.''.<br />
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Rossi's company EON&nbsp;Srl and "Leonardocorp." did not provide further information so far.<br />
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According to – partly contradictory - information available from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor allegedly enables exothermal fusion. They claim they managed to "produce" 130&nbsp;kW thermal energy in an extreme case, and needed just 80 to 1,250&nbsp;Watts to "pre-heat" respectively to operate the electronic control system.<br />
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The process - disclosed only partially, although a patent application was filed (not approved as of April 2011) - involves nickel and hydrogen gas transformed to copper in the presence of an unknown catalyst under emission of heat and ionizing radiation. The fusion process is said to happen in a stainless steel reactor vessel which is placed inside of a copper pipe through which cooling water flows. The patent application claims the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3.6% of natural nickel) reacted with hydrogen and was transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. In his blog, Rossi claims he uses nickel isotope enrichment to get the desired amount of nickel isotopes. To be more precise, he claims to use an unexplained process to achieve enrichment with isotope Ni58.<ref>Citation from JONP Blog:<br />
Daniel de França MTd2 <br />
April 29th, 2011 at 2:09 PM <br />
Dr Mr. Rossi, <br />
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Concerning the Nickel input in the experiment, do you deplete it of Ni58? <br />
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Best, <br />
<br />
Daniel. <br />
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Andrea Rossi <br />
April 29th, 2011 at 2:47 PM <br />
Dear Mr Daniel De Francia: <br />
Yes <br />
Warm regards, <br />
A.R.</ref> The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in the emission of strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", in answering an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref><br><br><br />
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While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10&nbsp;µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application, are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – allegedly was not used. According to the patent application, an inner water circuit (with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor, heat is transferred to an external water circuit by a heat exchanger.<br />
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By heating with electrical energy, protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms at 180-400&nbsp;degrees Celsius and lead to a nuclear reaction if pressure was increased strongly at regular intervals. Altogether, hydrogen is said to be consumed and some helium is generated.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The nickel rod is said to show tiny surface craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating will be turned off automatically by a thermostat when a certain operating temperature is achieved. Further electrical energy (20&nbsp;to 80&nbsp;W) was only necessary to supply control electronics. The modules controlling the heating resistors are 12 phase fired controllers of the type VL676 from company GSEI in Genoa (Genova)<ref>http://www.gsei.it/attachs/P020_01.pdf</ref> They can be, depending on type, regulated by 10 or 20 A in 20 half-steps (0..9) and have a consumption of 2 watts (in sum 24 W) from a 24 V voltage source. Internet rumours which cannot be verified claim that high voltage or a magnetic field of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be applied. The application of so high a voltage is not possible within such a small device due to spark generation.<br />
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Inventors also claim the mentioned "fusion" generates weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+ corpuscular radiation with positrons (known from potassium&nbsp;40-decay). They also claim they do not know the exact functional principle. The actual reaction chamber is estimated at a volume of about one litre and shielded by a layer of 2 cms of lead. In their patent application, inventors claim:<br />
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:''The above mentioned coatings are so designed as to restrain all radiation emitted by the exothermal reaction and transform said radiation into thermal energy.''<br />
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A contribution in their blog speculatively connects the Focardi Rossi Energy Amplifier to the [[hydrino]] theory of American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel, too.<ref>[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=338 E. Stremmenos: Hydrogen/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism. Journal of nuclear physics, 12.12.2010]</ref> Mills is said to work with hydrogen and nickel, too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim so-called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) were taking place. The term LENR is not known to professional journals and such fusion processes have not been proven as of yet.<br />
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Further internet speculations assume this was a normal chemical reaction which apparently remained unknown to inventors and which was usually applied in the purification of nickel ores: the "Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref>, which is accompanied by a heat release, but is a conventional chemical reaction. The evidence of copper thus may be explained by the fact that available nickel often contains copper contaminations.<br />
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Looking for possible heat sources, [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28chemistry%29 absorption]] of hydrogen in nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.<br />
===The energy catalyzer and the Widom Larsen theory===<br />
In 2011, cold fusion supporters repeatedly voiced speculations that the functional principle of Rossi's energy catalyzer was connected to a theory which is not recognized by scientific physics, the [[Widom Larsen theory]], in which the Coulomb barrier played no role. On inquiry, Andrea Rossi explained this theory was not necessary to explain the functional principle. The theory was formulated in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen and published in "Eur. Phys. J. C"<ref>"Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces," Eur. Phys. J. C, 46: 107–111. (2006)</ref> ([http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0505026 Full Text]). According to this theory, the "cold fusion" processes discussed are not actual fusion but interactions in which [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction weak nuclear force] plays a role. This theory claims electrons and protons were able to tansform to „ultra low momentum“ neutrons and one neutrino (e- + p ->n + neutrino). The Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons are said to bond to adjacent nuclei after a short time. The Widom-Larsen theory should avoid the problem of the ''"Three Miracles of Cold Fusion"'' of Huizenga - 1993 (the lack of measurable neutron radiation, avoidance of the Coulomb barrier, and the lack of high-energy gamma rays) due to purported compliance with established physical laws. Reactions involving the weak interaction are mediated by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-Boson W bosons] which could be demonstrated experimentally in 1983 with the particle accelerator (CERN). W-bosons have roughly 80 times the mass of protons and a very short range.<br><br><br />
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===The mysterious catalyst===<br />
Inventors claim the high thermal output of the energy catalyzers is the result of a special catalyst whose composition is kept secret. In scientific nuclear physics, contrary to classic physics, the use of a catalyst in fusion processes is unknown.<br />
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Unverifiable internet rumours speculate it might be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in Rossi's laboratories were caused by "Raney-Nickel". Upon inquiry, Rossi stated that no Raney-Nickel was used. Focardi stated he was not aware of the composition of the catalyst himself, since only Rossi knew it. In a radio interview dated March 6, 2011, Focardi offered some speculations about the compound. He believes it was a chemical compound, not an element. It was not uranium. The obvious purpose of the substance was to catalyse the transformation of heated hydrogen gas (H2) into atomic hydrogen (a discussion of possible catalysts for this purpose can be found in a paper by Romanowski from 1999<ref>S. Romanowski, W. M. Bartczak, R. Wesołkowski: ''Density Functional Calculations of the Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metals and Their Alloys. An Application to Catalysis'', (3.8.1999), Langmuir, 1999, 15 (18), Seiten 5773–5780 - DOI: 10.1021/la981339q [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la981339q]</ref>). To complicate the identification of the catalyst, observers were prohibited to do a spectral analysis of possible gamma radiation, since it might allow the identification of elements of the compound.<br />
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===Deactivation===<br />
In his report on the experiment dated March 29, 2011, Professor Sven Kullander wrote the reaction was stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water flow to a maximum of 30 litres per hour. This contradicts previous claims that the heater would be turned off when operating temperature was achieved. The red wire in the picture to the right (cm&nbsp;31&nbsp;-&nbsp;34) apparently is the heater supply. With a cable this thick it is possible to power the heater with 220&nbsp;volt/10&nbsp;amp from a regular wall outlet, which could provide 2,200&nbsp;Watts and explain the generation of steam.<br />
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Prof. Kullander also writes the heater acts as „safety“: ''"At the end of the horizontal section there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and also to act as a safety if the heat evolution should get out of control."'' Quite apparently, a heater cannot act as a safeguard for a heat generating process.<ref name="Report_Kullander" /><br />
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==The self-destruction mechanism==<br />
According to Rossi, future commercial „energy catalyzers“ will include a self-destruction mechanism. Any attempts to inspect the secret operating mechanism and internal components of reactors thus were prevented.<ref>Andrea Rossi<br>June 6th, 2011 at 2:38 PM<br>Dear Greg:<br>Good point.<br />
This is why we are very conservative regarding the sale of single modules. We are engineering a system that will destroy automatically the confidential parts if the reactor is open. The reactors will be open only in our factory to replace the charge. This is why we want not to replace the charges on site.<br>Warm regards,<br>A.R.<br><br>Andrea Rossi<br>June 2nd, 2011 at 8:01 AM<br>Dear Mr Riccardo:<br>I think that the household targeted items will arrive later. We have to resolve the problem to make them self-destructive in case of opening the reactors. Otherwise, with few thousands of dollars anybody has access to the confidential aspects of the technology. In industrial plants this issue is more easy to afford and has been resolved.<br />
Warm Regards,<br>A.R.<br><br>Andrea Rossi<br>June 6th, 2011 at 4:50 PM<br><br />
Dear Greg:<br>Defkalion, I suppose, will not sell modules until the protection issue will not be resolved.<br>Warm regards,<br>A.R.</ref><br />
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==Claims on practical application and success==<br />
[[image:FAE1.jpg|Input and output of the reactor according to inventors<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi: ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion.'', Journal of Nuclear Physics. [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf]</ref>|400px|thumb]]<br />
According to Focardi and Rossi, they achieved increasing heat quantities with their device over the years. They claim one nickel rod was sufficient for six months of operations. Rossi, in his patent specification, anecdotally reports he was heating his company's bureaus with this reactor which resulted in some 90% savings regarding electricity bills over a period of six months:<br />
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:''A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October&nbsp;16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24&nbsp;hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi&nbsp;18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."''<br />
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A "kW-module" allegedly runs in his "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008. <br />
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==Details regarding nickel consumption and costs==<br />
According to Rossi, 100&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder were consumed over a period of six months at 10&nbsp;kW (therm.) output. The cost for the "fuel" thus amounted to 2&nbsp;Euro.<ref>Nyteknik-Chat 12.03.2011, [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3124295.ece]</ref> An E-cat will cost about 2,000&nbsp;Euro per kW output (a 10&nbsp;kW-model thus will amount to 20,000&nbsp;Euro). In the North American radio chat show "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", known for propagating [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]], Rossi said in March 2011 his planned 1&nbsp;MW small power station will cost 2&nbsp;million Dollars, while his 10&nbsp;kW E-Cat later will cost a mere 5,000&nbsp;Dollars.<ref>Interview with Andrea Rossi, Talk Radio "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", on March&nbsp;23, 2011 [http://www.coasttocoastam.com/article/rossi-cold-fusion-device]</ref> According to Greek journal "Investor's World" of March 2011, future "E-cat" devices will produce electrical energy through an "inverter". Customers were to face an annual cost of 1,300 Euros for the production of a 24/7 output of 20&nbsp;kW (not specified whether thermal or electric). "Defkalion Green Technologies" plans to request inclusion into the "renewable energy" programme by RAE (Regulatory Authority for Energy).<ref name="talefta">[http://talefta.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-mainstream-coverage-of-e-cat-and.html Blog about the "Investors World" article]</ref><ref name="scan">[http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/6874-xynidis-ependysi-hyperion-xanthi-ydrogono-nikelio-paragogi-energeias-ergostasio-xanthi.html Coverage and scan of the article in "Investors World"] (Greek)</ref><ref name="Investors World Article">Article in Greek journal "Investors World" of March&nbsp;12, 2011, pages 20-21</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
[[image:RF_Ferrara.jpg|First experiments with an „ECat“ predecessor by EON in Bondeno(Ferrara). See „reactor“ on the right, cooled in a bucket of water. (Picture: S. Focardi, May 2011 [http://it.paperblog.com/la-fusione-fredda-e-tornata8230-371137/])|350px|thumb]]<br />
"Anomalies" when adding hydrogen to nickel have been reported since 1936. 1989 was marked by wide media attention to cold fusion as a result of claims regarding failed experiments by Fleischmann and Pons. In the same year, Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli (formerly University of Siena) believed to have incidentally observed a strong heat emission with temperatures above 1,450°&nbsp;C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen (nickel is used in industry as a catalyst for fat hardening with hydrogen), which he was not able to explain. The incident was reported by several Italian daily papers. In 1995, Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observations during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals".<ref>"Truffle Prize", second Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 1995</ref> Various workgroups have done experiments with electrolysis and with nickel and hydrogen since then.<br />
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Piantelli founded a private organisation called I.M.O. (''Centro Interuniversitario interdipartimentale per lo studio delle interazioni biofisiche e biochimiche tra molecole e organismi'') after he left Siena University. He developed a method called SQME (''Sequenze di Campi Magnetici ed Elettrici'' - ''Sequence of magnetic and electric fields'') there which, applied to cancer patients, allegedly raised body temperature by four degrees and thus worked as a [[Hyperthermia|hypothermic]] treatment. Specialist literature on this issue does not happen to be known.<br />
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Physicist Sergio Focardi from Bologna University heard about Piantelli's observations of temperature increase with nickel-hydrogen reactions and teamed up with him to research the phenomenon. After several years they had built a nickel hydrogen rector and, in a press conference in February 1994, announced their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), avoiding the term "cold fusion", however.<ref>Press conference on 20.&nbsp;February 1994, Aula magna, University Siena</ref> Once more articles were published in the daily press and as before in 1989, there were no academic publications. An output of 40-50 thermal Watts was claimed. A nickel rod with a pre-treated surface which had been "degassed" for several hours was said to be enclosed in the reactor surrounded by hydrogen. Italian industry looked into the matter and tried to exploit the Piantelli principle commercially. However, all attempts to put it to industrial application failed. Companies involved were TESCA Syndicate (companies Bulla, Bergomi, Foglia, Italkero and Ecosystem), FIAT AVIO SpA corporation and PROVITA s.r.l.<ref>http://www.enea.it/produzione_scientifica/pdf_volumi/V2008_16Cold_Fusion_Italy.pdf</ref><br />
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In 2007 Andrea Rossi is said to have offered Sergio Focardi a contract as a consultant, which led to cooperation.<br />
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==Experiments and demonstrations==<br />
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===Experiment on December 16, 2010===<br />
A test of the E-cat reactor was done on December 16, 2010 (apparently in Bologna), but so far no details are known.<br />
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===Presentation on January 14, 2011===<br />
[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_14012011_3.jpg|Temperature curve, with two periods (17 minutes) during which 100°C were reached (reconstructed from video)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_14012011_tp2.jpg|Reconstructed superposition of temperature and heating curve. The time difference between the two curves is to be noted, it is a result of a simplification which equates the start of heating with the start of the temperature rise. (an improved diagram is in progress)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ecat power.jpg|Diagram showing the timeline of electrical heating input during the experiment|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of pump used "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]<br />
Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists employed at universities. Admission was restricted to invited guests. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna<ref>Company GM System, Via dell'Elettricista&nbsp;16, Bologna</ref> and not in rooms of Bologna University, as is claimed on various websites. GM Systems has further business ties to Rossi. During this press conference, the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55&nbsp;minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of recorded measurement data which can be seen on the screen of a notebook in a Youtube-video for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a period of 15&nbsp;to 20&nbspminutes(probably 17&nbsp; minutes), during which a water temperature of 100&nbsp;degrees or more was achieved. (see picture). The data visible on the notebook were omitted from the report on the experiment (according to physicist Levi, they were "lost"). Later, in June 2011, it became known the data were not actually "lost", Levi was willing to send them to the visiting journalist Steven Krivit. The report also mentions a period of 40&nbsp;minutes, obviously referring to the entire period including heating up. To calculate the heat output, inadvertent or deliberately incorrect data of water throughput were included, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported the experiment in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].<br />
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During the press conference they mentioned a heat input of 600&nbsp;Watts, at a calculated output of 12,000&nbsp;Watts (12&nbsp;kW). However, according to a report published (G. Levi), actual supplied power was 1,022&nbsp;Watt on average. A further analysis of the data published showed a result of 1,073&nbsp;Watt.<ref>http://www.e-catalyzer.se/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7</ref> Power used was between 400 and 1,500 W. The inventors calculated their estimate of generated heat from the heated water: 292&nbsp;grammes of water per minute were heated from 20&nbsp;°C to 101&nbsp;°C (allegedly dry vapour) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed, however, as a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation was denied for secrecy reasons. A detailed report submitted by independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation was detected, although the device was supplied with two openings for measurement purposes. Excerpt from the report:<br />
:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ&nbsp;> 200&nbsp;keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ&nbsp;rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''<br />
Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66&nbsp;kgs). Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf]<br />
[[image:Rf_14012011_8.jpg|Alternative calculation explaining the reported values without cold fusion(Source: unknown author "Ascoli65" from Italian forum EnergeticAmbiente.it)|480px|thumb]] <br />
'''Inconsistencies''': Several incomprehensible pieces of information were provided shortly after the experiment. Even weeks later, Rossi's team did not react with a correction. Not only was the duration of the experiment shorter than claimed before at 17&nbsp;minutes (during which temperature was close to or above 100 degrees), but there is also reason to doubt further claims of inventors and operators of the experiment. The estimate of energy by evaporation of water(phase change) was criticized at "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not relative humidity of the steam. A combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was claimed to have been used, but the video shows a different probe which looks like an SPC&nbsp;C45 0500 BEX - probe. An HP474AC probe is not visible in any video. The claimed water throughput of 292&nbsp;ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the pump used had only half of this capacity according to specification. A pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" had been used, as was confirmed in May 2011 by the Swedish journalist Mats Lewan. Several previous inquiries about the type of pump were not answered by Andrea Rossi.<ref>From JONP-Blog, Question to Rossi: ''January 28th, 2011 at 10:57 AM<br>Excuse, Dr. Levi, my insistence, but on the lack of an answer to my previous question, let me temporarily assume that the model of the pump used in the January 14th test belongs actually to the Milton Roy LMI Series P1.<br>In such a case, the capacity per stroke could be at maximum 2 ml (model P18 in the Series P1). Now, considering the pump has been operated at about 57 strokes per minute (hear sound at the beginning of movie 2/3), it makes a maximum water flow rate of 114 ml per minute, that would be 39% only of the value indicated in your preliminary report.<br>Probably, I have got a bad impression and the pump was another one. So I think it would be of great importance, if you could gather and kindly specify, here and/or on the final version of your report, the real specific model and the relevant operating data of the water pump used in your verification test.<br>Thank you and best regards'' (Name)<br><br>A. Rossi:<br>Andrea Rossi<br>January 28th, 2011 at 10:32 PM<br>Dear (Name):<br>I do not know which kind of pump it was, because it has been chosen by the testers, but what I can say, regarding your comment, is:<br>1- the amount of the flow of water has been tested many times during the test, filling a reservoir with a well known volume and taking the time to fill it up.<br>2- I thank you very much for validating our test by redundance: in fact, if only the 39% of the measured flow should have been passed, the reactor would have produced 4.8 kWh, consuming 400 Wh. I am sure that you, being an engineer of a great energy provider, know the first and also the second thermodynamic principle, therefore I am sure you made your comment to congratulate us.<br>For this reason I thank you infinitely.<br>Warm Regards, Andrea Rossi</ref>.<br />
The manufacturer specifies a maximal flow of 12.1&nbsp;l/h for the LMI&nbsp;P18.<ref>http://www.lmipumps.com/Files/lmi/Global/US-en/site_files/seriesj5.pdf</ref> Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they definitely look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100&nbsp;per minute. At 100&nbsp;strokes/min, maximum throughput will be achieved. In one of the YouTube videos of the presentation on January&nbsp;14, 2011, pump strokes are clearly audible for 30&nbsp;seconds.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE</ref> Counting them, 29&nbsp;or 30&nbsp; strokes in those thirty seconds can be established. The pump was regulated to 59&nbsp;to 60&nbsp;strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. The heat output calculated by the team is thus 240% higher than the output actually possible using the pump shown in the video, and therefore certainly wrong. These faulty specifications on the average power (1,073&nbsp;W instead of 600&nbsp;W) result in an additional grave error of 78%. Assuming just a few percent of condensed water in the vapour would allow to explain the steam generation just by electrical heating.<br />
The report on the experiment states that the hydrogen cylinder employed was weighed before and after the test to establish the amount of hydrogen used with a margin of less than a gramme. Regarding the weight of the pressure cylinder, different data are given, but it is said to have been 13.66&nbsp;kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60&nbsp;kg) allow to read weight in steps of 0.1 gramme, but their precision is far less. Possible scales just offer a precision of 0.2&nbsp;to 0.4&nbsp;gram.<ref>Sartorius (CPA34001S) 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr.[http://www.sartorius-mechatronics.com/DE/de/praezisions-waage-dy3xpfyyb7o.html]<br>Precisa 490K 34000D, 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr [http://www.as-waegetechnik.de/produkte/Industriewaagen/iw/praezisionswaagen_assets/Precisa%20490.pdf]<br>Kern CDS 15K0.05 15 kg d=0,05 g, e 0,25 g<br>Adam Equipment PGL-20001 Precision Balance 20 kg d 0.1g, linearity (±): 0.4g</ref><br />
<br />
===Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011===<br />
On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011, a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several internet sources claim the test instead happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011. Sole witness was physicist Levi, head of a physics faculty research group which received financial grants for their support in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor quality report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device to a water tap this time in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees (to 15-20&nbsp;degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter quantified the flow, and the test was monitored by video during the night (this video was never released). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi, 0.4 grammes of hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark he now excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source:<br />
<br />
:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''. <br />
<br />
The alleged heat output was calculated by supporters of [[Cold Fusion]] (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') at 270-288&nbsp;kWh (about one GJ), which was compared to the energy of 26&nbsp;litres of heating oil.<ref>Zitat:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration<br><br />
<br><br />
February 2011<br><br />
<br><br />
On February&nbsp;10 and&nbsp;11, 2011, Levi et&nbsp;al. (U.&nbsp;Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January&nbsp;14 test, they used a much higher flow rate to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine how dry the steam was. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations:<br><br />
<br><br />
Duration of test: 18&nbsp;hours<br><br />
Flow rate: 3,000&nbsp;L/h = ~833&nbsp;ml/s.<br><br />
Cooling water input temperature: 15°C<br><br />
Cooling water output temperature: ~20°C<br><br />
Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80&nbsp;W, closer to 20&nbsp;W for 6&nbsp;hours<br><br />
<br><br />
The temperature difference of 5°C * 833&nbsp;ml = 4,165&nbsp;calories/second = 17,493&nbsp;W. Observers estimated average power as 16&nbsp;kW. A 5°C temperature difference can easily be measured with confidence.<br><br />
<br><br />
3,000&nbsp;L/h is 793&nbsp;gallons/h, which is the output of a medium-sized $120 ornamental pond pump.<br><br />
<br><br />
The control electronics input of ~80&nbsp;W is in line with what was reported for tests before Jan.&nbsp;14. Input power was high on that day because there was a problem with cracked welding, according to the Levi report.<br><br />
<br><br />
18&nbsp;hours * 16&nbsp;kWh = 288&nbsp;kWh = 1,037&nbsp;MJ. That is the amount of energy in 26&nbsp;kg of gasoline (7.9&nbsp;gallons). Given the size and weight of the device, this rules out a chemical source of energy.<br><br />
<br><br />
Levi et&nbsp;al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130&nbsp;kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News from February 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref><br />
Assuming an average output of 17&nbsp;kW (the input of electrical energy for pre-heating and control may be neglected) over 18&nbsp;hours actually renders about 300&nbsp;kWh, arithmetically speaking. The fuel value of 1 litre of oil is at about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref> so that in terms of figures, an amount of 30&nbsp;litres may be calculated to produce the same heat quantity.<br />
<br />
Since the volume of the visible devices can be estimated, interested parties in the internet (Usenet) tried to find candidates for a known chemical reaction which could be done in the given volume and produce enough heat while disregarding problems like smoke emission, toxicity, costs, and controllability. While a normal chemical reaction can indeed not be ruled out for the first demonstration in January, a replacement candidate for the alleged 18 hour experiment in February could not be found. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60&nbsp;litres, but contained only electronics according to Levi. He estimated the actual reaction chamber at a volume of about 1 litre. The shielding is said to be a layer of 2&nbsp;cms of lead with an overall weight of 30&nbsp;kgs.<br />
<br />
The placement of the probe, supposed to measure water temperatures during the test, was also criticized. The probe was inserted from outside the "reactor" and might have come into contact with an inner heating resistor which would have rendered an assessment of heat output impossible. Further criticism was targeted at the start temperature which might even have been below the (unknown) room temperature, which even more complicates the interpretation of the data.<br />
<br />
===Experiment on March 29, 2011===<br />
[[image:29032011_1.jpg|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:29032011_5.jpg|(with claimed working conditions)|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:29032011.jpg|380px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:rf_2011_4.jpg|Comparison of different heating curves|350px|thumb]]<br />
A six-hours' presentation was performed in Bologna on March 29, 2011, attended by the invited Swedish physicists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén. Both had traveled from Sweden at the invitation of Rossi, travel expenses were paid by Rossi. Due to "stability reasons", a smaller "energy catalyzer" with lesser output was used, and is said to have yielded 25&nbsp;kWh within 6 hours with a thermal output of 4.4&nbsp;kW. The same pump as in January, the LMII&nbsp;P18, was used in this presentation, but this time the capacity was compatible with the maximum flow capacity specified by manufacturers and therefore probable. Water throughput was stated at 6.27&nbsp;kg/h (104&nbsp;ml/min). As in the experiment in January, water was evaporated, but without measuring relative humidity of the vapour, errors in measurement of up to 600% may occur. It is also impossible to establish in retrospect whether the water was evaporated completely, since the warm water drain was placed next to the steam port. The assembly was filled with 50&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder. Initially, hydrogen gas was pumped into the device at 25&nbsp;bar but without previously pumping air out. Quote: ''The air of atmospheric pressure remained in the container as a small impurity.'' (Note: If oxygen from the air stayed inside - as claimed -, water could have formed, since nickel powder acts as a catalyst). Heating was done at 300 Watt.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3144827.ece</ref><ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3144772.ece</ref><ref>http://22passi.blogspot.com/2011/04/i-fisici-svedesi-sulle-cat-e-una.html</ref> During the presentation, insulation and lead shielding were removed from some E-cats displayed, but not from the E-cat used. Attending Giuseppe Levi made photos which were published in Italian and Swedish blogs. The Swedish observers wrote a report also published in internet blogs. In their report<ref name="Report_Kullander">http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3144960.ece/BINARY/Download+the+report+by+Kullander+and+Ess%C3%A9n+%28pdf%29.</ref>, they excluded a conventional chemical reaction:<br />
<br />
:''Any chemical process should be ruled out for producing 25 kWh from whatever is in a 50&nbsp;cubic centimeter container. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.''<br />
<br />
Observers invited were allowed to examine two material samples in advance: the nickel powder and "spent" nickel powder from an experiment which previously had been run for 2 and a half months. Rossi delivered the samples during a visit to Sweden. According to an analysis performed at the Ångström Laboratory (Ångströmlaboratoriet) of Uppsala University, the used sample contained 10% copper and 11% iron. Surprisingly, the isotope ratio of nickel and copper (isotope&nbsp;63 and isotope&nbsp;65) was equal to the natural isotopic composition.<br />
<br />
:''Both measurements show that the pure nickel powder contains mainly nickel, and the used powder is different in that several elements are present, mainly 10&nbsp;percent copper and 11&nbsp;percent iron. The isotopic analysis through ICP-MS doesn’t show any deviation from the natural isotopic composition of nickel and copper.''<br />
<br />
The ratios specified were: Cu-63 70%, Cu-65 30%. Professor Sven Kullander commented such a result as extremely unlikely:<br />
:''If this reaction chain would be true even though none of the responses that I mention can be made with the knowledge we have today, then isotopic distribution Cu-63/Cu-65 be greater than 80/20, probably closer to 99/01.''<ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg44471.html Sven Kullander's additional comments on Rossi's Energy Catalyzer] im Mailarchive</ref><br />
<br />
The natural isotope ratio of 63Cu to 65Cu is 2.24 (69.17% to 30.83%). Focardi had previously claimed the copper isotope ratio would be reduced to 1.6 by "fusion".<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi, ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion'', Journal of Nuclear Physics, http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/?p=66, Februar 2010</ref> While there are further copper isotopes, these are unstable and are not found in nature (69,17 + 30,83 = 100).<br />
<br />
It is not only statistically (almost) impossible that, after an alleged fusion reaction with copper as a fusion product, a "used" sample will show the same isotope ratio as found in nature. Further considerations on sample analysis expose insurmountable obstacles to the possibility of fusion:<br>In theory, the stable copper isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu might be a result of fusion of hydrogen and nickel isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni (add one proton each). But according to the Swedish Institute having analysed the samples, the unused nickel sample only contained 4.5% in sum of these stable nickel isotopes. Assuming all nickel 62 and nickel 64 atoms had been fused (which is unlikely) with a proton (hydrogen nucleus), the amount of copper would not amount to even 10% of the resulting mass. Even an alternative reaction chain with unstable isotopes is impossible based on the measured isotope ratios and the absence of radiation. It would be possible to assume nickel&nbsp;58 as a starting isotope which would become copper&nbsp;59 and decay to nickel&nbsp;59 which in turn would become copper&nbsp;60 and decay to nickel&nbsp;60 which would fuse to copper&nbsp;61, decay to nickel&nbsp;61 and fuse to copper&nbsp;62 and decay to nickel&nbsp;62. In the end stable copper&nbsp;63 would be formed. But this would necessitate a completely different copper isotope ratio then found in the analysis.<br />
<br />
===Experiments in April 2011===<br />
[[image:19042011_2.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;19|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:28042011_1.jpg|Two heating resistors switched on (9/3)|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:28042011_4.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;28|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:28042011_2.jpg|Possible concealed adjustment of heating by Rossi during the experiment|left|thumb]]<br />
On April&nbsp;19 and April&nbsp;28, the E-Cat was presented to Swedish journalist Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the energy produced, water was heated and, at an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts, allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Lewan, thrilled by the invention, published details only on a few websites ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used once more. Water throughput was specified with 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to manufacturers' specifications. Stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum), the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds exactly to the values established by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed through the device within a determinated period of time. Since the supplied electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter, it remains unclear whether the heating input was constant. When journalist Lewan went into an adjoining room and did a pan shot with his video camera, Rossi was seen tampering with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear whether the input remained constant during the experiment. The American journalist Krivit created a video at the end of July 2011, that comments on cuts from the video by Mats Lewan: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uviXoafHWrU]<br />
<br />
A further experiment allegedly planned for April&nbsp;21, 2011<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/rossi-brings-e-cat-to-stockholm-royal.html</ref>, allowing Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén of Uppsala University to test the E-Cat, was later denied by Rossi.<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrea-rossi-no-e-cat-test-at-uppsala.html</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on June 14, 2011===<br />
[[image:RF14062011_1.jpg|Experiments on June 14, 2011 (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011Strom.jpg|Current measurement: 3,5 A (805 W). (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Krivit_Rossi2.jpg|Steven B. Krivit (left) and Andrea Rossi (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_Pumpe2.jpg|Pump settings on June 14, 2011 (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|300px|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:LMI_Pump.jpg| Datasheet of the pump model (LMI [http://www.lmi-pumps.com/Manuals/157983_1615n.pdf])|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_Dampf2.jpg|Steam outlet to drain (Picture: S.B. Krivit)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_Dampf.jpg|White Steam against a dark backround at hose outlet (Picture: S.B. Krivit)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_KV1.jpg|Cooling water temperature curve|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_KV3.jpg|thumb]]<br />
On June 14, 2011 a further demonstration of four E-cat devices took place in Bologna. The U.S. publisher of "New Energy Times", Steven B. Krivit was invited. Krivit and other visitors were allowed to take pictures and follow the measurements during the presentation. As before, the actual reactor was not allowed to be inspected. Krivit conducted several video interviews with Andrea Rossi, Sergio Focardi, and the physicist Guiseppe Levi. <br />
<br />
According to information from an Italian blog, the ECat was connected to a control unit by two power cables. The power taken from the main supply was 805 Watt (230 V / 3.5 A). According to Rossi, heating power was just 748 W, but he falsely assumes a voltage of 220 V (220 x 3,4 A = 748 W). Voltage in Italy has been 230 V for 10 years now. A voltage of more than 230 V was measured in the showrooms several times. Rossi specified the entire heating output of the reactor at 5 kW, which would correspond to an "energy efficiency" of 6.7 times the input. <br />
<br />
At an ambient temperature of 31.8 degrees Celsius, water with a temperature of 26.5 degrees had been heated to 100,1 degrees using the LMI pump already known, and all water was evaporated. Rossi once more claims the same improbable value for water flow of 7 kg/h(117 gr/min, 1.94 gr/s). Watching a video taken by observer Steven Krivit, however, shows that pump frequency was about 20-24 strokes/min.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-8QdVwY98E</ref> Thus water flow had to be below 48 grams per minute (or 0.8g/s, 2.88 kg/h). In a picture taken by observer Passerini, a pumping rate of 40 is visible (80 ml/min, 1.33 ml/s, 4.8 l/h). It remains unclear, however, whether the picture was taken during the experiment. The temperature curve of the cooling water cannot be brought into a meaningful relationship to the claimed flow rate of 7kg/h: Cooling water comes from a water canister with a temperature sensor of about 25 cms length plugged in from the top. When the water is pumped away, the probe gets out of the water and takes up air temperature quickly. A screenshot of the temperature curve on the notebook shows that quite a lot of water was drained during the first half of the day, so that the probe hung in the air soon. In the afternoon water flow apparently was throttled. For at least three hours the probe was in water(about 12:00 to 15:00). This means that during these three hours, 9 liters of water (calculated from the dimensions of the canister and the length of the probe) were drained at most, which would be about 3 liters per hour and correspond to the calculated value from the audible stroke frequency of the pump. To get to 7 liters/h, someone would have had to secretly pour 4 liters of water with 26.5 degrees into the canister. Adding colder tap water would have shown in the temperature curve.<br />
<br />
Krivit published a disappointing preliminary report three days later.<ref>Krivit S.B.: ''Preliminary Report of Interviews with E-Cat Trio Rossi, Focardi and Levi''. June 16, 2011. New Energy Times Blog. [http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/06/16/preliminary-report-of-interviews-with-e-cat-trio-rossi-focardi-and-levi/]</ref> According to his preliminary report, the steam outlet was not visible and ended directly in a drain. Only when a black hose was removed from the drain (Rossi was careful to lift the hose to let any water in the hose run down the drain), "white steam" could be seen exiting the hose. 100 % dry steam is invisible, white steam is a sign of condensed water droplets. <br />
<br />
According to the summary by Krivit, ''the scientific details provided by the E-Cat trio have been highly deficient and have not enabled the public to make an objective evaluation''. The Essen/Kullander report, too, had ..''significant weakness in its presentation of data and calculations and is highly constrained by the methodology dictated and instrumentation provided by the E-Cat trio''. According to Krivit, he is not sure if Levi did understand the potential impact of confirmation of dry vapour. Krivit advised Levi to rework his controversial report of January 21, 2011 and asked for original raw data measured by chemist Galantini during the experiment on January 14, 2011, which allegedly confirmed dry vapour in that experiment. A fierce dispute broke out between Krivit and Levi over these data. Levi is said to have agreed to send him the "Galantini Data". The "Galantini data" are, however, just a set of e-mails from a chemist who is claimed to have done measurements.<ref>-------- Messaggio originale --------<br>Oggetto: sonda<br>Data: Thu, 20 Jan 2011 18:56:41 +0100<br />
Mittente: Greit Service srl xxx@greitservice.it&gt;<br>A: &lt;francesco.celani@xxx;<br />
<br />
Si certifica che lo strumento con cui è stato effettuata la misura dell'acqua libera nel vapore durante il test svoltosi a Bologna il 14.01.2011 era lo strumento HD37AB1347 della Delta Ohm dotato di sonda mod.HP474AC con campo di risoluzione -40;+150°C.<br><br />
<br />
Galantini dr.Gilberto<br>*GREIT SERVICE s.r.l.<br>via Monsignore di Sotto, 32/A<br />
44040 ALBERONE DI CENTO (FE)<br />
C.F. e P. I.V.A. 02544400373<br />
[omissis]<br />
<br />
----- Messaggio inoltrato da [omissis]-----<br />
Data: Mon, 20 Jun 2011 14:02:22 +0200<br />
Da: Greit Service srl <br />
Rispondi-A:Greit Service srl [omissis]<br />
A: [omissis]<br><br />
<br />
Buon giorno, in merito alla richiesta fattami in data odierna, come da me ripetutamente confermato alle numerose persone che me ne hanno fatto richiesta in passato, ripeto che tutte le mie misurazioni effettuate durante le decine di test per misurare la quantità di acqua non evaporata presente nel vapore prodotto dai generatori “E-Cat” sono sempre state effettuate dando i risultati in % di massa poiché lo strumento utilizzato indica i gr. di acqua per mc. di vapore.<br><br />
Confermo che la temperatura misurata è sempre stata maggiore di 100,1°C.<br><br />
E che la pressione misurata nel camino è sempre risultata essere pari alla pressione ambiente.<br><br />
Lo strumento utilizzato durante il test effettuato alla presenza dei professori svedesi è stato il seguente: Testo 176 H2 codice 0572 1766.<br><br />
Distinti saluti.<br><br />
<br />
Galantini dr. Gilberto<br><br />
Ordine dei Chimici n.194<br><br />
Provincia di Ferrara</ref> It is apparent from the e-mails that the commisioned chemist Gilberto Galantini used an unsuitable meter for the problem at hand. Galantini measured a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity#Relative_humidity relative humidity] of allegedly 100.1 degrees Celsius hot steam with a probe(HP474AC) to determine the relative humidity in the air. The real question, however, deals with the distinction between [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor water vapor] and dry vapor.<br />
<br />
Swedish physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University presented calculations based on Krivit's video and came to a devastatingly negative result which can be read on the internet.<ref>http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion_krivit.pdf</ref> According to his calculations, a powerful jet of steam should have left the hose but that did not happen.<br />
<br />
After Krivit's report had been published, inventor Andrea Rossi responded very irritated and obviously angry with the visitor invited by him, the "Clown" Krivit, whom he also called a "snake".<ref>June 17th, 2011 at 3:10 PM<br>Dear Maryyugo:<br>We have already made enough public tests, either heating the water ( please go to read all our reports and papers on the Journal Of Nuclear Physics, or making steam. In this last case we always made the measurement of unvaporized water residue giving the result in mass. Our tests have been made with Professors of Physics working with the Universities of Bologna, Uppsala, Stockolm, with CERN, with INFN, and I think that only an imbecile can think that such Persons are not able to weight water in steam. We are receiving suggestions how to measure the water in steam, and this is like teach to a cat how to miew. By the way: the steam from the reactors which we are testing now, and that will compound the 1 MW plant, is dry. The steam during the interview of the clown of yesterday was totally dry. Of course, should be this not true, our Customers will be very angry: in that case, that will be an opinion which will be very important for us, while the opinion of our competitors and of their friends, for obvious reasons, have not much importance for us, if any. Now I have to make my 1 MW plant, then we will make other 1 MW plants for our Customers. That’s all we will do. Our Customers tests are the sole tests that count, for us. Therefore, I have absolutely not time for competitors anxious to test my Cat to make their “validation”.<br>About the work that we will make with the University of Bologna and Uppsala, this will not be a public demo, but a work of Research and Development, made closed doors.<br>Warm Regards,<br>A.R.</ref> According to Rossi, the vistior had "understood nothing" and written a "ridiculous" report. He also accused Krivit of having been "sent by someone that wants to dwarf our work". Furthermore, he had tried to blackmail physicist Levi who has already given this to his attorney:<br />
<br />
:''..Probably this journalist has been sent by someone that wants to dwarf our work. He also tried to blackmail prof. Levi, and Levi already has given to his attorney due. information..''<ref>Dear Craig:<br>Mr Krivit has understood nothing of what he saw, from what I have read in his ridiculous report… This guy has seen for half an hour an E-Cat in the factory where we make many tests, made some questions to Prof. Levi, Prof. Focardi and me. Evidently has understood nothing, perhaps for the short time we gave him, also because we have to work. Prof. Levi has explained very well to him how the measures have been made and the importance of the issue. He has explained very well that the percentage of uncondensed water in the steam has been measured in weight (in volume is impossible, for various reasons), and he also got confirmation of this from a specialist from whom he has taken indipendent counsel. Nevertheless, he has understood nothing, or wanted not to understand, for reasons he better knows. Our tests have been performed by Physics Professors, who know how to make measures , and I am measuring the performance every day on 300 reactors.<br>In any case we will start our 1 MW plant in october and we will see how it works. Of course I assure his considerations are invalid, but I want to say more: our products on the market will confirm this. Probably this journalist has been sent by someone that wants to dwarf our work. He also tried to blackmail prof. Levi, and Levi already has given to his attorney due. information .<br>Warm Regards,<br>A.R.<br>17 giugno 2011 11:48</ref> <br />
<br />
Physicist Levi responded with an open letter in clumsy English to Krivit, in which he accused him of not having understood his explanations. Also Krivit had not understood that the water content in the steam was measured as a ration of the masses involved.<ref>Dear Mr. Krivit <br />
<br />
Carefully I have read your preliminary report on your travel to Bologna . <br />
Your report Clearly Demonstrates That You have not understood anything of what you have and what we have seen you Explained. <br />
First of all the story about the steam. <br />
As the signature in my email says I got a PhD in Physics Years Ago.This Means That I have totally Understood the difference Between residual water in steam as fraction of the mass or volume. <br />
As I have unsuccessfully tried to explain you: <br />
1) The plots are showing you where you can find well known and Them in Any manual of physical chemistry. <br />
When You apply the measure the quantity of steam present as% of VOLUME. <br />
<br />
2) As I have told you many times, Dr. Galantini, the expert chemist That Was in charge, have done to measure as percent of MASS. <br />
<br />
As Professor Zanchini has told you the Same Day We Met, one of the informations you have crutial omitted from your preliminary report, fraction of water in the steam, Measured by MASS as we have done, would reduce the amount of energy in a Measured linear way. <br />
<br />
So our analysis and our calculation is correct. <br />
<br />
Because you: <br />
Part of You Had omitted information, insulted me (and my University) Trying to say that I'm not prepared in my field, tried (just tried) to scare me and put me under psychological pressure in order to know to Obtain undisclosed date, <br />
I Will not Send You Any Other information. <br />
<br />
Regards, <br />
Dr. G. Levi</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on Juli 8,2011===<br />
On Juli 8th a visitor named Julian Brown was allowed to see a working reactor in Bologna for a brief time. He reported about it in a blog called "ecatnews" and stated that Rossi was assuming a cooling water flow of 15 liters per hour.<ref>http://ecatnews.com/?p=489#comment-70</ref> He saw, however, the already known pump of LMI company and estimated a cooling water flow of only 3 liters/h himself.<ref>Julian Brown<br>July 17, 2011 - 12:41 pm<br><br />
Rossi gave me a personal demonstration of a group of 4 e-cats working at his premises outside Bologna on Friday 8th. I saw essentially the same set up reported by Krivit in June.<br />
<br />
I was there in the capacity of friendly off-the-record adviser re patenting issues.<br />
<br />
Whilst I didn’t like the tone of Krivit’s June 16 report, I had arrived in Bologna full of optimism.<br />
<br />
I am afraid that I now fully share Krivit’s opinion.<br />
<br />
There are a number of reasons for this. Here are a few.<br />
<br />
As has been pointed out numerous times on this blog, the dryness of the steam/water vapur is abolutely crucial to the viability of the e-cat.<br />
<br />
Imagine my astonishment and disappointment on finding that Rossi makes no attempt to monitor the dryness of the output and there was no appropiate equipment visible on the premises.<br />
<br />
It follows that Rossi can not possibly know whether he has 1,2 5 or even 10 percent unvaporized phase by weight. Passive observers like myself, Krivit, Essen & Kullander have even less chance of determining this crucial parameter.<br />
<br />
Even worse, since the output tube went straight through a hole in the wall to be vented/flushed outside, it could have been pure hot water and nobody, least of all Rossi, could possibly know.<br />
<br />
Basically, the whole set up defies even approximate quantitative calorimetric analysis.<br />
<br />
Another odd thing was that Rossi pumped up the electrical power for a minute or two shortly before turning it off and allowing me to see that the water kept an output temperature of 100.5 for a couple of minutes.<br />
<br />
This gave me the impression that it was a performance for my benefit and not the rigorous testing procedure that the technician sitting in front of the PC appeared to suggest.<br />
<br />
The final clincher for me is that Rossi made a point of telling me that he was currently vaporizing 15 litres / hour.<br />
BUT, the peristaltic pump was exactly the same one he uses in all demonstrations and it was pulsing about once every 2.5 seconds.<br />
I make that 3 litres / hour, only 20 percent of what Rossi told me verbally.<br />
<br />
And yet this small flow was being shared amongst 4 e-cat modules. That isnt much of a stress test is it ?<br />
<br />
The small chimney will result in a small overpressure and a boiling temperature > 100 Celsius, so I am not impressed by 100.5 Celsius<br />
<br />
I must admit that I didnt reach these dismal conclusion on the day. It took about 3 days of pondering what I had seen before all the pieces of the puzzle dropped into place.<br />
<br />
It may be this explains why Rossi has been able to convince so many qualified people.<br />
You dont want to believe it is just a gross and extremely simple circus trick.<br />
<br />
He certainly has a charming manner; I liked him and would never suggest he has criminal intent. My hunch is that he did make a discovery that goes beyond the level acheived by Piantelli and Focardi, but that he got too enthusiastic too soon, before he had really done due diligence. He is now trapped in the web of commitments and claims he has made. A tragic figure really.<br />
<br />
PS I was in experimental atomic physics research at Oxford from 1981-1989 and have since that time been an employee of the European Patent Office.</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on September 7,2011===<br />
On September 7th 2011 a further test was attended by Mats Lewan of Ny Teknik. A newer, bigger model of the E-cat, with measurements of 50 x 60 x 30 centimeters and a weight of 80 kg (without water) was used. This model is said to be used in a 1 Megawatt plant in USA. The E-Cat was preheated for 90 minutes with 2.6 kilowatt electrical energy. Then it run without external energy supply for 35 minutes. Again, steam quality was not measured. The temperature inside of the E-cat was specified as 130 degrees but it remains unclear if this was steam temperature. Pressure uf one atmosphere was assumed.<ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3264362.ece See the E-cat run in self-sustained mode], Mats Lewan, Ny Teknik, September 14, 2011</ref> At drainage a steady flow of water can be seen, Mats Lewan report mentions 5.0 to 6.5 kg/hour. Considering these assumptions Mats Lewan estimates the output to 3.5 to 8 kilowatt.<ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3264365.ece/BINARY/Report+E-cat+test+September+7+%28pdf%29 Test of Energy Catalyzer], Report by Mats Lewan</ref><br />
<br />
Critics observe, that again steam quality was not measured. In contradiction to previous contrary claims it was obvious in this test that the steam was not dry and that several litres went down the drainage. The calculations of Mats Lewan are based on several assumptions that were not measured. If the drainage was smaller than the intake, pressure might have been far higher which would explain the rising temperature after deactivation of the heater. Raising the pressure would lead to a further increase in temperature.<ref>[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/09/15/collected-comments-on-sept-7-afternoon-rossi-test/ Collected Comments on Sept. 7 Afternoon Rossi Test], Steven B. Krivit, September 15, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on October 6,2011===<br />
The test on October 6th 2011 was again attended by Mats Lewan and other scientists. Again, the new E-cat model was used, this time it measured 50 x 60 x 35 centimeters and weighted 98 kg.<br />
<br />
According to Lewan the alleged reactor was heated for 4 hours with 2.7 kilowatt (38,88 Megajoule), then it ran for 3.5 hours "selfsustained" and produced 2.5 kilowatt output (31.5 Megajoule). During this "selfsustained" phase of 3.5 hours further 115 watt were fed into it(1.44 Megajoule).<ref>[www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3284962.ece/BINARY/Test+of+E-cat+October+6+%28pdf%29 Test of Energy Catalyzer], Mats Lewan, Bologna, October 6, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3284823.ece New test of the E-cat enhances proof of heat], Mats Lewan, Ny Teknik am October 7, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
Mats Lewan states explicitly that he did not measure the net energy, just the gross energy production in the 3.5 hours. A possible energy drain during the heating phase was not measured and can be considered irrelevant.<ref>[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/10/10/rossis-11th-test-11th-failure/ Rossi’s 11th Test, 11th Failure], Steven B. Krivit, October 11, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
Stephen Krivit criticizes, that the energy that was supploed during the test run was disregarded in the calculation. In sum, an energy loss of (38,88 + 1,44 - 31,5 = 8,82) 8.82 Megajoule, a result, equivalent to a water boiler with 78% efficiency can be seen.<ref>[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/10/08/e-cat-test-demonstrates-energy-loss/ E-Cat Test Demonstrates Energy Loss], Steven B. Krivit, October 8, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
In the report a device that produces "frequencies" is mentioned to be activated at the start of the test. Such a device was not mentioned in previous tests. Rossi stated later, that this "frequency generator is the mysterious secret "catalyst".<ref>[http://mnispel.net/neengineer/?p=229 Rossi e-cat – Oct 6 significant test], Dr. Mark D. Nispel | October 7, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
===Attempts to replicate the experiments===<br />
*In 1996, a group led by Antonino Zichichi in vain attempted to repeat the pre-Rossi Piantelli-experiment (identical in principle, except for the secret catalyst) at CERN in Geneva for one year. Authors mention established increases in temperature which, however, did not correspond to an increase in energy release:<br />
<br />
:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref><br />
<br />
*In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests of the principle was carried out by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Again, no fusion reaction or release of energy could be established over the course of several months.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref><br />
<br />
*In May 2011, US physicist Brian Ahern reported tests with a finely ground zirconium-nickel-copper alloy to which he added hydrogen gas after heating it to 500 degrees. A small rise in heat in addition to the supplied electrical heating power was observed and estimated at about 5-10 watts. A publication of the experiment is not known. Ahern's claims were only published in various blogs. Ahern has been known for a long-standing supporter of "cold fusion" which he attempts to use with a company he founded, Vibronic Energy Technologies Corp. <ref>http://www.neny.org/download.cfm/Vibronic_Energy_Technologies_Corp.pdf?AssetID=1169</ref><ref>http://www.scribd.com/doc/39076066/Vibronic-Energy-Technologies</ref><ref>From: Brian Ahern, Boxborough MA <br />
<br />
Re: <br />
<br />
Zr-Ni-Cu alloy performance Ames National Laboratory processed metal alloy foils via arc melting followed by melt spinning. This is the Yamaura process employed by Arata and others. The foils were baked in ordinary air at 445C for 28 hours. The brittle, oxidized foils were placed in a tumble mill for 24 hours. This resulted in 30 grams of black powder with a median grain size of about 40 microns.Presumably, each grain has about one million nanoscale islands of NiCu inside. The 30 grams occupies about 7 ml inside the 50 ml dewar. The system was vacuum baked at 220C for 24 hours and cooled to room temperature. H2 gas was added at 200psi. The pressure dropped only to about 185 psi over twenty minutes. In these replication experiments the exothermic reactions have had peak temperatures above 220C with substantial loading above 3.0 H/M ratios. This time the temperature only rose by 2 degrees C. The system was heated with a band heater to high temperature. There was no controller. A rheostat was set at an arbitrary position and the system comes to a an arbitrary temperature.The average power input was 90 watts. After several hours the hydrated system was evacuated overnight at a constant high temperature at 530C. The next day H2 gas was again added at 100psi and the temperature rose by 40C to 570C and came back down to 530C after two hours. At the end of the day the dewar was again evacuated while still at 530C overnight. The third day repeated the same procedure. H2 gas was added at 100psi and the temperature rose by 44C to 574C. However, this time it did not come back to the initial temperature. It remained at the elevated temperature overnight. On the fourth day H2 gas was again added at 100psi and the system rose by 50C to 580C and again stayed at the elevated temperature indefinitely. A rough calibration suggests that the 30 grams of hydrated nanopowder is putting out 5 watts of excess power. Yesterday Peter Gluck suggested that the relationship between loading and excess power may be a myth. This seemed to be true for electrolysis with Pd and heavy water where loading levels exceeding 0.9 D/M were a prerequisite for observing excess power. My loading level with this nanopowder sample as less than 0.1 H/M. This 5 watt excess is very much less than Rossi, but it is a real and repeatable experiment There was no radiation above the background level. Other alloys from Ames NL are expected within ten days.</ref><br />
<br />
==Inventor Andrea Rossi==<br />
[[image:petroldragon4.jpg|Andrea Rossi at Petroldragon lawsuit (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement offer of [[diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (March 4, 2011)|thumb]]<br />
[[image:petroldragon3.jpg|View of a Petroldragon compound (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:petroldragon2.jpg|Andrea Rossi in front of Petroldragon reactor (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]<br />
[[image:petrol_dragon_airuno.jpg|Petrol Dragon premises at Airuno with tanks for used oil (Image: merate online [http://www.merateonline.it/articolo.php?idd=6256&origine=1])|left|thumb]]<br />
Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950 in Milano. In a curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan and mentions a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian university with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Article in "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2011, Andrea Rossi was confronted by a journalist who accused him of holding an engineering title from a diploma mill. Rossi replied this was an ''honorary title'' awarded to him for an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claimed he did not know anything about the company "Kensington University Inc.". He explained he had a regular title, ''Dottore Magistrale in Filosofia'', of Università degli Studi di Milano from December 10, 1975<ref>Contribution of user Matslewan on March 23, 2011 in English Wikipedia: ''As a journalist I have interviewed Rossi and he says that the title from Kensington University is an honorary title he gained because of an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims he knows no more about this university.''</ref><br />
<br />
The "Rossi Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention made by Andrea Rossi. During the 1970ies and 1980ies, he tried to produce hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. This resulted in several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (''Sceicco della Brianza'', sheik because he claimed to produce oil from industrial waste. Brianza is a region north of Milan). The law suits were also known as "Petroldragon affair", since Rossi's company was named "Petroldragon". Italian Wikipedia has an article on the affair: [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroldragon Petroldragon]. Rossi was convicted because he did not dispose of large amounts (58,000&nbsp;tons) of toxic waste in accordance with regulations, and for trafficking waste materials. According to an article in Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera" of April 6, 1995, Rossi and one Michele Pizzato were arrested twice.<ref>FASANO GIUSI, "Corriere della Sera" vom 6. April 1995:<br><br><br />
Manette bis per Andrea Rossi<br>La Procura di Ariano Irpino accusa l’ inventore del ” refluo petrolio ” di riciclaggio di denaro sporco. Ricercato il corriere della banda che avrebbe trasferito con furgoni blindati oltre 2&nbsp;tonnellate d’ oro<br><br />
MONZA. Se finora ha creduto di essere nei guai si e’ sbagliato. Andrea Rossi, inventore del chiacchierato procedimento per trasformare in petrolio la spazzatura e i rifiuti industriali, e’ molto piu’ che in semplici guai. Di tutte le “tegole” che gli sono piovute addosso finora, la piu’ pesante e’ arrivata ieri dalla Procura di Ariano Irpino, in provincia di Avellino. Il giudice delle indagini preliminari Vincenzo Caputo ha emesso, su richiesta del sostituto Rosario Baglioni, un’ ordinanza di custodia cautelare contro di lui per associazione a delinquere finalizzata al riciclaggio di capitali di illecita provenienza e alla frode fiscale. La presunta organizzazione a delinquere sarebbe formata, oltre che dall’ ideatore del “refluo petrolio” e da una persona per ora irreperibile, anche da Michele Pizzato, italiano con residenza in Svizzera, uomo di fiducia di Andrea Rossi e, negli ultimi tempi, suo compagno di “sventura”. Una sventura cominciata un paio di settimane fa con le conclusioni di una inchiesta condotta dal sostituto procuratore monzese Salvatore Bellomo. Alla fine delle sue indagini, il pm monzese aveva chiesto e ottenuto l’ arresto sia di Rossi che di Pizzato per associazione a delinquere finalizzata alla falsa fatturazione e alla frode fiscale. L’ accusa riguardava la documentazione fittizia che i due avrebbero compilato per attestare la compravendita e l’ esportazione di decine di chili d’ oro, merce di cui Rossi si occupa da quasi due anni come titolare dell’ oreficeria “St. Andre’ ” di Milano (societa’ che lavora l’ oro a Luogosano, in provincia di Avellino). I due erano percio’ finiti in carcere, sperando che il castello di accuse crollasse dopo gli interrogatori. Errore. Perche’ i fatti contestati dal pm monzese hanno trovato conferma nell’ inchiesta del collega di Ariano Irpino, che da oltre un anno stava seguendo praticamente lo stesso filone d’ indagine e che adesso, nelle sue ipotesi d’ accusa, si spinge fino all’ associazione finalizzata al riciclaggio di denaro sporco. In un comunicato stampa diffuso ieri dal comando di gruppo della Guardia di Finanza di Avellino si parla in dettaglio della nuova ordinanza di custodia notificata in carcere a Rossi e Pizzato. Risulterebbe, com’ era gia’ noto dall’ inchiesta monzese, che 46&nbsp;miliardi di lingotti d’ oro (ben 2.323 chili) avrebbero passato il confine italiano solo sulla carta e, inoltre, che l’ associazione a cui farebbe capo Rossi avrebbe evaso tributi per 120&nbsp;miliardi con false esportazioni di congegni ad alta tecnologia. Il terzo uomo ricercato e’ il trasportatore dei lingotti, un personaggio abituato a muoversi su furgoni blindati. Sul trasferimento di fondi verso paradisi fiscali come il Liechtenstein, i finanzieri sostengono che “l’ articolazione dell’ organizzazione” era tale da far intuire che l’ obiettivo fosse anche anche il riciclaggio di denaro sporco.<br><br />
E da Milano nuova incriminazione. Smaltimento clandestino di veleni<br><br />
MILANO. Petrolio dai rifiuti tossici? Macche’ , le 58&nbsp;mila tonnellate di liquami industriali accumulate dalla Petrol Dragon nelle cisterne dell’ ex raffineria Omar di Lacchiarella erano e restano un cocktail di veleni assolutamente non riciclabile. Andrea Rossi, rappresentante legale dell’ azienda, e il liquidatore Alessandro Reale sono stati incriminati dalla Procura circondariale di Milano per stoccaggio e smaltimento abusivo di rifiuti tossico nocivi. La Regione ha gia’ deciso di costituirsi parte civile, anche per ottenere i 50 60&nbsp;miliardi necessari alla bonifica. L’ inchiesta era stata avviata il 14&nbsp;dicembre ‘ 93 dopo il sequestro, da parte del Corpo forestale dello Stato, di un’ autocisterna proveniente dal deposito Petrol Dragon di Piossasco (Torino), sorpresa a scaricare nei serbatoi di Lacchiarella 10&nbsp;tonnellate di liquami con altissime percentuali di Pcb (policlorobifenile), una sostanza tossica e sospetta cancerogena.<br>Fasano Giusi. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/aprile/06/Manette_bis_per_Andrea_Rossi_co_0_9504062501.shtml]</ref> As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian): <ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/giugno/01/cella_mago_del_petrolio__co_2_000601164.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/09/petrolio_dai_rifiuti_inservibile_tossico_co_0_94030910061.shtml</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/07/26/storia-di-rifiuti-tossici-miliardi-supertruffe.html</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/09/11/cosi-arricchiscono-pirati-dei-rifiuti.html</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/20/Condannato_otto_anni_mago_del_co_2_0010202627.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/novembre/27/Riciclaggio_rifiuti_tossici_Assolto_Andrea_co_7_041127020.shtml</ref><br />
<br />
Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Current business interests (EON&nbsp;srl and EFA&nbsp;srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Involved companies==<br />
<br />
===EON&nbsp;Srl and Leonardo Corporation===<br />
[[image:Leonardo_Miami2.jpg|Apartment-house at the address of "Leonardo Corp." (1331, Lincoln rd Miami Beach, App. 505). Image: Google street view|left|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Leonardo_Miami.jpg|Registration of "Leonardo Corp." in Miami Beach|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Leonardo_Miami4.jpg|Registration page 2|thumb]]<br />
The company EON&nbsp;Srl (owned by Rossi), which is often mentioned in connection with the subject, is registered both in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref> . The Bodeno location is said to have been heated by an "E-cat" device virtually for free for a long time. Rossi further claims he is also producing hot water in his home with an E-cat. There is no independent evidence for both claims.<br />
<br />
In the course of 2011, inventors and undisclosed non-Italian investors (allegedly Greek) plan to offer ready-made reactors for industrial application under the marketing name "Hyperion" (not to confuse with a concept for small fission reactors of the same name in the USA). There is an official permission dating from 2006 which enables Italian EON&nbsp;Srl to operate a small power plant, fuelled by bio diesel, producing electric power up to 1 megawatt in the town of Bondero. Inventors also claim to currently work on a small power plant which combines 120 interconnected energy-amplifier reactors of equal electric power of 1,000&nbsp;kWs either in Greece or in USA, which is supposed to be finished by October 2011 and will cost 2 million dollar. Greek company „Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.“ is mentioned as manufacterers.<br />
<br />
There is a ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Website: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> located in Bedford, New Hampshire, USA owned by Rossi which is listed as contact address for EON. Their e-mail address is identical with that of EON&nbsp;Srl in Italy. The phone number is a collective number applying to several companies located at the same address which is a so called "business park". This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the future "reactors". It currently offers electric generators fuelled by bio diesel (with turbo chargers and intercooling). The company claims a high degree of efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which was able to recover incurred thermal losses. In a business entry from 2012 an address in New Boston is mentioned for Leonardo Corporation.<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 8 Town Farm Rd, New Boston NH 03070 [https://www.sos.nh.gov/corporate/soskb/Corp.asp?414253]</ref><br />
<br />
Leonardo Corp. is registered in Miami (Florida), too, in an appartment in a block situated in a residential area. The telephone number (603) 4875192, however, belongs to an extension in New Hampshire.<br />
It is somewhat hard to imagine that production of a Rossi Energy Catalyzer was possible at any of these addresses, let alone building a 1 MW power plant.<br />
<br />
In June 2011, U.S. attorney David Niebauer from San Francisco added an entry to his blog, reporting he had met with Rossi. Rossi explained he was still looking for a partner to realize a 1 MW small power plant in the United States. He claimed to have offered a demonstration to NASA, but only if they agree to purchase an operating plant once his device obtained the expected efficiency.<ref>Rossi Energy Catalyzer, "The New Fire"?<br>Posted on June 10, 2011 by David Niebauer<br>by David Niebauer<br><br>I have just finished listening to an astounding podcast of an interview with Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA’s Langley Research Center, talking about low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) and devices that are apparently generating significant energy in the form of heat, with very little input of raw material and no radioactive waste.<br>Bushnell makes reference to Andrea Rossi, an Italian inventor who claims to have discovered a previously unknown source of energy by combining pressurized nickel powder with hydrogen and a catalyst. Rossi has filed for international patent protection, but he is guarding the precise mechanism as a trade secret until the patent issues.<br>I first heard of Andrea Rossi in January of this year on the site Next Big Future where it was reported that Rossi had demonstrated his Energy Catalyzer (or E-Cat, for short) in Bologna, monitored by independent scientific representatives of Bologna University. Ny Teknik, a Swedish technology magazine, reported that, “For about an hour it produced approximately 10 kilowatts of net power, loaded with one gram of nickel powder pressurized with hydrogen. See Wikipedia entry for background.<br>Since that time Rossi has repeatedly demonstrated the device and it has received validation from the Swedish Skeptics Society, among others. Demonstration devices have now also been delivered to the University of Bologna, the University of Uppsala and the University of Stockholm for extended testing.<br>According to Bushnell, what is occurring in the Rossi device is a nuclear reaction, but it’s not a cold fusion. He claims it is a reaction of the Weak Nuclear Force. Bushnell believes that heat is generated from beta decay of subatomic particles and that, applying quantum theory, physicists will soon be able to explain the mechanism. The physics is not well understood, which is fueling a certain amount of skepticism.<br>I recently met with Andrea Rossi and find him to be genuine and credible. Rossi told me that he would like to have a 1MW plant operating in the US by October of this year. He is looking for the right partners to help him enter the market in the United States.<br>According to Rossi, Bushnell is on the wrong track, at least from a theoretical perspective. “If beta decay explained the reactions in my device, I would have been killed already [by the radiation] and we would have found different isotopes,” Rossi told me. He claims that he has a good handle on the theory, but he won’t disclose it until his patent is granted.<br>Bushnell states that NASA is just now finishing a testing lab designed for the specific purpose of investigating LENR. With Rossi making news since early this year that he has built an operating LENR, I hear Bushnell making a pitch to have it tested and validated by NASA.<br>According to Rossi, he will do a demonstration for NASA only if they agree to purchase an operating plant once his device obtains the expected efficiency. Rossi is intent on moving his Energy Catalyzer from the testing lab into the field.<br>I don’t pretend to understand the physics, or to be in a position to know for certain whether the Rossi Energy Catalyzer is the breakthrough we have been waiting for. I will therefore let Dennis Bushnell have the final word for now: “I think we are almost over the “we do not understand it” problem. I think we are almost over the “this does not produce anything useful” problem. I think this will go forward fairly rapidly now. If it does, this is capable of, by itself, completely changing geo-economics, geo-politics, and solving climate issues.”<br>David Niebauer is a corporate and transaction attorney, located in San Francisco, whose practice is focused on financing transactions, M&A and cleantech. www.davidniebauer.com</ref><br />
<br />
===EFA srl===<br />
Italian company EFA srl, based in Bologna<ref>EFA srl, Via Marsili 4, I-40100 Bologna</ref>, is a company of limited liability and run by Rossi's wife Maddalena Pascucci who holds 70% of its shares. A minority stake is held by a business consultant by the name of Giuliano Guandalini who had previous business connections to Rossi. EFA also owns distribution rights for Europe and is a contractual partner both for Bologna University (as of June 2011, the contract was not signed) and Defkalion.<br />
<br />
The same premises housing EFA – Via Marsili 4, Bologna – are also residence of a company Systems GM 2000th (Giuliano Guandalini) owning the rooms in which Rossi happens to conduct his experiments.<br />
<br />
===Leonardo Technologies Inc.===<br />
[[image:LTI.jpg|Thermoelectric miracle device of LTI|thumb]]<br />
Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another company registered in USA co-founded by Rossi<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref>. However, he sold it at the end of the 1990s. LTI in Manchester (NH/USA) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with miraculous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect thermoelectric effects] (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling thermoelectric cooling], enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It ranges between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be of commercial interest only if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed it was able to realize thermoelectric modules (TE-devices) with a 20% efficiency. They further claimed they were able to build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1&nbsp;A and 100&nbsp;volt (100&nbsp;watt) was presented. Rossi later continued his research in Italy. The American Department of Defense showed some interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol<ref>http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/library_items/Thermo(2004).pdf</ref>. The modules did not prove to be very reliable Out of 27&nbsp;devices, only eight worked at all. Instead of 800&nbsp;to 1,000&nbsp;watt claimed, they only produced 1&nbsp; Watt of power. Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than regular devices commercially available.<br />
<br />
On the website leonardo-ecat.com a personnel list was published in November 2011: (now deleted) ''Personnel<br>Ing. Andrea A. Rossi, Inventor<br>Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. Giuseppe Levi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Athen University – Greece) Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy) Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA) Sterling D. Allan, Advisor, webmaster Hank Mills, Web content''<ref>http://www.leonardo-ecat.com/fp/About/Personnel/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
===AmpEnergo===<br />
[[image:Coldstream_Park_Office_Park.jpg|Coldstream Park Office Park (Image: NAI Norwood Group, Bedford NH [http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf])|300px|thumb]]<br />
US startup company AmpEnergo Inc., founded on April 20, 2009 in Bedford, New Hampshire<ref>AmpenErgo Inc., 116-G South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref><ref>President: Karl Norwood, founders and main shareholders: Karl Norwood (NAI Norwood Group, Inc.), Richard Noceti (LTI-global.com), Robert Gentile and Craig Cassarino. Minority shareholder: Ronald Engleman</ref> (Website: [http://ampenergo.com/]) signed a contract with inventor Andrea Rossi in March 2011. While "Leonardo Corp." is to build the energy catalyzers, marketing is planned to be done through AmpEnergo. According to Swedish journal Nyteknik, Rossi received a fincancial grant from this company.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3179019.ece</ref> According to information from the press, AmpEnergo is currently looking for inventors. <br />
The address of AmpEnergo is "Coldstream Park Office Park" owned by real estate company NAI Norwood<ref>http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf</ref>. According to owners, the building is heated with an electrically operated heat pump. The address is identical with that of real estate company NAI Norwood Group and of Norwood Management Karl Norwood Inc., owned by real estate agent Karl Norwood.<ref>NORWOOD MANAGEMENT KARL NORWOOD INC, 116 S RIVER RD UNIT A, Bedford, New Hampshire 03110</ref><ref>NAI Norwood Group, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref> and also of Leonardo Corp. and Leonardo Technologies Inc.<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref> owned by Andrea Rossi. The phone numbers of all those companies are identical too ( (603) 668 7000). Despite having been founded in 2009 already , no phone number is known for AmpEnergo Inc. The company is not registered in any phone book or yellow pages in the USA. (as of May 2011)<br />
<br />
===Defkalion Green Technologies===<br />
[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion Management|thumb]]<br />
[[image:defkalion2.jpg|Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents Cypriot PRAXEN Defkalion Green Technologies Ltd.|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:defkalion3.jpg|David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel is also CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Defkalion_PK3.jpg|Inventor Rossi with Hauard Chen of "China Research Center for Public Policy"|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Defkalion_science.jpg|Citation: ''The science behind the Ecat increases the probability of particles overcoming the electrostatic potential Coulom barriers in order to penetrate the nucleus by the quantum mechanical tunneling effect, yielding in an exothermic reaction between Hydrigen and Nickel. By decreasing the surface upon which a given amount of pressure is exerted, the odds for the tunneling effect to occur are increased, allowing für higher penetrability of the Coulomb barrier.'' (Website Defkalion 24.06.2011)|thumb]]<br />
There is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref> (named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion Deucalion], son of Prometheus in Greek mythology), owned by various investors who, according to Rossi, shall produce some of the energy catalyzers. However, at the end of July 2011 it came to a dispute and to the end of the collaboration. Rossi announced that he would sue Defkalion.<br />
<br />
The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are accordng to Defkalion mostly Greeks with current residence in Canada (64% shareholders) and from Middle Eastern countries Defkalion's major shareholder is a PRAXEN Ltd. based in Limassol (Cyprus).<br />
<br />
<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br><br />
*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect, previous president of "Ω Βank", and owner of Oxymachon company)<br />
*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN Defkalion Green Technologies Ltd.<br />
*Christos Stremmenos (born 1932), vice president (former professor at Bologna University and former Greek ambassador in Italy)<br />
*George Xanthoulis (born 1987), son of Alexandros Xanthoulis<br />
*David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel also is a CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro.<br />
*John Chadjichristos (born 1958), corporate consultant<br />
*Andreas Meidanis (born 1953), industrialist<br />
*Muafak Sauachni (born 1961), medical doctor from Israel<br />
*Andreas Drugas (born 1945), corporate consultant<br />
*Symeon Tsalikoglou, press spokesman</ref><br />
<br />
Cyprus-based PRAXEN Ltd., connected to Defkalion vice-president Alexandros Xanthoulis, is in a position to keep its shareholders anonymous according to Cypriot law. Andrea Rossi's wife Maddalena Pascucci seems to focus on controlling the commercial aspects of the business in energy catalyzers. She is a director of Italian EFA srl which has business connections to PRAXEN Defkalion Green Technologies Ltd. <ref>Praxen Defkalion Green Technologies (Global) Ltd., is based in Cyprus; it owns the contract signed with the inventor regarding the industrial secret with right of first refusal to sell globally except the US. (Specified on Defkalion-Website, 24.6.2011)</ref><br />
<br />
While Rossi's "Leonardo Corp." will handle business in USA, Greek company Defkalion was said to hold the license for sales in Greece and the Balkans and was probably to be in charge of worldwide business(except USA). In August 2011 Rossi announced that Defkalion has no rights to his inventions anymore. According to Greek journal "Investor's World", premises of a former factory in the town of Xanthi have been bought, on which a 1&nbsp;MW-small power station equipped with Rossi's energy catalyzers is supposed to be built; these premises will manufacture energy catalyzers in future. A total of three plants is to be built in Xanthi. The same source claims that Defkalion must be regarded a "200&nbsp;million Euro investment". Half of the investment money (about 100&nbsp;millions) is said to go to inventor Rossi later.<ref name="talefta" /><ref name ="scan" /><ref name="Investors World Article" /> According to Rossi he will start with the production of his E-cat devices, even if the filed patent won't be granted. He also wants to continue production even if competitors understand his invention through reverse-engeneering.<ref>From a chat conversation at Nyeteknik on March&nbsp;12, 2011</ref> According to press information, Defkalion intends to begin producing E-cats in 2012, at an annual production of 300,000 devices. During the first year, however, only 40,000 units were to be produced. Between 125 and 200 new jobs were to be created in Xanthi. It was claimed in June 2011 that the investment sum was 300-400 million euro.<ref>Citation: ..''Presented on Thursday, finally, officially, the energy investment project of the Greek company Defkalion Green Technologies SA on the industrial application of scientific discovery of the famous "cold fusion nickel and hydrogen" Italian professors Sergio Foccardi and Andrea Rossi has created great interest internationally''....''Investing a total budget of 300 to 400 million, includes three industrial units, which will settle in Thrace''.. Source: Article "Investing 400 million in Xanthi for "cold fusion" of hydrogen", in "Energy Press", 23.6.2011</ref><br />
<br />
The business model of Defkalion allows long-time leasing of "E-Cat" devices to private clients. A 10&nbsp;kW or 20&nbsp;kW facility (information is ambiguous) is said to cost 1,300&nbsp;Euro per year, including operational costs and "fuel replacement", handled by manufacturers through replacing the device.<br />
<br />
At a press conference on June 23, 2011<ref>Panel Speakers:<br />
Andrea Rossi<br />
Professor Christos Stremmenos<br />
Alexandros Xanthoulis as representative of the investors<br />
<br />
Media Participation:<br />
Greek national television channels<br />
Skai / ANT1 / NET<br />
Greek radio stations<br />
Skai / ERT<br />
Greek print media<br />
Real News / O Kosmos tou Ependiti / Kerdos / Xanthi Press / H Gnomi / Axia / Makedonia<br />
Italian media<br />
Rai24 / Rai1 / independent online journalists<br />
Swedish media<br />
E-Cat report / Independent online journalists<br />
International press<br />
European Press Agency / Associated Press<br />
Environmental agencies<br />
<br />
Public Figures:<br />
Hellenic Ministry of Regional Development (Industry & Energy)<br />
Alternate Minister, Socratis Xinidis<br />
Federal German Green Party<br />
Member of the Executive Board, Rene Ramminger<br />
Municipality of Palaio Faliro<br />
Mayor, Dionysis Hatzidakis<br />
Municipality of Athens, Sport & Youth<br />
Deputy Mayor, Toula Psaraki<br />
Greek Technical Chamber of Commerce<br />
Chairman, Christos Spirtzis<br />
Union of Greek Chambers of Commerce<br />
Chairman, George Kassimatis<br />
Hellenic-American Chamber of Commerce<br />
President, Yanos Gramatidis<br />
LARCO (Nickel company of Greece)<br />
CEO, Anastasios Barakos<br />
Federation of Industries of Northern Greece<br />
representative<br />
Professors and scientists from numerous universities in Greece and abroad<br />
International visitors: Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Italy, Germany, Sweden, UK, USA. [http://www.defkalion-energy.com/news_details_pconference]</ref> it was reported that contacts were established to a "China Research Center for Public Policy", whose representative Hauard Chen attented the press conference. Further attendees were politicians from the German Green Party as well as representatives of the Baden Wuerttemberg state government. These informations are established in several Greek newspapers.<ref>http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/8178-episimi-parousiasi-tiw-defcalion-.html</ref><ref>http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xanthipress.gr%2Feidiseis%2Fpolitiki%2F8178-episimi-parousiasi-tiw-defcalion-.html</ref><ref>http://www.xronos.gr/detail.php?ID=69953</ref> As a single name one René Ramminger was mentioned, maybe speaker of Berlin "AG Soziales & Arbeit KV Tempelhof-Schöneberg" of "Bündnis90/Die Grünen"/Berlin.<br />
<br />
While the website of EON&nbsp;Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion offered since the press conference at the end of June a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue&nbsp;2-4, Athens Tower, 18th&nbsp;Floor, GR-11527&nbsp;Athens, Tel: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770602, Fax: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com. Domain registrant is one Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200&nbsp;Elefsina.</ref>, later, in Juli 2011 an Address in Glifada was mentioned.<ref>Defkalion Head Office, Xanthou 3, Glifada, GR-16674 Greece. Tel: +30 210 7770602 - Fax: +30 210 7770608</ref> Furthermore future E-Cats with 5-30 kW are promoted on the website as "products" but no prices are available. A „Defkalion white paper“ was shown which states some details on Rossi-reactors. English observers found numerous mistakes and errors in used units of size (Examples:.. Power consumption: "0.5kw/hr", ‚"Series C Hyperion 20kW product can generate up to 157 Mw in one year of operation"..). This text disappeared immediately from the website. Defkalion stated the alleged functional principle as:<br />
:"The science behind the Ecat increases the probability of particles overcoming the electrostatic potential Coulom barriers in order to penetrate the nucleus by the quantum mechanical tunneling effect, yielding in an exothermic reaction between Hydrigen and Nickel. By decreasing the surface upon which a given amount of pressure is exerted, the odds for the tunneling effect to occur are increased, allowing für higher penetrability of the Coulomb barrier.''<br />
<br />
it was also declared by Defkalion that by "pressure increase" (apparently based on hydrogen) the output of the reactor could be controlled.<br />
<br />
===Transaltec AG===<br />
[[image:Andrea_Rossi_Adolf_Schneider.png|[[Adolf Schneider]] (right, [[Transaltec AG]]) with wife and Andrea Rossi. Picture: [http://www.borderlands.de/net_pdf/NET0911S4-15.pdf])|thumb]]<br />
It became known end of 2011, that the swiss company [[TransAltec AG]] of [[Adolf Schneider]] tries to sell the E-cat.<ref>http://transaltec.ch/facma/design.php?design=2</ref><br />
<br />
===Pure Energy Systems Network Inc.===<br />
[[image:Allan-Rossi.jpg|[[Sterling Allan]] (right, company [[Pure Energy Systems Network Inc.]]) and Ecat-inventor Andrea Rossi|thumb]]<br />
The company [[Pure Energy Systems Network Inc.]] of [[Sterling Allan]] is also doing business with Andrea Rossi. According to "New Energy Times" owner Allan is a paid "sales agent" to market Rossis E-cat. It became also known that Allen is paid for publications and "news stories" about the E-cat. Allen is webmaster of the internet site of Leonardo Corporation in Bedford (New Hampshire/USA) since 2011.<br />
<br />
==Funding and former Cooperation with Bologna University==<br />
Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. In an interview in Italian television on April 18, 2011, Rossi declared he had not received any pre-delivery payments or payments at all from customers. Rossi only meant to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. In contrast to that, it became known in May 2011 Rossi had already concluded a contract with the company AmpEnergo and payments had been made. <br />
<br />
The University of Bologna had agreed to a collaboration, the Faculty of Physics should have received Euro&nbsp;500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. According to other sources the faculty received as much as 1 million Euro. The research unit is said to consist of the following persons: <br />
Ennio Bonetti, Enrico Campari, Loris Ferrari, Giuseppe Levi, and Mauro Villa. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities.<ref>''[...] Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000&nbsp;Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.<br>According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the "energy catalyzer" was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18&nbsp;hours.''</ref> <br />
<br />
Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:<br />
<br />
:''The 500,000&nbsp;Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care [...]''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2012 it became known that the University of Bologna cancelled the planned agreement since Rossi did not pay the agreed sums to the university.<ref>Email Prof. Dario Braga/UniBo: ''I can confirm that to the best of my knowledge the contract between the dept of physics and the EFA company has been cancelled because unfulfilled at the agreed deadline and that there is no further relationship between the company and the university based on that contract.<br>Regards<br>Dario Braga<br>Professor Dario Braga University of Bologna''</ref><ref>E-CAT: DICHIARAZIONE DEL DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA DELL’UNIVERSITA’ DI BOLOGNA<br>Bologna, 25 gennaio 2012 – Il Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Bologna dichiara che il contratto sottoscritto nel giugno 2011 tra il Dipartimento di Fisica e la EFA srl (la società italiana di proprietà di Andrea Rossi) è stato rescisso causa il mancato soddisfacimento delle condizioni al termine contrattuale previsto. Non c’è più alcun rapporto tra il Dipartimento e la EFA srl legato a questo contratto. Tuttavia, il Dipartimento di Fisica si è reso disponibile con la sua esperienza e le sue strumentazioni per svolgere autonome misurazioni sulla produzione di calore da parte dell’apparecchiatura denominata e-cat al fine di fornire una risposta all’intera comunità scientifica e all’opinione pubblica in merito al fenomeno. I risultati delle misure saranno pubblicati.</ref><ref>http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2012/01/24/university-of-bologna-terminates-relationship-with-rossi/</ref><br />
<br />
==Journal of Nuclear Physics==<br />
[[image:JONP.jpg|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:JONP2.jpg|thumb]]<br />
Rossi spreads claims about his inventions through his own Internet blog called "Journal of Nuclear Physics", which is claimed to be "peer-reviewed". From its subtitle „Nuclear experiments blog“, however, it is obvious this is no professional journal. "Journal of Nuclear Physics" used to be the title of a Russian professional journal, which was discontinued. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Nuclear_Physics Article article in Wikipedia] lists all journals of this name.<br />
<br />
The [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/ website of the blog] lists a "Board of Advisers" which currently (April 2011) lists 8&nbsp;names: Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Michael Melich (DOD – USA), Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy), Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA), Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Bologna University – Italy) und Richard Noceti, Ph.D. (LTI-global.com).<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?page_id=2</ref> It is peculiar that several of the persons come from the circle of inventors. With some of these persons, it is not evident what may qualify them for questions of physics. George Kelly is apparently not working for the University of New Hampshire; it is unclear whether he exists in the first place. An American psychologist of the same name has already died. Michael Melich, who allegedly works for the "DOD" (U.S. Defense Department), received some attention due to weird statements. He claims to be working as kind of an undercover agent for a US secret service to whom he claims to report activities of the cold fusion scene. Guiseppe Levi, who was listed originally as an advisor, was deleted from the list at the end of January 2011 (see screenshots).<br />
<br />
The blog also allows adding comments. But various person reported in the internet that only comments or questions not criticizing or doubting the "E-cat" will be published.<br />
<br />
==Business competition==<br />
In competition to the Rossi Ecat-reactor is a similar "energy reactor" of the Italian physicist Francesco Piantelli, who has founded a company "NichEnergy S.R.L." .<ref>NICHENERGY S.R.L., VIA MASSETANA ROMANA 50/A, I-53100 Siena</ref><ref>http://www.nichenergy.com ALESSANDRO MEIARINI, Via Belriguardo 128, I-53100 Siena</ref> To date (July 2011) no useful reputable publications for this project exist. According to vague details, which can be found in the Internet, inventor Piantelli claims an "energy multiplication" by a factor of 200. In contrast to the Rossi reactor no so called catalyst is said to be used.<br />
<br />
==Patents and patent applications==<br />
[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]<br />
Rossi has applied for a patent(WO 2009/125444 A1 EP 02259998 A1) for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. EP-Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office, as one of the International Searching Authorities of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), negatively assessed the patent specification. It criticized the invention was not presented comprehensively, and particularly that it was not evident the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen did in fact generate energy. To quote the report:<br />
:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible. [...] In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref><br />
<br />
The Italian patent of the same content was granted in April 2011 with the number IT MI20080629 (''processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno.'').<ref>IT MI20080629 (A1), METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Publication date: 2009-10-10. Inventor(s): ROSSI ANDREA, Applicant(s): PASCUCCI MADDALENA.<br />
Also published as: WO 2009125444 (A1), US 2011005506 (A1), EP 2259998 (A1)</ref><ref>http://www.uibm.gov.it/uibm/dati/stampa_elenco_info.aspx?load=info_stampMain&id=1610895&table=Invention</ref> The wording of the patent is not publically accessible and, due to reasons of secrecy, will be published at a later date.<br />
<br />
Patent applications are required to allow experts to rebuild the described invention. Furthermore the "best method" to achieve the presented effect has to be described in the application. Rossi, however, keeps the nature of his "catalyzers" secret.<br />
<br />
The WIPO website lists an answer of Rossi's patent attorney Cicogna dated December 17, 2010 in which he addressed the issues mentioned.<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/application_rossi.004908.pdf</ref> In his answer to the Munich European patent agency, he drops 6 of formerly 15 claims. The correspondence also addresses a patent from 2005 (Yoshiaki Arata: (Juli 2005) ''Hydrogen condensate and method of generating heat therewith.'', EP1551032 [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1551032.pdf]) held by Japanese professor emeritus Yoshiaki Arata who has been studying "cold fusion" since 1989. In his patent, Arata described methods to generate an "Arata Energy" with hydrogen isotopes which permeate finely ground metals (''metal nano-ultrafine particle ''; Arata mentions several metals, among them nickel) or alloys under energy consumption. This process is said to create a "condensate" with a decreased interatomic distance between hydrogen isotopes, explaining the emission of heat. A byproduct of the reaction was helium. According to Arata, there are several ways to apply energy: pressure, ultrasound, high electricity, laser light, magnetism, etc. Arata introduced his reactor, equipped with a Stirling engine, to the public in May 2008<ref>http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28011/1.html</ref>, but explained that the principle could not be applied since helium generation "poisoned" the fusion process, so the fusion chamber had to be vented periodically, rendering any utilization uneconomical.<br />
<br />
A patent application with the number US2011/005506 A1 was submitted by Rossi on September 16, 2010 in USA and released on January 13, 2011 by the patent office. The application does not mention cold fusion but a device to create an exothermic reaction with nickel and hydrogen. As of September 2011 no assessment of the U.S. patent office is known.<ref>[http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/2011RossiUSPatentApp.pdf Method and Apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reaction], United States Patent Application Publication</ref><br />
<br />
Patents held by Francesco Piantelli:<br />
* WO 95 20816 A1, Francesco Piantelli: ''Energy generation and Generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion''<br />
* EP 0767962 B1 (1995), Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion. Patent''<br />
* WO 2010058288 A1: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO, ''METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27.''<br />
* DE69510056T2 Energieerzeugung Und Erzeuger Durch Oberwellenfreie Stimulierte Fusion, 03/02/2000<br />
* patent application PI2011A000046 (Italy) from April 26, 2011: ''metodo e apparato per generare energia mediante reazioni nucleari di idrogeno adsorbito per cattura orbitale da una nanostruttura cristallina di un metallo''. (patent application ''Method and Apparatus for Generating Energy through Nuclear Reactions of Hydrogen Adsorbed by Orbital Capture to a Metal Crystalline Nanostructure''). Not public till October 27, 2012.<br />
<br />
Further patents held by Andrea Rossi:<br />
*US 2002/0046762 A1 "Thermoelectric generators", Inventor: Andrea Rossi. Filing date: Oct 4,2001<ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=h9SMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false<br />
<br />
A thermoelectric module including a couple formed between two bismuth telluride thermoelectrodes. The first thermoelectrode is doped with palladium, selenium, or a combination of the two. The second thermoelectrode is doped with antimony, gold, or a combination of the two. Multiple thermoelectric...<br />
Inventor: Andrea Rossi</ref><br />
*WO0229908 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (patent withdrawn). published on 03.03.2004. Applicant(s) Leonardo Technologies, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford, NH 03110 / US. Inventor(s) ROSSI, Andrea, c/o Leonardi Technologies, Inc.<ref>https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application?number=EP01986372</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=AJSSAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
*US 6051110 ''Thermolytic distillation of carbonaceous material''<br />
*U.S. Patent US6620994 B2 Andrea Rossi: "Thermoelectric generators" (16.9.2003)<br />
<br />
==Reception, media coverage and criticism==<br />
[[image:Mats_Lewan.jpg|Swedish journalist Mats Lewan (Nyteknik)|thumb]]<br />
A noteworthy reception by respective associations or universities never happened, an attempt by inventors to publish their principle in a professional magazine failed. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Only a few physicists reacted with blog entries or comments to the topic.<br />
<br />
Italian daily press covered the invention in a mere four articles (some of these in local sections). Additionally, a small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business journal and a private TV station covered it. „Nyeteknik“ reported in Sweden, some positive coverage was published in US "Washington Times", which belongs to the [[Moon-Cult]], in an article by Frank Perley.<ref>Frank Perley: ''PERLEY: [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", March 3, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
The energy catalyzer was also covered in several blogs. The most lively interest could be observed in Italy and Sweden.<br />
<br />
The most renowned person to comment favourably on the energy catalyzer so far has been English Nobel Prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson has been known for a supporter of so called "cold fusion" for years and is the editor of the corresponding article in English Wikipedia.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer</ref><br />
<br />
The most committed critic is probably Italian habilitated nuclear chemist Camillo Franchini. Another critic is the habilitated Swedish nuclear physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University. Ekström calls Rossi's invention a "hoax" and [[pseudoscience]]. He also compares it to claims made by Randell Mills for the last twenty years (BlackLightPower - see [[Hydrino]]). In his criticism, Ekström refers to the conditions necessary for fusion and nuclear transformations as well as the radiation emitted. A summary of his criticism can be found here: [http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]. Swedish professor for physics Kjell Aleklett from Uppsala University also criticized in his blog: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?"]<br />
<br />
Early 2012 Australian aerospace engineer Ian Bryce investigated the reports of the conducted tests 2012 and found, that the shown experiments can easily be conducted by misconnecting the wires of the three-core power lead: One just has to connect the earth lead to the active pin and connect the earth lead than to the heaters. It would bypass the metering instruments since it usually doesn't make sense to measure the earth lead. The extra power would suffice to explain the measured heating output.<ref name="AustralianSkeptics">[http://www.skeptics.com.au/latest/news/dick-smith-slams-cold-fusion-claims/ “Cold fusion” tests misled scientists], Australian Skeptics, January 30, 2012</ref><br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Focardi-Rossi-Energiekatalysator|en=Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer|it=Catalizzatore di energia secondo Rossi e Focardi}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Zirconium fusion reactor of Bolotov]]<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
[[image:Petrolio Dai Rifiuti.jpg|Luigi Bacialli, ''Petrolio dai Rifiuti'', SugarCo Edizioni (1979)|thumb]]<br />
*[http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf Giuseppe Levi: "Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi “Ni-H” reactor", Univ. Bologna, Jan. 2011] (auch: [http://www.territorioscuola.com/download/Levi-Bianchini-and-Villa-Reports.pdf])<br />
*E. CAMPARI, S. FOCARDI, V. GABBANI, V. MONTALBANO, F. PIANTELLI, S. VERONESI: "Overview of H_Ni systems: old experiments and new setup" 5TH ASTI WORKSHOP ON ANOMALIES IN HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM LOADED METALS, ASTI, ITALY, 2004, XP002517911<br />
*S. FOCARDI, V. GABBANI, V. MONTALBANO, F. PIANTELLI, S. VERONESI: "Evidence of Electromagnetic radiation from Ni-H Systems" 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2004, MARSEILLE, FRANCE, 2004, XP002517912<br />
*Focardi S., Habel R., and Piantelli F., "Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 107A, p. 163-167, (1994)<br />
*Notoya, R. et al., "Tritium Generation and Large Excess Heat Evolution by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water-Potassium Carbonate Solutions With Nickel Electrodes," Fusion Technology, Vol. 26, p. 179, (Sept. 1994)<br />
*Mengoli, G., Bernardini, M., Manducchi, C., and Zannoni, G., "Anomalous Heat Effects Correlated With Electrochemical Hydriding of Nickel," Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 20 D, p. 331-352, (1998)<br />
*Battaglia, A., Daddi, L., Focardi, S., Gabbani, V., Montalbano, V., Piantelli, F., Sona, P.G., and nesi, S., "Neutron Emission in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 112 A p. 921-931, (Sept. 1999)<br />
*S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998<br />
*Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).<br />
*Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)<br />
*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Article in the journal "Query", 31.1.2011]<br />
*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Article in the journal "Query", 2.2.2011]<br />
*Peter Ekström ''Kall fusion åter i hetluften'', fysikaktuellt nr 2, May 2011, page 24. [http://www.fysikersamfundet.se/Fysikaktuellt/2011_2.pdf Full Text (Swedish)]<br />
<br />
===News articles===<br />
*Sibylle Anderl: ''Ein Energiemärchen - Kernfusion mit Nickel und Wasserstoff? Das kalte Gebräu im "Rossi-Reaktor"'', FAZ, 20.7.2011 (addon "Natur und Wissenschaft", S. N1) [http://www.faz.net/artikel/C30950/kalte-fusion-ein-italienisches-energiemaerchen-30468569.html Artikel bei FAZ net]<br />
*[http://www3.lastampa.it/fileadmin/media/settimanali/tuttoscienze/PDF/5.pdf Luigi Grassia: ''Misteri - serie di test a Bologna''. La Stampa, 11.5.2011 (Italian)] <br />
*[http://www.iltempo.it/2011/05/10/1256276-energia_gratis_parla_italiano.shtml?refresh_ce Antonio Angeli: ''L'energia gratis parla italiano - Il sogno del «generatore magico» sembra realizzato. L'ha inventato un bolognese'', Il Tempo, May 10, 2011 (Italian)]<br />
*Ilaria Venturi: ''Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti", article in "La Repubblica" (local section Bologna) vom January 14, 2011. [http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/01/14/news/fusione_nucleare_a_freddo_a_bologna_ci_siamo_riusciti-11237521/]<br />
*[http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2011/01/13/441795-realizzato_fusione_fredda.shtml MARCO PIVATO: ''"Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi''. Article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (local section Bologna) on January 13, 2011]<br />
*[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Lisa Zyga: ''Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion'', physorg, January 20, 2011]<br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/01/24/italian-scientists-claim-cold-fusion-breakthrough/#ixzz1HFDdqNuC Clay Dillow: ''Italian Scientists Claim (Dubious) Cold Fusion Breakthrough'', Fox News, January 24, 2011]<br />
*Frank Perley: ''Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes'', "Washington Times" March 17, 2011.[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]<br />
*Franco, Foresta Martin, "Siena scopre l' energia pulita Fusione fredda all' italiana?," Corriere Della Sera, February 19, 1994<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*[http://www.ingandrearossi.com Homepage of Andrea Rossi]<br />
*[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com "Journal of Nuclear Physics"]. The title suggests a physics journal but it is actually a website similar to a blog run by Focardi and Rossi, articles are allegedly peer-reviewed by "at least one" physics professor. <br />
*[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/0,1518,801836,00.html Ralph Diermann: ''Kalte Kernfusion - Herr Rossi sucht das Glück der Menschheit'', SPIEGEL Online, 10.12.2011]<br />
*[http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/35/35803/1.html Haiko Lietz: "Kalte Fusion als Technologie", Heise - Telepolis, 03.11.2011]<br />
*http://www.eonsrl.com (currently no content)<br />
*[http://newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2011/37/NET370.shtml article in "New Energy Times", 37, 30.7.2011]<br />
*[http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]<br />
*[http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?" http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/index.asp?id=17662 (Swedish)<br />
*http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html<br />
*http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml<br />
*[http://www.rainews24.rai.it/it/canale-tv.php?id=23074 Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 3.5.2011]<br />
*[http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Rossi Article in Swedish Wikipedia about Andrea Rossi]<br />
*[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/06/28/report-2-energy-catalyzer-scientific-communication-and-ethics-issues/ S.Krivit: "report2 energy catalyzer scientific communication and ethics issues", Newenergytimes, june 28, 2011]<br />
*[http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8140 Ugo Bardi: ''The E-Cat loses steam'', Blog "The Oildrum",27.7.2011]<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/12/the_nuclear_physics_of_why_we.php<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/11/cold_fusion_is_it_possible_is.php<br />
*http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2011-11-30/no-miracles-science-story-energy-catalyzer<br />
<br />
===Videos===<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGI12A3SWJ4&feature=relmfu at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (Italian)]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzL3RIlcwbY at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (English)]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5uChrjknJA Report in Greek television] (Greek/English)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc] (Demonstration Bologna January 3, 2011)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-8QdVwY98E Steven Krivit: "2011 - Andrea Rossi Explains His Energy Catalyzer", Video of a demonstration on June 14, 2011]<br />
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uviXoafHWrU<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[category:Pseudoscience]]<br />
[[category:Cold Fusion]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Andrea_Rossi_Adolf_Schneider.png&diff=2120File:Andrea Rossi Adolf Schneider.png2012-03-19T01:25:29Z<p>Heimdall: German wiki</p>
<hr />
<div>German wiki</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:Allan-Rossi.jpg&diff=2119File:Allan-Rossi.jpg2012-03-19T01:25:14Z<p>Heimdall: German wiki</p>
<hr />
<div>German wiki</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Focardi-Rossi_Energy-Catalyzer&diff=2118Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer2012-03-18T23:31:19Z<p>Heimdall: Updated translation</p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1&nbsp;l/h)|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture: TV channel "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:John_Michell_Ecat.jpg|Planned book of a John Michell: Rossi's eCcat - Free Energy, Free Money, Free People. (Xecnet Verlag <ref>From the advertising: ''Featured Book<br />
<br />
Our featured book is John Michell's new book Rossi's eCat - Free Energy,<br />
Free Money, Free People.<br />
<br />
Out Now!<br />
<br />
2011 – And an amazing technology has been developed in Italy which has been<br />
described as the greatest scientific discovery of all human history.<br />
<br />
Although shunned by most mainstream media - an army of enthusiasts have<br />
created websites, blogs, forums and videos discussing every stage of its<br />
development – while thousands are following this discovery on social<br />
networks.<br />
<br />
For the first time in human history - energy – heat and power - have been<br />
produced in abundant quantities at an insignificant cost without pollution.<br />
For the first time energy can be obtained cleanly and cheaply without<br />
burning fossil fuels, without nuclear power and without renewables –<br />
genuinely portable, free, green energy.<br />
<br />
Rossi’s eCat tells the story of how this energy source was discovered,<br />
developed by inventor Andrea Rossi, how it challenges modern science and<br />
what the consequences for mankind could be. This is a discovery which<br />
heralds nothing less than the start of a new era – the year 0 PR<br />
(Post-Rossi).''</ref>)|thumb]]<br />
The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be marketed in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref> which, at strong heat, led to the creation of copper. Rossi's 2011 demonstrations were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation typical for fusion processes could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref>, and there is no proof of the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion" suffered from several methodic shortcomings and displayed contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature regarding the "energy-catalyzer" is not available (as of Juli 2011).<br />
<br />
In March 2011, a Greek business journal titled „Investor's World“ reported the concept was central to a speculative investment deal worth several hundred million Euro. Greek startup "Defkalion is offering state licenses for commercialization of the invention at a price of 40.5 million Euros per country since July 2011.<ref>July 6th, 2011<br>Dear interested party,<br>You have received this email because you have shown an initial interest for commercial involvement with our company and our products based on Andrea Rossi’s e-Cat invention (exothermic reaction between Hydrogen and Nickel). Many have signed non disclosure agreements with us and others are in the process of doing so. We offer you the possibility to meet with us prior to our public announcement that we accept international expressions of interest through our website as of September 2011.<br>As such, this letter will update you on our current status, and provide you with a clearer understanding of the structure with which we are proceeding for all international partnerships. As many of you know, the manner is the same globally.<br>Regarding exclusivity, having received expressions of interest from 63 countries and more than 850 companies, we decided to change our non-exclusivity approach so that due diligence and selection of multiple partners in any given country is the responsibility off the country rights holder. As such, we will only sign agreements with one company per country. Any additional factories will pass through this partner.<br>--- ---<br>Regarding our international sales approach, it is as follows:<br />
We sell the rights to manufacture our products exclusively to one company for a given country at a fixed royalty price of 40.5 million Euros per factory producing 300,000 units annually. Within this price, we will:<br><br />
o Provide the blueprints to establish the factory according to our international standardized plans, including all details for the machinery / software / technical know-how used in the factory.<br />
o Provide transfer-of-knowledge (production, technical, after sales, maintenance) both in Greece as well as on location <br />
Additional royalties are paid to us for each product sold<br />
We sell and deliver the industrial secret as a component to the final product in a black box, plug-and-play module.<br />
Local company partnerships, marketing, points of sales, technical support remains the responsibility of the country rights holder.<br />
If additional factories need to be built, the same principles remain.<br />
Our business and pricing is structured to create lucrative win-win opportunities for all.<br><br />
<br />
Regarding time-line and milestones for those interested to proceed in talks:<br />
Initial meeting in Athens during July and August (except 14-20 July and 10-20<br />
August) to discuss and sign preliminary expression of interest contract, whereby the opportunity to secure the exclusive rights will be given.<br><br />
Meeting in our factory during October to inspect and verify kW units<br />
Meeting in our factory during December to inspect and verify MW units<br><br />
--- ---<br />
Regarding next steps, and based on the information provided herein, if you<br />
See opportunities that match your company’s capabilities, and if you believe<br />
your company qualifies to proceed with further talks, we welcome your reply to this email<br />
accordingly in order to:<br><br />
Signing of a non disclosure confidentiality agreement sent by us upon<br />
request<br />
Secure a date for a meeting in Athens during July or August<br />
The abovementioned initial meeting in our offices here in Athens should not<br />
last more than 3-5 hours. Appointments will be set according to availability. As<br />
mentioned above, these meetings will take place during July (excluding above dates).<br><br />
--- ---<br />
Regarding factory specs, below is some basic information regarding the overview of the factory requirements according to our standards. Many of you will have already seen these figures; nothing has changed:<br><br />
Larger and smaller factories can be negotiated according to markets. Basic<br />
aspects of each factory producing 300,000 units annually (kW and MW product ranges)<br />
are:<br><br />
12,000m2 space (maximum height of 14 meters for half of the allocated<br />
space)<br />
IT to monitor production line, 1st level support and distribution channels<br />
Assembly of products will include the following activities:<br />
Build-up of final product (electronics, heat management, etc)<br />
Assembly of reactors (purchased from Defkalion)<br />
Quality Control<br />
Total Quality Management<br />
Environmental Control<br />
Stress Tests<br />
Functional Tests of end products<br />
Recharging of units<br />
Recycling procedures<br><br />
<br />
Factory Special Conditions:<br><br />
Clear air similar to pharmaceutical industry standards<br />
Access to constant flow of water<br />
Heat management of waste heat during tests of modules (this heat energy<br />
could also be used to run the factory’s energy needs with third party technology)<br><br />
--- ---<br />
Regarding R&D, it is also the case that some of you seek partnerships in the<br />
field of R&D. Such interest is seen favorably, but will be dealt with under<br />
case-by-case assessment following a detailed expression of interest. Please note that<br />
such talks will take place after October 2011.<br><br />
--- ---<br />
We would like to reiterate that this communication is made and provided to<br />
you prior to our international announcement in light of your early participation in<br />
this exciting endeavor. As of September we shall be open to the world at-large through our<br />
new website, which, to date, has received nearly 2 million hits since June 23rd.<br />
We look forward to hearing from you accordingly, and look forward to<br />
welcoming you in Greece soon. You can use the same email (i...@defkalion-energy.com) for<br />
your replies.<br><br />
Sincerely,<br />
Symeon Tsalikoglou<br />
Director Business Development & Marketing<br />
Defkalion Green Technologies<br />
</ref> However, in August Rossi ended the just weeks old association with the Creek company. <br />
<br />
Inventor Rossi, having got in conflict with the law previously, had also supplied thermoelectrical elements of an alleged miraculous efficiency which, however, displayed merely average properties when tested.<br />
<br />
The actual inventor of the principle was Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989 who filed patent applications in 1995 and 2010.<ref>Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion''. Patent EP 0767962 B1, 1995. [https://data.epo.org/publication-server/pdf-document?PN=EP0767962%20EP%200767962&iDocId=4823352&iepatch=.pdf]</ref><ref>WO 2010058288 A1: METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27. Erfinder: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO</ref> Rossi, who also attempts to have his invention patented, does not acknowledge priority and importance of Piantelli's patents: ''"My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not."'' Piantelli's patent expert commented in May 2011 that Rossi had no chance to have the functional principle patented since Piantelli already held a patent on it since 1995.<ref>Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 May 3, 2011</ref> Meanwhile, Piantelli has founded the Italian company NichEnergy S.R.L. which is developing a reactor similar to Rossi's.<br />
<br />
Some aspects of the claimed functional principle also happen to be similar to descriptions in a patent registered by Yoshiaki Arata in Japan dated July 2005 (see below). A remote similarity to the [[CETI Patterson Power Cell]] and to the [[Zirconium fusion reactor of Bolotov]] can also be established.<br />
<br />
==Purported functional principle==<br />
[[image:Ecat3.jpg|Power control and main switch|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:FAE3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and the reactor (demonstration dd. January 14, 2011, Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ecat4.jpg|Heating power can be selected in steps: 0...9|left|thumb]] <br />
[[image:Rossi_Ecat2.jpg|Several "E-cat" stripped of shielding and insulation. The heating element is clearly a "Rotfil S21" (Image: Giuseppe Levi)|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ecat5.jpg|Power control|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi_Ecat.jpg|Outside view of reaction chamber, lead shielding and insulation removed. Below: Outer heating resistor (here: heating sleeve 300W), above: hydrogen intake, left and right: cooling water line. Image: Giuseppe Levi|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_control_box.jpg|The "control box" with 12 phase fired controllers of the type "VL676" from company GSEI in Genoa (Genova)<ref>http://www.gsei.it/attachs/P020_01.pdf</ref> (Image: S.B. Krivit)|300px|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Hydrogen.jpg|Hydrogen pressure indicator|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Heizmanschette.jpg|Typical heating sleeve|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ultramax.jpg|Typical elements of the "Ultramax cartridge heater" (company Rotfil)(Image: [http://www.rotfil.com/public/downloads/PDF-CAR-017-E.pdf])|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi6.jpg|Claims of cheap nickel isotope enrichment as part of the invention (Screenshot: Blog "Journal of nuclear physics", April 11, 2011)|350px|thumb]]<br />
All data currently available regarding the "Focardi-Rossi Energy Catalyzer" come from inventors and their internet blog, from a patent application submitted by Rossi, from YouTube videos, and from statements of the few physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There has been no noteworthy reception on the part of the international physics community so far. An attempt of inventors to publish an article on their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only individual physicists reacted with public blog entries and comments (e.g.: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/][http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf][http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html]). The most renowned person having commented the energy catalyzer so far is English Nobel Prize winner Brian Josephson<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAJnZZi41YA&feature=youtu.be</ref>. Josephson has been known for a supporter of so called "cold fusion" for years. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Focardi and Rossi publish statements in their own "online periodical" titled "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an internet blog, and in Italian journal "Il&nbsp;Cimento". Upon inquiry, physicist Focardi advised the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded by Rossi since publication in accredited journals failed. Focardi stated that [http://arxiv.org "arXiv.org"] was the journal which rejected them: ''A. Carnera, S. Focardi, A. Rossi, to be published on Arxiv.''.<br />
<br />
Rossi's company EON&nbsp;Srl and "Leonardocorp." did not provide further information so far.<br />
<br />
<br />
According to – partly contradictory - information available from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor allegedly enables exothermal fusion. They claim they managed to "produce" 130&nbsp;kW thermal energy in an extreme case, and needed just 80 to 1,250&nbsp;Watts to "pre-heat" respectively to operate the electronic control system.<br />
<br />
The process - disclosed only partially, although a patent application was filed (not approved as of April 2011) - involves nickel and hydrogen gas transformed to copper in the presence of an unknown catalyst under emission of heat and ionizing radiation. The fusion process is said to happen in a stainless steel reactor vessel which is placed inside of a copper pipe through which cooling water flows. The patent application claims the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3.6% of natural nickel) reacted with hydrogen and was transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. In his blog, Rossi claims he uses nickel isotope enrichment to get the desired amount of nickel isotopes. To be more precise, he claims to use an unexplained process to achieve enrichment with isotope Ni58.<ref>Citation from JONP Blog:<br />
Daniel de França MTd2 <br />
April 29th, 2011 at 2:09 PM <br />
Dr Mr. Rossi, <br />
<br />
Concerning the Nickel input in the experiment, do you deplete it of Ni58? <br />
<br />
Best, <br />
<br />
Daniel. <br />
<br />
Andrea Rossi <br />
April 29th, 2011 at 2:47 PM <br />
Dear Mr Daniel De Francia: <br />
Yes <br />
Warm regards, <br />
A.R.</ref> The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in the emission of strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", in answering an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref><br><br><br />
<br />
While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10&nbsp;µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application, are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – allegedly was not used. According to the patent application, an inner water circuit (with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor, heat is transferred to an external water circuit by a heat exchanger.<br />
<br />
By heating with electrical energy, protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms at 180-400&nbsp;degrees Celsius and lead to a nuclear reaction if pressure was increased strongly at regular intervals. Altogether, hydrogen is said to be consumed and some helium is generated.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The nickel rod is said to show tiny surface craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating will be turned off automatically by a thermostat when a certain operating temperature is achieved. Further electrical energy (20&nbsp;to 80&nbsp;W) was only necessary to supply control electronics. The modules controlling the heating resistors are 12 phase fired controllers of the type VL676 from company GSEI in Genoa (Genova)<ref>http://www.gsei.it/attachs/P020_01.pdf</ref> They can be, depending on type, regulated by 10 or 20 A in 20 half-steps (0..9) and have a consumption of 2 watts (in sum 24 W) from a 24 V voltage source. Internet rumours which cannot be verified claim that high voltage or a magnetic field of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be applied. The application of so high a voltage is not possible within such a small device due to spark generation.<br />
<br />
Inventors also claim the mentioned "fusion" generates weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+ corpuscular radiation with positrons (known from potassium&nbsp;40-decay). They also claim they do not know the exact functional principle. The actual reaction chamber is estimated at a volume of about one litre and shielded by a layer of 2 cms of lead. In their patent application, inventors claim:<br />
<br />
:''The above mentioned coatings are so designed as to restrain all radiation emitted by the exothermal reaction and transform said radiation into thermal energy.''<br />
<br />
A contribution in their blog speculatively connects the Focardi Rossi Energy Amplifier to the [[hydrino]] theory of American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel, too.<ref>[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=338 E. Stremmenos: Hydrogen/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism. Journal of nuclear physics, 12.12.2010]</ref> Mills is said to work with hydrogen and nickel, too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim so-called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) were taking place. The term LENR is not known to professional journals and such fusion processes have not been proven as of yet.<br />
<br />
Further internet speculations assume this was a normal chemical reaction which apparently remained unknown to inventors and which was usually applied in the purification of nickel ores: the "Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref>, which is accompanied by a heat release, but is a conventional chemical reaction. The evidence of copper thus may be explained by the fact that available nickel often contains copper contaminations.<br />
<br />
Looking for possible heat sources, [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28chemistry%29 absorption]] of hydrogen in nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.<br />
===The energy catalyzer and the Widom Larsen theory===<br />
In 2011, cold fusion supporters repeatedly voiced speculations that the functional principle of Rossi's energy catalyzer was connected to a theory which is not recognized by scientific physics, the [[Widom Larsen theory]], in which the Coulomb barrier played no role. On inquiry, Andrea Rossi explained this theory was not necessary to explain the functional principle. The theory was formulated in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen and published in "Eur. Phys. J. C"<ref>"Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces," Eur. Phys. J. C, 46: 107–111. (2006)</ref> ([http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0505026 Full Text]). According to this theory, the "cold fusion" processes discussed are not actual fusion but interactions in which [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction weak nuclear force] plays a role. This theory claims electrons and protons were able to tansform to „ultra low momentum“ neutrons and one neutrino (e- + p ->n + neutrino). The Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons are said to bond to adjacent nuclei after a short time. The Widom-Larsen theory should avoid the problem of the ''"Three Miracles of Cold Fusion"'' of Huizenga - 1993 (the lack of measurable neutron radiation, avoidance of the Coulomb barrier, and the lack of high-energy gamma rays) due to purported compliance with established physical laws. Reactions involving the weak interaction are mediated by [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-Boson W bosons] which could be demonstrated experimentally in 1983 with the particle accelerator (CERN). W-bosons have roughly 80 times the mass of protons and a very short range.<br><br><br />
<br />
===The mysterious catalyst===<br />
Inventors claim the high thermal output of the energy catalyzers is the result of a special catalyst whose composition is kept secret. In scientific nuclear physics, contrary to classic physics, the use of a catalyst in fusion processes is unknown.<br />
<br />
Unverifiable internet rumours speculate it might be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in Rossi's laboratories were caused by "Raney-Nickel". Upon inquiry, Rossi stated that no Raney-Nickel was used. Focardi stated he was not aware of the composition of the catalyst himself, since only Rossi knew it. In a radio interview dated March 6, 2011, Focardi offered some speculations about the compound. He believes it was a chemical compound, not an element. It was not uranium. The obvious purpose of the substance was to catalyse the transformation of heated hydrogen gas (H2) into atomic hydrogen (a discussion of possible catalysts for this purpose can be found in a paper by Romanowski from 1999<ref>S. Romanowski, W. M. Bartczak, R. Wesołkowski: ''Density Functional Calculations of the Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metals and Their Alloys. An Application to Catalysis'', (3.8.1999), Langmuir, 1999, 15 (18), Seiten 5773–5780 - DOI: 10.1021/la981339q [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la981339q]</ref>). To complicate the identification of the catalyst, observers were prohibited to do a spectral analysis of possible gamma radiation, since it might allow the identification of elements of the compound.<br />
<br />
===Deactivation===<br />
In his report on the experiment dated March 29, 2011, Professor Sven Kullander wrote the reaction was stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water flow to a maximum of 30 litres per hour. This contradicts previous claims that the heater would be turned off when operating temperature was achieved. The red wire in the picture to the right (cm&nbsp;31&nbsp;-&nbsp;34) apparently is the heater supply. With a cable this thick it is possible to power the heater with 220&nbsp;volt/10&nbsp;amp from a regular wall outlet, which could provide 2,200&nbsp;Watts and explain the generation of steam.<br />
<br />
Prof. Kullander also writes the heater acts as „safety“: ''"At the end of the horizontal section there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and also to act as a safety if the heat evolution should get out of control."'' Quite apparently, a heater cannot act as a safeguard for a heat generating process.<ref name="Report_Kullander" /><br />
<br />
==The self-destruction mechanism==<br />
According to Rossi, future commercial „energy catalyzers“ will include a self-destruction mechanism. Any attempts to inspect the secret operating mechanism and internal components of reactors thus were prevented.<ref>Andrea Rossi<br>June 6th, 2011 at 2:38 PM<br>Dear Greg:<br>Good point.<br />
This is why we are very conservative regarding the sale of single modules. We are engineering a system that will destroy automatically the confidential parts if the reactor is open. The reactors will be open only in our factory to replace the charge. This is why we want not to replace the charges on site.<br>Warm regards,<br>A.R.<br><br>Andrea Rossi<br>June 2nd, 2011 at 8:01 AM<br>Dear Mr Riccardo:<br>I think that the household targeted items will arrive later. We have to resolve the problem to make them self-destructive in case of opening the reactors. Otherwise, with few thousands of dollars anybody has access to the confidential aspects of the technology. In industrial plants this issue is more easy to afford and has been resolved.<br />
Warm Regards,<br>A.R.<br><br>Andrea Rossi<br>June 6th, 2011 at 4:50 PM<br><br />
Dear Greg:<br>Defkalion, I suppose, will not sell modules until the protection issue will not be resolved.<br>Warm regards,<br>A.R.</ref><br />
<br />
==Claims on practical application and success==<br />
[[image:FAE1.jpg|Input and output of the reactor according to inventors<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi: ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion.'', Journal of Nuclear Physics. [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf]</ref>|400px|thumb]]<br />
According to Focardi and Rossi, they achieved increasing heat quantities with their device over the years. They claim one nickel rod was sufficient for six months of operations. Rossi, in his patent specification, anecdotally reports he was heating his company's bureaus with this reactor which resulted in some 90% savings regarding electricity bills over a period of six months:<br />
<br />
:''A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October&nbsp;16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24&nbsp;hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi&nbsp;18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."''<br />
<br />
A "kW-module" allegedly runs in his "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008. <br />
<br />
==Details regarding nickel consumption and costs==<br />
According to Rossi, 100&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder were consumed over a period of six months at 10&nbsp;kW (therm.) output. The cost for the "fuel" thus amounted to 2&nbsp;Euro.<ref>Nyteknik-Chat 12.03.2011, [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3124295.ece]</ref> An E-cat will cost about 2,000&nbsp;Euro per kW output (a 10&nbsp;kW-model thus will amount to 20,000&nbsp;Euro). In the North American radio chat show "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", known for propagating [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]], Rossi said in March 2011 his planned 1&nbsp;MW small power station will cost 2&nbsp;million Dollars, while his 10&nbsp;kW E-Cat later will cost a mere 5,000&nbsp;Dollars.<ref>Interview with Andrea Rossi, Talk Radio "Coast to Coast&nbsp;AM", on March&nbsp;23, 2011 [http://www.coasttocoastam.com/article/rossi-cold-fusion-device]</ref> According to Greek journal "Investor's World" of March 2011, future "E-cat" devices will produce electrical energy through an "inverter". Customers were to face an annual cost of 1,300 Euros for the production of a 24/7 output of 20&nbsp;kW (not specified whether thermal or electric). "Defkalion Green Technologies" plans to request inclusion into the "renewable energy" programme by RAE (Regulatory Authority for Energy).<ref name="talefta">[http://talefta.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-mainstream-coverage-of-e-cat-and.html Blog about the "Investors World" article]</ref><ref name="scan">[http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/6874-xynidis-ependysi-hyperion-xanthi-ydrogono-nikelio-paragogi-energeias-ergostasio-xanthi.html Coverage and scan of the article in "Investors World"] (Greek)</ref><ref name="Investors World Article">Article in Greek journal "Investors World" of March&nbsp;12, 2011, pages 20-21</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[image:RF_Ferrara.jpg|First experiments with an „ECat“ predecessor by EON in Bondeno(Ferrara). See „reactor“ on the right, cooled in a bucket of water. (Picture: S. Focardi, May 2011 [http://it.paperblog.com/la-fusione-fredda-e-tornata8230-371137/])|350px|thumb]]<br />
"Anomalies" when adding hydrogen to nickel have been reported since 1936. 1989 was marked by wide media attention to cold fusion as a result of claims regarding failed experiments by Fleischmann and Pons. In the same year, Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli (formerly University of Siena) believed to have incidentally observed a strong heat emission with temperatures above 1,450°&nbsp;C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen (nickel is used in industry as a catalyst for fat hardening with hydrogen), which he was not able to explain. The incident was reported by several Italian daily papers. In 1995, Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observations during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals".<ref>"Truffle Prize", second Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 1995</ref> Various workgroups have done experiments with electrolysis and with nickel and hydrogen since then.<br />
<br />
Piantelli founded a private organisation called I.M.O. (''Centro Interuniversitario interdipartimentale per lo studio delle interazioni biofisiche e biochimiche tra molecole e organismi'') after he left Siena University. He developed a method called SQME (''Sequenze di Campi Magnetici ed Elettrici'' - ''Sequence of magnetic and electric fields'') there which, applied to cancer patients, allegedly raised body temperature by four degrees and thus worked as a [[Hyperthermia|hypothermic]] treatment. Specialist literature on this issue does not happen to be known.<br />
<br />
Physicist Sergio Focardi from Bologna University heard about Piantelli's observations of temperature increase with nickel-hydrogen reactions and teamed up with him to research the phenomenon. After several years they had built a nickel hydrogen rector and, in a press conference in February 1994, announced their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), avoiding the term "cold fusion", however.<ref>Press conference on 20.&nbsp;February 1994, Aula magna, University Siena</ref> Once more articles were published in the daily press and as before in 1989, there were no academic publications. An output of 40-50 thermal Watts was claimed. A nickel rod with a pre-treated surface which had been "degassed" for several hours was said to be enclosed in the reactor surrounded by hydrogen. Italian industry looked into the matter and tried to exploit the Piantelli principle commercially. However, all attempts to put it to industrial application failed. Companies involved were TESCA Syndicate (companies Bulla, Bergomi, Foglia, Italkero and Ecosystem), FIAT AVIO SpA corporation and PROVITA s.r.l.<ref>http://www.enea.it/produzione_scientifica/pdf_volumi/V2008_16Cold_Fusion_Italy.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007 Andrea Rossi is said to have offered Sergio Focardi a contract as a consultant, which led to cooperation.<br />
<br />
==Experiments and demonstrations==<br />
<br />
===Experiment on December 16, 2010===<br />
A test of the E-cat reactor was done on December 16, 2010 (apparently in Bologna), but so far no details are known.<br />
<br />
===Presentation on January 14, 2011===<br />
[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_14012011_3.jpg|Temperature curve, with two periods (17 minutes) during which 100°C were reached (reconstructed from video)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_14012011_tp2.jpg|Reconstructed superposition of temperature and heating curve. The time difference between the two curves is to be noted, it is a result of a simplification which equates the start of heating with the start of the temperature rise. (an improved diagram is in progress)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Ecat power.jpg|Diagram showing the timeline of electrical heating input during the experiment|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of pump used "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]<br />
Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists employed at universities. Admission was restricted to invited guests. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna<ref>Company GM System, Via dell'Elettricista&nbsp;16, Bologna</ref> and not in rooms of Bologna University, as is claimed on various websites. GM Systems has further business ties to Rossi. During this press conference, the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55&nbsp;minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of recorded measurement data which can be seen on the screen of a notebook in a Youtube-video for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a period of 15&nbsp;to 20&nbspminutes(probably 17&nbsp; minutes), during which a water temperature of 100&nbsp;degrees or more was achieved. (see picture). The data visible on the notebook were omitted from the report on the experiment (according to physicist Levi, they were "lost"). Later, in June 2011, it became known the data were not actually "lost", Levi was willing to send them to the visiting journalist Steven Krivit. The report also mentions a period of 40&nbsp;minutes, obviously referring to the entire period including heating up. To calculate the heat output, inadvertent or deliberately incorrect data of water throughput were included, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported the experiment in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].<br />
<br />
During the press conference they mentioned a heat input of 600&nbsp;Watts, at a calculated output of 12,000&nbsp;Watts (12&nbsp;kW). However, according to a report published (G. Levi), actual supplied power was 1,022&nbsp;Watt on average. A further analysis of the data published showed a result of 1,073&nbsp;Watt.<ref>http://www.e-catalyzer.se/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=7</ref> Power used was between 400 and 1,500 W. The inventors calculated their estimate of generated heat from the heated water: 292&nbsp;grammes of water per minute were heated from 20&nbsp;°C to 101&nbsp;°C (allegedly dry vapour) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed, however, as a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation was denied for secrecy reasons. A detailed report submitted by independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation was detected, although the device was supplied with two openings for measurement purposes. Excerpt from the report:<br />
:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ&nbsp;> 200&nbsp;keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ&nbsp;rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''<br />
Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66&nbsp;kgs). Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf]<br />
[[image:Rf_14012011_8.jpg|Alternative calculation explaining the reported values without cold fusion(Source: unknown author "Ascoli65" from Italian forum EnergeticAmbiente.it)|480px|thumb]] <br />
'''Inconsistencies''': Several incomprehensible pieces of information were provided shortly after the experiment. Even weeks later, Rossi's team did not react with a correction. Not only was the duration of the experiment shorter than claimed before at 17&nbsp;minutes (during which temperature was close to or above 100 degrees), but there is also reason to doubt further claims of inventors and operators of the experiment. The estimate of energy by evaporation of water(phase change) was criticized at "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not relative humidity of the steam. A combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was claimed to have been used, but the video shows a different probe which looks like an SPC&nbsp;C45 0500 BEX - probe. An HP474AC probe is not visible in any video. The claimed water throughput of 292&nbsp;ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the pump used had only half of this capacity according to specification. A pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" had been used, as was confirmed in May 2011 by the Swedish journalist Mats Lewan. Several previous inquiries about the type of pump were not answered by Andrea Rossi.<ref>From JONP-Blog, Question to Rossi: ''January 28th, 2011 at 10:57 AM<br>Excuse, Dr. Levi, my insistence, but on the lack of an answer to my previous question, let me temporarily assume that the model of the pump used in the January 14th test belongs actually to the Milton Roy LMI Series P1.<br>In such a case, the capacity per stroke could be at maximum 2 ml (model P18 in the Series P1). Now, considering the pump has been operated at about 57 strokes per minute (hear sound at the beginning of movie 2/3), it makes a maximum water flow rate of 114 ml per minute, that would be 39% only of the value indicated in your preliminary report.<br>Probably, I have got a bad impression and the pump was another one. So I think it would be of great importance, if you could gather and kindly specify, here and/or on the final version of your report, the real specific model and the relevant operating data of the water pump used in your verification test.<br>Thank you and best regards'' (Name)<br><br>A. Rossi:<br>Andrea Rossi<br>January 28th, 2011 at 10:32 PM<br>Dear (Name):<br>I do not know which kind of pump it was, because it has been chosen by the testers, but what I can say, regarding your comment, is:<br>1- the amount of the flow of water has been tested many times during the test, filling a reservoir with a well known volume and taking the time to fill it up.<br>2- I thank you very much for validating our test by redundance: in fact, if only the 39% of the measured flow should have been passed, the reactor would have produced 4.8 kWh, consuming 400 Wh. I am sure that you, being an engineer of a great energy provider, know the first and also the second thermodynamic principle, therefore I am sure you made your comment to congratulate us.<br>For this reason I thank you infinitely.<br>Warm Regards, Andrea Rossi</ref>.<br />
The manufacturer specifies a maximal flow of 12.1&nbsp;l/h for the LMI&nbsp;P18.<ref>http://www.lmipumps.com/Files/lmi/Global/US-en/site_files/seriesj5.pdf</ref> Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they definitely look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100&nbsp;per minute. At 100&nbsp;strokes/min, maximum throughput will be achieved. In one of the YouTube videos of the presentation on January&nbsp;14, 2011, pump strokes are clearly audible for 30&nbsp;seconds.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE</ref> Counting them, 29&nbsp;or 30&nbsp; strokes in those thirty seconds can be established. The pump was regulated to 59&nbsp;to 60&nbsp;strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. The heat output calculated by the team is thus 240% higher than the output actually possible using the pump shown in the video, and therefore certainly wrong. These faulty specifications on the average power (1,073&nbsp;W instead of 600&nbsp;W) result in an additional grave error of 78%. Assuming just a few percent of condensed water in the vapour would allow to explain the steam generation just by electrical heating.<br />
The report on the experiment states that the hydrogen cylinder employed was weighed before and after the test to establish the amount of hydrogen used with a margin of less than a gramme. Regarding the weight of the pressure cylinder, different data are given, but it is said to have been 13.66&nbsp;kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60&nbsp;kg) allow to read weight in steps of 0.1 gramme, but their precision is far less. Possible scales just offer a precision of 0.2&nbsp;to 0.4&nbsp;gram.<ref>Sartorius (CPA34001S) 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr.[http://www.sartorius-mechatronics.com/DE/de/praezisions-waage-dy3xpfyyb7o.html]<br>Precisa 490K 34000D, 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr [http://www.as-waegetechnik.de/produkte/Industriewaagen/iw/praezisionswaagen_assets/Precisa%20490.pdf]<br>Kern CDS 15K0.05 15 kg d=0,05 g, e 0,25 g<br>Adam Equipment PGL-20001 Precision Balance 20 kg d 0.1g, linearity (±): 0.4g</ref><br />
<br />
===Undocumented experiment on February&nbsp;10/11, 2011===<br />
On February&nbsp;10 or 11, 2011, a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several internet sources claim the test instead happened on February&nbsp;18, 2011. Sole witness was physicist Levi, head of a physics faculty research group which received financial grants for their support in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor quality report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device to a water tap this time in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees (to 15-20&nbsp;degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter quantified the flow, and the test was monitored by video during the night (this video was never released). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20&nbsp;Kilowatt was established. According to Levi, 0.4 grammes of hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark he now excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source:<br />
<br />
:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''. <br />
<br />
The alleged heat output was calculated by supporters of [[Cold Fusion]] (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') at 270-288&nbsp;kWh (about one GJ), which was compared to the energy of 26&nbsp;litres of heating oil.<ref>Zitat:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration<br><br />
<br><br />
February 2011<br><br />
<br><br />
On February&nbsp;10 and&nbsp;11, 2011, Levi et&nbsp;al. (U.&nbsp;Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January&nbsp;14 test, they used a much higher flow rate to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine how dry the steam was. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations:<br><br />
<br><br />
Duration of test: 18&nbsp;hours<br><br />
Flow rate: 3,000&nbsp;L/h = ~833&nbsp;ml/s.<br><br />
Cooling water input temperature: 15°C<br><br />
Cooling water output temperature: ~20°C<br><br />
Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80&nbsp;W, closer to 20&nbsp;W for 6&nbsp;hours<br><br />
<br><br />
The temperature difference of 5°C * 833&nbsp;ml = 4,165&nbsp;calories/second = 17,493&nbsp;W. Observers estimated average power as 16&nbsp;kW. A 5°C temperature difference can easily be measured with confidence.<br><br />
<br><br />
3,000&nbsp;L/h is 793&nbsp;gallons/h, which is the output of a medium-sized $120 ornamental pond pump.<br><br />
<br><br />
The control electronics input of ~80&nbsp;W is in line with what was reported for tests before Jan.&nbsp;14. Input power was high on that day because there was a problem with cracked welding, according to the Levi report.<br><br />
<br><br />
18&nbsp;hours * 16&nbsp;kWh = 288&nbsp;kWh = 1,037&nbsp;MJ. That is the amount of energy in 26&nbsp;kg of gasoline (7.9&nbsp;gallons). Given the size and weight of the device, this rules out a chemical source of energy.<br><br />
<br><br />
Levi et&nbsp;al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130&nbsp;kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News from February 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref><br />
Assuming an average output of 17&nbsp;kW (the input of electrical energy for pre-heating and control may be neglected) over 18&nbsp;hours actually renders about 300&nbsp;kWh, arithmetically speaking. The fuel value of 1 litre of oil is at about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref> so that in terms of figures, an amount of 30&nbsp;litres may be calculated to produce the same heat quantity.<br />
<br />
Since the volume of the visible devices can be estimated, interested parties in the internet (Usenet) tried to find candidates for a known chemical reaction which could be done in the given volume and produce enough heat while disregarding problems like smoke emission, toxicity, costs, and controllability. While a normal chemical reaction can indeed not be ruled out for the first demonstration in January, a replacement candidate for the alleged 18 hour experiment in February could not be found. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60&nbsp;litres, but contained only electronics according to Levi. He estimated the actual reaction chamber at a volume of about 1 litre. The shielding is said to be a layer of 2&nbsp;cms of lead with an overall weight of 30&nbsp;kgs.<br />
<br />
The placement of the probe, supposed to measure water temperatures during the test, was also criticized. The probe was inserted from outside the "reactor" and might have come into contact with an inner heating resistor which would have rendered an assessment of heat output impossible. Further criticism was targeted at the start temperature which might even have been below the (unknown) room temperature, which even more complicates the interpretation of the data.<br />
<br />
===Experiment on March 29, 2011===<br />
[[image:29032011_1.jpg|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:29032011_5.jpg|(with claimed working conditions)|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:29032011.jpg|380px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:rf_2011_4.jpg|Comparison of different heating curves|350px|thumb]]<br />
A six-hours' presentation was performed in Bologna on March 29, 2011, attended by the invited Swedish physicists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén. Both had traveled from Sweden at the invitation of Rossi, travel expenses were paid by Rossi. Due to "stability reasons", a smaller "energy catalyzer" with lesser output was used, and is said to have yielded 25&nbsp;kWh within 6 hours with a thermal output of 4.4&nbsp;kW. The same pump as in January, the LMII&nbsp;P18, was used in this presentation, but this time the capacity was compatible with the maximum flow capacity specified by manufacturers and therefore probable. Water throughput was stated at 6.27&nbsp;kg/h (104&nbsp;ml/min). As in the experiment in January, water was evaporated, but without measuring relative humidity of the vapour, errors in measurement of up to 600% may occur. It is also impossible to establish in retrospect whether the water was evaporated completely, since the warm water drain was placed next to the steam port. The assembly was filled with 50&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder. Initially, hydrogen gas was pumped into the device at 25&nbsp;bar but without previously pumping air out. Quote: ''The air of atmospheric pressure remained in the container as a small impurity.'' (Note: If oxygen from the air stayed inside - as claimed -, water could have formed, since nickel powder acts as a catalyst). Heating was done at 300 Watt.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3144827.ece</ref><ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3144772.ece</ref><ref>http://22passi.blogspot.com/2011/04/i-fisici-svedesi-sulle-cat-e-una.html</ref> During the presentation, insulation and lead shielding were removed from some E-cats displayed, but not from the E-cat used. Attending Giuseppe Levi made photos which were published in Italian and Swedish blogs. The Swedish observers wrote a report also published in internet blogs. In their report<ref name="Report_Kullander">http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3144960.ece/BINARY/Download+the+report+by+Kullander+and+Ess%C3%A9n+%28pdf%29.</ref>, they excluded a conventional chemical reaction:<br />
<br />
:''Any chemical process should be ruled out for producing 25 kWh from whatever is in a 50&nbsp;cubic centimeter container. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.''<br />
<br />
Observers invited were allowed to examine two material samples in advance: the nickel powder and "spent" nickel powder from an experiment which previously had been run for 2 and a half months. Rossi delivered the samples during a visit to Sweden. According to an analysis performed at the Ångström Laboratory (Ångströmlaboratoriet) of Uppsala University, the used sample contained 10% copper and 11% iron. Surprisingly, the isotope ratio of nickel and copper (isotope&nbsp;63 and isotope&nbsp;65) was equal to the natural isotopic composition.<br />
<br />
:''Both measurements show that the pure nickel powder contains mainly nickel, and the used powder is different in that several elements are present, mainly 10&nbsp;percent copper and 11&nbsp;percent iron. The isotopic analysis through ICP-MS doesn’t show any deviation from the natural isotopic composition of nickel and copper.''<br />
<br />
The ratios specified were: Cu-63 70%, Cu-65 30%. Professor Sven Kullander commented such a result as extremely unlikely:<br />
:''If this reaction chain would be true even though none of the responses that I mention can be made with the knowledge we have today, then isotopic distribution Cu-63/Cu-65 be greater than 80/20, probably closer to 99/01.''<ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg44471.html Sven Kullander's additional comments on Rossi's Energy Catalyzer] im Mailarchive</ref><br />
<br />
The natural isotope ratio of 63Cu to 65Cu is 2.24 (69.17% to 30.83%). Focardi had previously claimed the copper isotope ratio would be reduced to 1.6 by "fusion".<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi, ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion'', Journal of Nuclear Physics, http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/?p=66, Februar 2010</ref> While there are further copper isotopes, these are unstable and are not found in nature (69,17 + 30,83 = 100).<br />
<br />
It is not only statistically (almost) impossible that, after an alleged fusion reaction with copper as a fusion product, a "used" sample will show the same isotope ratio as found in nature. Further considerations on sample analysis expose insurmountable obstacles to the possibility of fusion:<br>In theory, the stable copper isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu might be a result of fusion of hydrogen and nickel isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni (add one proton each). But according to the Swedish Institute having analysed the samples, the unused nickel sample only contained 4.5% in sum of these stable nickel isotopes. Assuming all nickel 62 and nickel 64 atoms had been fused (which is unlikely) with a proton (hydrogen nucleus), the amount of copper would not amount to even 10% of the resulting mass. Even an alternative reaction chain with unstable isotopes is impossible based on the measured isotope ratios and the absence of radiation. It would be possible to assume nickel&nbsp;58 as a starting isotope which would become copper&nbsp;59 and decay to nickel&nbsp;59 which in turn would become copper&nbsp;60 and decay to nickel&nbsp;60 which would fuse to copper&nbsp;61, decay to nickel&nbsp;61 and fuse to copper&nbsp;62 and decay to nickel&nbsp;62. In the end stable copper&nbsp;63 would be formed. But this would necessitate a completely different copper isotope ratio then found in the analysis.<br />
<br />
===Experiments in April 2011===<br />
[[image:19042011_2.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;19|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:28042011_1.jpg|Two heating resistors switched on (9/3)|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:28042011_4.jpg|Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April&nbsp;28|350px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:28042011_2.jpg|Possible concealed adjustment of heating by Rossi during the experiment|left|thumb]]<br />
On April&nbsp;19 and April&nbsp;28, the E-Cat was presented to Swedish journalist Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the energy produced, water was heated and, at an input of just 300&nbsp;Watts, allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2&nbsp;kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Lewan, thrilled by the invention, published details only on a few websites ([http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf] [http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf]). A short video of the experiment on April&nbsp;28, 2011 is available.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166451.ece</ref> The dosimetric pump LMI&nbsp;P18 was used once more. Water throughput was specified with 63-69&nbsp;ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to manufacturers' specifications. Stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2&nbsp;ml (maximum), the throughput is 64&nbsp;ml/min, a value which corresponds exactly to the values established by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed through the device within a determinated period of time. Since the supplied electrical heating power of 315&nbsp;Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter, it remains unclear whether the heating input was constant. When journalist Lewan went into an adjoining room and did a pan shot with his video camera, Rossi was seen tampering with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear whether the input remained constant during the experiment. The American journalist Krivit created a video at the end of July 2011, that comments on cuts from the video by Mats Lewan: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uviXoafHWrU]<br />
<br />
A further experiment allegedly planned for April&nbsp;21, 2011<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/rossi-brings-e-cat-to-stockholm-royal.html</ref>, allowing Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén of Uppsala University to test the E-Cat, was later denied by Rossi.<ref>http://energycatalyzer.blogspot.com/2011/04/andrea-rossi-no-e-cat-test-at-uppsala.html</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on June 14, 2011===<br />
[[image:RF14062011_1.jpg|Experiments on June 14, 2011 (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011Strom.jpg|Current measurement: 3,5 A (805 W). (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Krivit_Rossi2.jpg|Steven B. Krivit (left) and Andrea Rossi (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_Pumpe2.jpg|Pump settings on June 14, 2011 (image: blog of Daniele Passerini)|300px|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:LMI_Pump.jpg| Datasheet of the pump model (LMI [http://www.lmi-pumps.com/Manuals/157983_1615n.pdf])|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_Dampf2.jpg|Steam outlet to drain (Picture: S.B. Krivit)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_Dampf.jpg|White Steam against a dark backround at hose outlet (Picture: S.B. Krivit)|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_KV1.jpg|Cooling water temperature curve|thumb]]<br />
[[image:RF14062011_KV3.jpg|thumb]]<br />
On June 14, 2011 a further demonstration of four E-cat devices took place in Bologna. The U.S. publisher of "New Energy Times", Steven B. Krivit was invited. Krivit and other visitors were allowed to take pictures and follow the measurements during the presentation. As before, the actual reactor was not allowed to be inspected. Krivit conducted several video interviews with Andrea Rossi, Sergio Focardi, and the physicist Guiseppe Levi. <br />
<br />
According to information from an Italian blog, the ECat was connected to a control unit by two power cables. The power taken from the main supply was 805 Watt (230 V / 3.5 A). According to Rossi, heating power was just 748 W, but he falsely assumes a voltage of 220 V (220 x 3,4 A = 748 W). Voltage in Italy has been 230 V for 10 years now. A voltage of more than 230 V was measured in the showrooms several times. Rossi specified the entire heating output of the reactor at 5 kW, which would correspond to an "energy efficiency" of 6.7 times the input. <br />
<br />
At an ambient temperature of 31.8 degrees Celsius, water with a temperature of 26.5 degrees had been heated to 100,1 degrees using the LMI pump already known, and all water was evaporated. Rossi once more claims the same improbable value for water flow of 7 kg/h(117 gr/min, 1.94 gr/s). Watching a video taken by observer Steven Krivit, however, shows that pump frequency was about 20-24 strokes/min.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-8QdVwY98E</ref> Thus water flow had to be below 48 grams per minute (or 0.8g/s, 2.88 kg/h). In a picture taken by observer Passerini, a pumping rate of 40 is visible (80 ml/min, 1.33 ml/s, 4.8 l/h). It remains unclear, however, whether the picture was taken during the experiment. The temperature curve of the cooling water cannot be brought into a meaningful relationship to the claimed flow rate of 7kg/h: Cooling water comes from a water canister with a temperature sensor of about 25 cms length plugged in from the top. When the water is pumped away, the probe gets out of the water and takes up air temperature quickly. A screenshot of the temperature curve on the notebook shows that quite a lot of water was drained during the first half of the day, so that the probe hung in the air soon. In the afternoon water flow apparently was throttled. For at least three hours the probe was in water(about 12:00 to 15:00). This means that during these three hours, 9 liters of water (calculated from the dimensions of the canister and the length of the probe) were drained at most, which would be about 3 liters per hour and correspond to the calculated value from the audible stroke frequency of the pump. To get to 7 liters/h, someone would have had to secretly pour 4 liters of water with 26.5 degrees into the canister. Adding colder tap water would have shown in the temperature curve.<br />
<br />
Krivit published a disappointing preliminary report three days later.<ref>Krivit S.B.: ''Preliminary Report of Interviews with E-Cat Trio Rossi, Focardi and Levi''. June 16, 2011. New Energy Times Blog. [http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/06/16/preliminary-report-of-interviews-with-e-cat-trio-rossi-focardi-and-levi/]</ref> According to his preliminary report, the steam outlet was not visible and ended directly in a drain. Only when a black hose was removed from the drain (Rossi was careful to lift the hose to let any water in the hose run down the drain), "white steam" could be seen exiting the hose. 100 % dry steam is invisible, white steam is a sign of condensed water droplets. <br />
<br />
According to the summary by Krivit, ''the scientific details provided by the E-Cat trio have been highly deficient and have not enabled the public to make an objective evaluation''. The Essen/Kullander report, too, had ..''significant weakness in its presentation of data and calculations and is highly constrained by the methodology dictated and instrumentation provided by the E-Cat trio''. According to Krivit, he is not sure if Levi did understand the potential impact of confirmation of dry vapour. Krivit advised Levi to rework his controversial report of January 21, 2011 and asked for original raw data measured by chemist Galantini during the experiment on January 14, 2011, which allegedly confirmed dry vapour in that experiment. A fierce dispute broke out between Krivit and Levi over these data. Levi is said to have agreed to send him the "Galantini Data". The "Galantini data" are, however, just a set of e-mails from a chemist who is claimed to have done measurements.<ref>-------- Messaggio originale --------<br>Oggetto: sonda<br>Data: Thu, 20 Jan 2011 18:56:41 +0100<br />
Mittente: Greit Service srl xxx@greitservice.it&gt;<br>A: &lt;francesco.celani@xxx;<br />
<br />
Si certifica che lo strumento con cui è stato effettuata la misura dell'acqua libera nel vapore durante il test svoltosi a Bologna il 14.01.2011 era lo strumento HD37AB1347 della Delta Ohm dotato di sonda mod.HP474AC con campo di risoluzione -40;+150°C.<br><br />
<br />
Galantini dr.Gilberto<br>*GREIT SERVICE s.r.l.<br>via Monsignore di Sotto, 32/A<br />
44040 ALBERONE DI CENTO (FE)<br />
C.F. e P. I.V.A. 02544400373<br />
[omissis]<br />
<br />
----- Messaggio inoltrato da [omissis]-----<br />
Data: Mon, 20 Jun 2011 14:02:22 +0200<br />
Da: Greit Service srl <br />
Rispondi-A:Greit Service srl [omissis]<br />
A: [omissis]<br><br />
<br />
Buon giorno, in merito alla richiesta fattami in data odierna, come da me ripetutamente confermato alle numerose persone che me ne hanno fatto richiesta in passato, ripeto che tutte le mie misurazioni effettuate durante le decine di test per misurare la quantità di acqua non evaporata presente nel vapore prodotto dai generatori “E-Cat” sono sempre state effettuate dando i risultati in % di massa poiché lo strumento utilizzato indica i gr. di acqua per mc. di vapore.<br><br />
Confermo che la temperatura misurata è sempre stata maggiore di 100,1°C.<br><br />
E che la pressione misurata nel camino è sempre risultata essere pari alla pressione ambiente.<br><br />
Lo strumento utilizzato durante il test effettuato alla presenza dei professori svedesi è stato il seguente: Testo 176 H2 codice 0572 1766.<br><br />
Distinti saluti.<br><br />
<br />
Galantini dr. Gilberto<br><br />
Ordine dei Chimici n.194<br><br />
Provincia di Ferrara</ref> It is apparent from the e-mails that the commisioned chemist Gilberto Galantini used an unsuitable meter for the problem at hand. Galantini measured a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity#Relative_humidity relative humidity] of allegedly 100.1 degrees Celsius hot steam with a probe(HP474AC) to determine the relative humidity in the air. The real question, however, deals with the distinction between [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor water vapor] and dry vapor.<br />
<br />
Swedish physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University presented calculations based on Krivit's video and came to a devastatingly negative result which can be read on the internet.<ref>http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion_krivit.pdf</ref> According to his calculations, a powerful jet of steam should have left the hose but that did not happen.<br />
<br />
After Krivit's report had been published, inventor Andrea Rossi responded very irritated and obviously angry with the visitor invited by him, the "Clown" Krivit, whom he also called a "snake".<ref>June 17th, 2011 at 3:10 PM<br>Dear Maryyugo:<br>We have already made enough public tests, either heating the water ( please go to read all our reports and papers on the Journal Of Nuclear Physics, or making steam. In this last case we always made the measurement of unvaporized water residue giving the result in mass. Our tests have been made with Professors of Physics working with the Universities of Bologna, Uppsala, Stockolm, with CERN, with INFN, and I think that only an imbecile can think that such Persons are not able to weight water in steam. We are receiving suggestions how to measure the water in steam, and this is like teach to a cat how to miew. By the way: the steam from the reactors which we are testing now, and that will compound the 1 MW plant, is dry. The steam during the interview of the clown of yesterday was totally dry. Of course, should be this not true, our Customers will be very angry: in that case, that will be an opinion which will be very important for us, while the opinion of our competitors and of their friends, for obvious reasons, have not much importance for us, if any. Now I have to make my 1 MW plant, then we will make other 1 MW plants for our Customers. That’s all we will do. Our Customers tests are the sole tests that count, for us. Therefore, I have absolutely not time for competitors anxious to test my Cat to make their “validation”.<br>About the work that we will make with the University of Bologna and Uppsala, this will not be a public demo, but a work of Research and Development, made closed doors.<br>Warm Regards,<br>A.R.</ref> According to Rossi, the vistior had "understood nothing" and written a "ridiculous" report. He also accused Krivit of having been "sent by someone that wants to dwarf our work". Furthermore, he had tried to blackmail physicist Levi who has already given this to his attorney:<br />
<br />
:''..Probably this journalist has been sent by someone that wants to dwarf our work. He also tried to blackmail prof. Levi, and Levi already has given to his attorney due. information..''<ref>Dear Craig:<br>Mr Krivit has understood nothing of what he saw, from what I have read in his ridiculous report… This guy has seen for half an hour an E-Cat in the factory where we make many tests, made some questions to Prof. Levi, Prof. Focardi and me. Evidently has understood nothing, perhaps for the short time we gave him, also because we have to work. Prof. Levi has explained very well to him how the measures have been made and the importance of the issue. He has explained very well that the percentage of uncondensed water in the steam has been measured in weight (in volume is impossible, for various reasons), and he also got confirmation of this from a specialist from whom he has taken indipendent counsel. Nevertheless, he has understood nothing, or wanted not to understand, for reasons he better knows. Our tests have been performed by Physics Professors, who know how to make measures , and I am measuring the performance every day on 300 reactors.<br>In any case we will start our 1 MW plant in october and we will see how it works. Of course I assure his considerations are invalid, but I want to say more: our products on the market will confirm this. Probably this journalist has been sent by someone that wants to dwarf our work. He also tried to blackmail prof. Levi, and Levi already has given to his attorney due. information .<br>Warm Regards,<br>A.R.<br>17 giugno 2011 11:48</ref> <br />
<br />
Physicist Levi responded with an open letter in clumsy English to Krivit, in which he accused him of not having understood his explanations. Also Krivit had not understood that the water content in the steam was measured as a ration of the masses involved.<ref>Dear Mr. Krivit <br />
<br />
Carefully I have read your preliminary report on your travel to Bologna . <br />
Your report Clearly Demonstrates That You have not understood anything of what you have and what we have seen you Explained. <br />
First of all the story about the steam. <br />
As the signature in my email says I got a PhD in Physics Years Ago.This Means That I have totally Understood the difference Between residual water in steam as fraction of the mass or volume. <br />
As I have unsuccessfully tried to explain you: <br />
1) The plots are showing you where you can find well known and Them in Any manual of physical chemistry. <br />
When You apply the measure the quantity of steam present as% of VOLUME. <br />
<br />
2) As I have told you many times, Dr. Galantini, the expert chemist That Was in charge, have done to measure as percent of MASS. <br />
<br />
As Professor Zanchini has told you the Same Day We Met, one of the informations you have crutial omitted from your preliminary report, fraction of water in the steam, Measured by MASS as we have done, would reduce the amount of energy in a Measured linear way. <br />
<br />
So our analysis and our calculation is correct. <br />
<br />
Because you: <br />
Part of You Had omitted information, insulted me (and my University) Trying to say that I'm not prepared in my field, tried (just tried) to scare me and put me under psychological pressure in order to know to Obtain undisclosed date, <br />
I Will not Send You Any Other information. <br />
<br />
Regards, <br />
Dr. G. Levi</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on Juli 8,2011===<br />
On Juli 8th a visitor named Julian Brown was allowed to see a working reactor in Bologna for a brief time. He reported about it in a blog called "ecatnews" and stated that Rossi was assuming a cooling water flow of 15 liters per hour.<ref>http://ecatnews.com/?p=489#comment-70</ref> He saw, however, the already known pump of LMI company and estimated a cooling water flow of only 3 liters/h himself.<ref>Julian Brown<br>July 17, 2011 - 12:41 pm<br><br />
Rossi gave me a personal demonstration of a group of 4 e-cats working at his premises outside Bologna on Friday 8th. I saw essentially the same set up reported by Krivit in June.<br />
<br />
I was there in the capacity of friendly off-the-record adviser re patenting issues.<br />
<br />
Whilst I didn’t like the tone of Krivit’s June 16 report, I had arrived in Bologna full of optimism.<br />
<br />
I am afraid that I now fully share Krivit’s opinion.<br />
<br />
There are a number of reasons for this. Here are a few.<br />
<br />
As has been pointed out numerous times on this blog, the dryness of the steam/water vapur is abolutely crucial to the viability of the e-cat.<br />
<br />
Imagine my astonishment and disappointment on finding that Rossi makes no attempt to monitor the dryness of the output and there was no appropiate equipment visible on the premises.<br />
<br />
It follows that Rossi can not possibly know whether he has 1,2 5 or even 10 percent unvaporized phase by weight. Passive observers like myself, Krivit, Essen & Kullander have even less chance of determining this crucial parameter.<br />
<br />
Even worse, since the output tube went straight through a hole in the wall to be vented/flushed outside, it could have been pure hot water and nobody, least of all Rossi, could possibly know.<br />
<br />
Basically, the whole set up defies even approximate quantitative calorimetric analysis.<br />
<br />
Another odd thing was that Rossi pumped up the electrical power for a minute or two shortly before turning it off and allowing me to see that the water kept an output temperature of 100.5 for a couple of minutes.<br />
<br />
This gave me the impression that it was a performance for my benefit and not the rigorous testing procedure that the technician sitting in front of the PC appeared to suggest.<br />
<br />
The final clincher for me is that Rossi made a point of telling me that he was currently vaporizing 15 litres / hour.<br />
BUT, the peristaltic pump was exactly the same one he uses in all demonstrations and it was pulsing about once every 2.5 seconds.<br />
I make that 3 litres / hour, only 20 percent of what Rossi told me verbally.<br />
<br />
And yet this small flow was being shared amongst 4 e-cat modules. That isnt much of a stress test is it ?<br />
<br />
The small chimney will result in a small overpressure and a boiling temperature > 100 Celsius, so I am not impressed by 100.5 Celsius<br />
<br />
I must admit that I didnt reach these dismal conclusion on the day. It took about 3 days of pondering what I had seen before all the pieces of the puzzle dropped into place.<br />
<br />
It may be this explains why Rossi has been able to convince so many qualified people.<br />
You dont want to believe it is just a gross and extremely simple circus trick.<br />
<br />
He certainly has a charming manner; I liked him and would never suggest he has criminal intent. My hunch is that he did make a discovery that goes beyond the level acheived by Piantelli and Focardi, but that he got too enthusiastic too soon, before he had really done due diligence. He is now trapped in the web of commitments and claims he has made. A tragic figure really.<br />
<br />
PS I was in experimental atomic physics research at Oxford from 1981-1989 and have since that time been an employee of the European Patent Office.</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on September 7,2011===<br />
On September 7th 2011 a further test was attended by Mats Lewan of Ny Teknik. A newer, bigger model of the E-cat, with measurements of 50 x 60 x 30 centimeters and a weight of 80 kg (without water) was used. This model is said to be used in a 1 Megawatt plant in USA. The E-Cat was preheated for 90 minutes with 2.6 kilowatt electrical energy. Then it run without external energy supply for 35 minutes. Again, steam quality was not measured. The temperature inside of the E-cat was specified as 130 degrees but it remains unclear if this was steam temperature. Pressure uf one atmosphere was assumed.<ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3264362.ece See the E-cat run in self-sustained mode], Mats Lewan, Ny Teknik, September 14, 2011</ref> At drainage a steady flow of water can be seen, Mats Lewan report mentions 5.0 to 6.5 kg/hour. Considering these assumptions Mats Lewan estimates the output to 3.5 to 8 kilowatt.<ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3264365.ece/BINARY/Report+E-cat+test+September+7+%28pdf%29 Test of Energy Catalyzer], Report by Mats Lewan</ref><br />
<br />
Critics observe, that again steam quality was not measured. In contradiction to previous contrary claims it was obvious in this test that the steam was not dry and that several litres went down the drainage. The calculations of Mats Lewan are based on several assumptions that were not measured. If the drainage was smaller than the intake, pressure might have been far higher which would explain the rising temperature after deactivation of the heater. Raising the pressure would lead to a further increase in temperature.<ref>[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/09/15/collected-comments-on-sept-7-afternoon-rossi-test/ Collected Comments on Sept. 7 Afternoon Rossi Test], Steven B. Krivit, September 15, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
===Presentation on October 6,2011===<br />
The test on October 6th 2011 was again attended by Mats Lewan and other scientists. Again, the new E-cat model was used, this time it measured 50 x 60 x 35 centimeters and weighted 98 kg.<br />
<br />
According to Lewan the alleged reactor was heated for 4 hours with 2.7 kilowatt (38,88 Megajoule), then it ran for 3.5 hours "selfsustained" and produced 2.5 kilowatt output (31.5 Megajoule). During this "selfsustained" phase of 3.5 hours further 115 watt were fed into it(1.44 Megajoule).<ref>[www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3284962.ece/BINARY/Test+of+E-cat+October+6+%28pdf%29 Test of Energy Catalyzer], Mats Lewan, Bologna, October 6, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3284823.ece New test of the E-cat enhances proof of heat], Mats Lewan, Ny Teknik am October 7, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
Mats Lewan states explicitly that he did not measure the net energy, just the gross energy production in the 3.5 hours. A possible energy drain during the heating phase was not measured and can be considered irrelevant.<ref>[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/10/10/rossis-11th-test-11th-failure/ Rossi’s 11th Test, 11th Failure], Steven B. Krivit, October 11, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
Stephen Krivit criticizes, that the energy that was supploed during the test run was disregarded in the calculation. In sum, an energy loss of (38,88 + 1,44 - 31,5 = 8,82) 8.82 Megajoule, a result, equivalent to a water boiler with 78% efficiency can be seen.<ref>[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/10/08/e-cat-test-demonstrates-energy-loss/ E-Cat Test Demonstrates Energy Loss], Steven B. Krivit, October 8, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
In the report a device that produces "frequencies" is mentioned to be activated at the start of the test. Such a device was not mentioned in previous tests. Rossi stated later, that this "frequency generator is the mysterious secret "catalyst".<ref>[http://mnispel.net/neengineer/?p=229 Rossi e-cat – Oct 6 significant test], Dr. Mark D. Nispel | October 7, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
===Attempts to replicate the experiments===<br />
*In 1996, a group led by Antonino Zichichi in vain attempted to repeat the pre-Rossi Piantelli-experiment (identical in principle, except for the secret catalyst) at CERN in Geneva for one year. Authors mention established increases in temperature which, however, did not correspond to an increase in energy release:<br />
<br />
:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref><br />
<br />
*In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests of the principle was carried out by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Again, no fusion reaction or release of energy could be established over the course of several months.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref><br />
<br />
*In May 2011, US physicist Brian Ahern reported tests with a finely ground zirconium-nickel-copper alloy to which he added hydrogen gas after heating it to 500 degrees. A small rise in heat in addition to the supplied electrical heating power was observed and estimated at about 5-10 watts. A publication of the experiment is not known. Ahern's claims were only published in various blogs. Ahern has been known for a long-standing supporter of "cold fusion" which he attempts to use with a company he founded, Vibronic Energy Technologies Corp. <ref>http://www.neny.org/download.cfm/Vibronic_Energy_Technologies_Corp.pdf?AssetID=1169</ref><ref>http://www.scribd.com/doc/39076066/Vibronic-Energy-Technologies</ref><ref>From: Brian Ahern, Boxborough MA <br />
<br />
Re: <br />
<br />
Zr-Ni-Cu alloy performance Ames National Laboratory processed metal alloy foils via arc melting followed by melt spinning. This is the Yamaura process employed by Arata and others. The foils were baked in ordinary air at 445C for 28 hours. The brittle, oxidized foils were placed in a tumble mill for 24 hours. This resulted in 30 grams of black powder with a median grain size of about 40 microns.Presumably, each grain has about one million nanoscale islands of NiCu inside. The 30 grams occupies about 7 ml inside the 50 ml dewar. The system was vacuum baked at 220C for 24 hours and cooled to room temperature. H2 gas was added at 200psi. The pressure dropped only to about 185 psi over twenty minutes. In these replication experiments the exothermic reactions have had peak temperatures above 220C with substantial loading above 3.0 H/M ratios. This time the temperature only rose by 2 degrees C. The system was heated with a band heater to high temperature. There was no controller. A rheostat was set at an arbitrary position and the system comes to a an arbitrary temperature.The average power input was 90 watts. After several hours the hydrated system was evacuated overnight at a constant high temperature at 530C. The next day H2 gas was again added at 100psi and the temperature rose by 40C to 570C and came back down to 530C after two hours. At the end of the day the dewar was again evacuated while still at 530C overnight. The third day repeated the same procedure. H2 gas was added at 100psi and the temperature rose by 44C to 574C. However, this time it did not come back to the initial temperature. It remained at the elevated temperature overnight. On the fourth day H2 gas was again added at 100psi and the system rose by 50C to 580C and again stayed at the elevated temperature indefinitely. A rough calibration suggests that the 30 grams of hydrated nanopowder is putting out 5 watts of excess power. Yesterday Peter Gluck suggested that the relationship between loading and excess power may be a myth. This seemed to be true for electrolysis with Pd and heavy water where loading levels exceeding 0.9 D/M were a prerequisite for observing excess power. My loading level with this nanopowder sample as less than 0.1 H/M. This 5 watt excess is very much less than Rossi, but it is a real and repeatable experiment There was no radiation above the background level. Other alloys from Ames NL are expected within ten days.</ref><br />
<br />
==Inventor Andrea Rossi==<br />
[[image:petroldragon4.jpg|Andrea Rossi at Petroldragon lawsuit (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement offer of [[diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (March 4, 2011)|thumb]]<br />
[[image:petroldragon3.jpg|View of a Petroldragon compound (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:petroldragon2.jpg|Andrea Rossi in front of Petroldragon reactor (Source: newspaper L'Unita")|thumb]]<br />
[[image:petrol_dragon_airuno.jpg|Petrol Dragon premises at Airuno with tanks for used oil (Image: merate online [http://www.merateonline.it/articolo.php?idd=6256&origine=1])|left|thumb]]<br />
Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950 in Milano. In a curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan and mentions a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian university with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Article in "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2011, Andrea Rossi was confronted by a journalist who accused him of holding an engineering title from a diploma mill. Rossi replied this was an ''honorary title'' awarded to him for an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claimed he did not know anything about the company "Kensington University Inc.". He explained he had a regular title, ''Dottore Magistrale in Filosofia'', of Università degli Studi di Milano from December 10, 1975<ref>Contribution of user Matslewan on March 23, 2011 in English Wikipedia: ''As a journalist I have interviewed Rossi and he says that the title from Kensington University is an honorary title he gained because of an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims he knows no more about this university.''</ref><br />
<br />
The "Rossi Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention made by Andrea Rossi. During the 1970ies and 1980ies, he tried to produce hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. This resulted in several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (''Sceicco della Brianza'', sheik because he claimed to produce oil from industrial waste. Brianza is a region north of Milan). The law suits were also known as "Petroldragon affair", since Rossi's company was named "Petroldragon". Italian Wikipedia has an article on the affair: [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroldragon Petroldragon]. Rossi was convicted because he did not dispose of large amounts (58,000&nbsp;tons) of toxic waste in accordance with regulations, and for trafficking waste materials. According to an article in Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera" of April 6, 1995, Rossi and one Michele Pizzato were arrested twice.<ref>FASANO GIUSI, "Corriere della Sera" vom 6. April 1995:<br><br><br />
Manette bis per Andrea Rossi<br>La Procura di Ariano Irpino accusa l’ inventore del ” refluo petrolio ” di riciclaggio di denaro sporco. Ricercato il corriere della banda che avrebbe trasferito con furgoni blindati oltre 2&nbsp;tonnellate d’ oro<br><br />
MONZA. Se finora ha creduto di essere nei guai si e’ sbagliato. Andrea Rossi, inventore del chiacchierato procedimento per trasformare in petrolio la spazzatura e i rifiuti industriali, e’ molto piu’ che in semplici guai. Di tutte le “tegole” che gli sono piovute addosso finora, la piu’ pesante e’ arrivata ieri dalla Procura di Ariano Irpino, in provincia di Avellino. Il giudice delle indagini preliminari Vincenzo Caputo ha emesso, su richiesta del sostituto Rosario Baglioni, un’ ordinanza di custodia cautelare contro di lui per associazione a delinquere finalizzata al riciclaggio di capitali di illecita provenienza e alla frode fiscale. La presunta organizzazione a delinquere sarebbe formata, oltre che dall’ ideatore del “refluo petrolio” e da una persona per ora irreperibile, anche da Michele Pizzato, italiano con residenza in Svizzera, uomo di fiducia di Andrea Rossi e, negli ultimi tempi, suo compagno di “sventura”. Una sventura cominciata un paio di settimane fa con le conclusioni di una inchiesta condotta dal sostituto procuratore monzese Salvatore Bellomo. Alla fine delle sue indagini, il pm monzese aveva chiesto e ottenuto l’ arresto sia di Rossi che di Pizzato per associazione a delinquere finalizzata alla falsa fatturazione e alla frode fiscale. L’ accusa riguardava la documentazione fittizia che i due avrebbero compilato per attestare la compravendita e l’ esportazione di decine di chili d’ oro, merce di cui Rossi si occupa da quasi due anni come titolare dell’ oreficeria “St. Andre’ ” di Milano (societa’ che lavora l’ oro a Luogosano, in provincia di Avellino). I due erano percio’ finiti in carcere, sperando che il castello di accuse crollasse dopo gli interrogatori. Errore. Perche’ i fatti contestati dal pm monzese hanno trovato conferma nell’ inchiesta del collega di Ariano Irpino, che da oltre un anno stava seguendo praticamente lo stesso filone d’ indagine e che adesso, nelle sue ipotesi d’ accusa, si spinge fino all’ associazione finalizzata al riciclaggio di denaro sporco. In un comunicato stampa diffuso ieri dal comando di gruppo della Guardia di Finanza di Avellino si parla in dettaglio della nuova ordinanza di custodia notificata in carcere a Rossi e Pizzato. Risulterebbe, com’ era gia’ noto dall’ inchiesta monzese, che 46&nbsp;miliardi di lingotti d’ oro (ben 2.323 chili) avrebbero passato il confine italiano solo sulla carta e, inoltre, che l' associazione a cui farebbe capo Rossi avrebbe evaso tributi per 120&nbsp;miliardi con false esportazioni di congegni ad alta tecnologia. Il terzo uomo ricercato e’ il trasportatore dei lingotti, un personaggio abituato a muoversi su furgoni blindati. Sul trasferimento di fondi verso paradisi fiscali come il Liechtenstein, i finanzieri sostengono che “l’ articolazione dell’ organizzazione” era tale da far intuire che l’ obiettivo fosse anche anche il riciclaggio di denaro sporco.<br><br />
E da Milano nuova incriminazione. Smaltimento clandestino di veleni<br><br />
MILANO. Petrolio dai rifiuti tossici? Macche’ , le 58&nbsp;mila tonnellate di liquami industriali accumulate dalla Petrol Dragon nelle cisterne dell’ ex raffineria Omar di Lacchiarella erano e restano un cocktail di veleni assolutamente non riciclabile. Andrea Rossi, rappresentante legale dell’ azienda, e il liquidatore Alessandro Reale sono stati incriminati dalla Procura circondariale di Milano per stoccaggio e smaltimento abusivo di rifiuti tossico nocivi. La Regione ha gia’ deciso di costituirsi parte civile, anche per ottenere i 50 60&nbsp;miliardi necessari alla bonifica. L’ inchiesta era stata avviata il 14&nbsp;dicembre ‘ 93 dopo il sequestro, da parte del Corpo forestale dello Stato, di un’ autocisterna proveniente dal deposito Petrol Dragon di Piossasco (Torino), sorpresa a scaricare nei serbatoi di Lacchiarella 10&nbsp;tonnellate di liquami con altissime percentuali di Pcb (policlorobifenile), una sostanza tossica e sospetta cancerogena.<br>Fasano Giusi. [http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/aprile/06/Manette_bis_per_Andrea_Rossi_co_0_9504062501.shtml]</ref> As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian): <ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/giugno/01/cella_mago_del_petrolio__co_2_000601164.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/09/petrolio_dai_rifiuti_inservibile_tossico_co_0_94030910061.shtml</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/07/26/storia-di-rifiuti-tossici-miliardi-supertruffe.html</ref><ref>http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/09/11/cosi-arricchiscono-pirati-dei-rifiuti.html</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/ottobre/20/Condannato_otto_anni_mago_del_co_2_0010202627.shtml</ref><ref>http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/novembre/27/Riciclaggio_rifiuti_tossici_Assolto_Andrea_co_7_041127020.shtml</ref><br />
<br />
Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Current business interests (EON&nbsp;srl and EFA&nbsp;srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Involved companies==<br />
<br />
===EON&nbsp;Srl and Leonardo Corporation===<br />
[[image:Leonardo_Miami2.jpg|Apartment-house at the address of "Leonardo Corp." (1331, Lincoln rd Miami Beach, App. 505). Image: Google street view|left|300px|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Leonardo_Miami.jpg|Registration of "Leonardo Corp." in Miami Beach|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Leonardo_Miami4.jpg|Registration page 2|thumb]]<br />
The company EON&nbsp;Srl (owned by Rossi), which is often mentioned in connection with the subject, is registered both in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref> . The Bodeno location is said to have been heated by an "E-cat" device virtually for free for a long time. Rossi further claims he is also producing hot water in his home with an E-cat. There is no independent evidence for both claims.<br />
<br />
In the course of 2011, inventors and undisclosed non-Italian investors (allegedly Greek) plan to offer ready-made reactors for industrial application under the marketing name "Hyperion" (not to confuse with a concept for small fission reactors of the same name in the USA). There is an official permission dating from 2006 which enables Italian EON&nbsp;Srl to operate a small power plant, fuelled by bio diesel, producing electric power up to 1 megawatt in the town of Bondero. Inventors also claim to currently work on a small power plant which combines 120 interconnected energy-amplifier reactors of equal electric power of 1,000&nbsp;kWs either in Greece or in USA, which is supposed to be finished by October 2011 and will cost 2 million dollar. Greek company „Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.“ is mentioned as manufacterers.<br />
<br />
There is a ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Website: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> located in Bedford, New Hampshire, USA owned by Rossi which is listed as contact address for EON. Their e-mail address is identical with that of EON&nbsp;Srl in Italy. The phone number is a collective number applying to several companies located at the same address which is a so called "business park". This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the future "reactors". It currently offers electric generators fuelled by bio diesel (with turbo chargers and intercooling). The company claims a high degree of efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which was able to recover incurred thermal losses. In a business entry from 2012 an address in New Boston is mentioned for Leonardo Corporation.<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 8 Town Farm Rd, New Boston NH 03070 [https://www.sos.nh.gov/corporate/soskb/Corp.asp?414253]</ref><br />
<br />
Leonardo Corp. is registered in Miami (Florida), too, in an appartment in a block situated in a residential area. The telephone number (603) 4875192, however, belongs to an extension in New Hampshire.<br />
It is somewhat hard to imagine that production of a Rossi Energy Catalyzer was possible at any of these addresses, let alone building a 1 MW power plant.<br />
<br />
In June 2011, U.S. attorney David Niebauer from San Francisco added an entry to his blog, reporting he had met with Rossi. Rossi explained he was still looking for a partner to realize a 1 MW small power plant in the United States. He claimed to have offered a demonstration to NASA, but only if they agree to purchase an operating plant once his device obtained the expected efficiency.<ref>Rossi Energy Catalyzer, "The New Fire"?<br>Posted on June 10, 2011 by David Niebauer<br>by David Niebauer<br><br>I have just finished listening to an astounding podcast of an interview with Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA’s Langley Research Center, talking about low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) and devices that are apparently generating significant energy in the form of heat, with very little input of raw material and no radioactive waste.<br>Bushnell makes reference to Andrea Rossi, an Italian inventor who claims to have discovered a previously unknown source of energy by combining pressurized nickel powder with hydrogen and a catalyst. Rossi has filed for international patent protection, but he is guarding the precise mechanism as a trade secret until the patent issues.<br>I first heard of Andrea Rossi in January of this year on the site Next Big Future where it was reported that Rossi had demonstrated his Energy Catalyzer (or E-Cat, for short) in Bologna, monitored by independent scientific representatives of Bologna University. Ny Teknik, a Swedish technology magazine, reported that, “For about an hour it produced approximately 10 kilowatts of net power, loaded with one gram of nickel powder pressurized with hydrogen. See Wikipedia entry for background.<br>Since that time Rossi has repeatedly demonstrated the device and it has received validation from the Swedish Skeptics Society, among others. Demonstration devices have now also been delivered to the University of Bologna, the University of Uppsala and the University of Stockholm for extended testing.<br>According to Bushnell, what is occurring in the Rossi device is a nuclear reaction, but it’s not a cold fusion. He claims it is a reaction of the Weak Nuclear Force. Bushnell believes that heat is generated from beta decay of subatomic particles and that, applying quantum theory, physicists will soon be able to explain the mechanism. The physics is not well understood, which is fueling a certain amount of skepticism.<br>I recently met with Andrea Rossi and find him to be genuine and credible. Rossi told me that he would like to have a 1MW plant operating in the US by October of this year. He is looking for the right partners to help him enter the market in the United States.<br>According to Rossi, Bushnell is on the wrong track, at least from a theoretical perspective. “If beta decay explained the reactions in my device, I would have been killed already [by the radiation] and we would have found different isotopes,” Rossi told me. He claims that he has a good handle on the theory, but he won’t disclose it until his patent is granted.<br>Bushnell states that NASA is just now finishing a testing lab designed for the specific purpose of investigating LENR. With Rossi making news since early this year that he has built an operating LENR, I hear Bushnell making a pitch to have it tested and validated by NASA.<br>According to Rossi, he will do a demonstration for NASA only if they agree to purchase an operating plant once his device obtains the expected efficiency. Rossi is intent on moving his Energy Catalyzer from the testing lab into the field.<br>I don’t pretend to understand the physics, or to be in a position to know for certain whether the Rossi Energy Catalyzer is the breakthrough we have been waiting for. I will therefore let Dennis Bushnell have the final word for now: “I think we are almost over the “we do not understand it” problem. I think we are almost over the “this does not produce anything useful” problem. I think this will go forward fairly rapidly now. If it does, this is capable of, by itself, completely changing geo-economics, geo-politics, and solving climate issues.”<br>David Niebauer is a corporate and transaction attorney, located in San Francisco, whose practice is focused on financing transactions, M&A and cleantech. www.davidniebauer.com</ref><br />
<br />
===EFA srl===<br />
Italian company EFA srl, based in Bologna<ref>EFA srl, Via Marsili 4, I-40100 Bologna</ref>, is a company of limited liability and run by Rossi's wife Maddalena Pascucci who holds 70% of its shares. A minority stake is held by a business consultant by the name of Giuliano Guandalini who had previous business connections to Rossi. EFA also owns distribution rights for Europe and is a contractual partner both for Bologna University (as of June 2011, the contract was not signed) and Defkalion.<br />
<br />
The same premises housing EFA – Via Marsili 4, Bologna – are also residence of a company Systems GM 2000th (Giuliano Guandalini) owning the rooms in which Rossi happens to conduct his experiments.<br />
<br />
===Leonardo Technologies Inc.===<br />
[[image:LTI.jpg|Thermoelectric miracle device of LTI|thumb]]<br />
Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another company registered in USA co-founded by Rossi<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref>. However, he sold it at the end of the 1990s. LTI in Manchester (NH/USA) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with miraculous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect thermoelectric effects] (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling thermoelectric cooling], enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It ranges between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be of commercial interest only if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed it was able to realize thermoelectric modules (TE-devices) with a 20% efficiency. They further claimed they were able to build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1&nbsp;A and 100&nbsp;volt (100&nbsp;watt) was presented. Rossi later continued his research in Italy. The American Department of Defense showed some interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol<ref>http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/library_items/Thermo(2004).pdf</ref>. The modules did not prove to be very reliable Out of 27&nbsp;devices, only eight worked at all. Instead of 800&nbsp;to 1,000&nbsp;watt claimed, they only produced 1&nbsp; Watt of power. Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than regular devices commercially available.<br />
<br />
On the website leonardo-ecat.com a personnel list was published in November 2011: (now deleted) ''Personnel<br>Ing. Andrea A. Rossi, Inventor<br>Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. Giuseppe Levi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Athen University – Greece) Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy) Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy) Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA) Sterling D. Allan, Advisor, webmaster Hank Mills, Web content''<ref>http://www.leonardo-ecat.com/fp/About/Personnel/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
===AmpEnergo===<br />
[[image:Coldstream_Park_Office_Park.jpg|Coldstream Park Office Park (Image: NAI Norwood Group, Bedford NH [http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf])|300px|thumb]]<br />
US startup company AmpEnergo Inc., founded on April 20, 2009 in Bedford, New Hampshire<ref>AmpenErgo Inc., 116-G South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref><ref>President: Karl Norwood, founders and main shareholders: Karl Norwood (NAI Norwood Group, Inc.), Richard Noceti (LTI-global.com), Robert Gentile and Craig Cassarino. Minority shareholder: Ronald Engleman</ref> (Website: [http://ampenergo.com/]) signed a contract with inventor Andrea Rossi in March 2011. While "Leonardo Corp." is to build the energy catalyzers, marketing is planned to be done through AmpEnergo. According to Swedish journal Nyteknik, Rossi received a fincancial grant from this company.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3179019.ece</ref> According to information from the press, AmpEnergo is currently looking for inventors. <br />
The address of AmpEnergo is "Coldstream Park Office Park" owned by real estate company NAI Norwood<ref>http://www.nainorwoodgroup.com/propdocs/116%20South%20River%20Road%20Building%20A.pdf</ref>. According to owners, the building is heated with an electrically operated heat pump. The address is identical with that of real estate company NAI Norwood Group and of Norwood Management Karl Norwood Inc., owned by real estate agent Karl Norwood.<ref>NORWOOD MANAGEMENT KARL NORWOOD INC, 116 S RIVER RD UNIT A, Bedford, New Hampshire 03110</ref><ref>NAI Norwood Group, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref> and also of Leonardo Corp. and Leonardo Technologies Inc.<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref> owned by Andrea Rossi. The phone numbers of all those companies are identical too ( (603) 668 7000). Despite having been founded in 2009 already , no phone number is known for AmpEnergo Inc. The company is not registered in any phone book or yellow pages in the USA. (as of May 2011)<br />
<br />
===Defkalion Green Technologies===<br />
[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion Management|thumb]]<br />
[[image:defkalion2.jpg|Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents Cypriot PRAXEN Defkalion Green Technologies Ltd.|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:defkalion3.jpg|David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel is also CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Defkalion_PK3.jpg|Inventor Rossi with Hauard Chen of "China Research Center for Public Policy"|thumb]]<br />
[[image:Defkalion_science.jpg|Citation: ''The science behind the Ecat increases the probability of particles overcoming the electrostatic potential Coulom barriers in order to penetrate the nucleus by the quantum mechanical tunneling effect, yielding in an exothermic reaction between Hydrigen and Nickel. By decreasing the surface upon which a given amount of pressure is exerted, the odds for the tunneling effect to occur are increased, allowing für higher penetrability of the Coulomb barrier.'' (Website Defkalion 24.06.2011)|thumb]]<br />
There is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref> (named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion Deucalion], son of Prometheus in Greek mythology), owned by various investors who, according to Rossi, shall produce some of the energy catalyzers. However, at the end of July 2011 it came to a dispute and to the end of the collaboration. Rossi announced that he would sue Defkalion.<br />
<br />
The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are accordng to Defkalion mostly Greeks with current residence in Canada (64% shareholders) and from Middle Eastern countries Defkalion's major shareholder is a PRAXEN Ltd. based in Limassol (Cyprus).<br />
<br />
<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br><br />
*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect, previous president of "Ω Βank", and owner of Oxymachon company)<br />
*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN Defkalion Green Technologies Ltd.<br />
*Christos Stremmenos (born 1932), vice president (former professor at Bologna University and former Greek ambassador in Italy)<br />
*George Xanthoulis (born 1987), son of Alexandros Xanthoulis<br />
*David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel also is a CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro.<br />
*John Chadjichristos (born 1958), corporate consultant<br />
*Andreas Meidanis (born 1953), industrialist<br />
*Muafak Sauachni (born 1961), medical doctor from Israel<br />
*Andreas Drugas (born 1945), corporate consultant<br />
*Symeon Tsalikoglou, press spokesman</ref><br />
<br />
Cyprus-based PRAXEN Ltd., connected to Defkalion vice-president Alexandros Xanthoulis, is in a position to keep its shareholders anonymous according to Cypriot law. Andrea Rossi's wife Maddalena Pascucci seems to focus on controlling the commercial aspects of the business in energy catalyzers. She is a director of Italian EFA srl which has business connections to PRAXEN Defkalion Green Technologies Ltd. <ref>Praxen Defkalion Green Technologies (Global) Ltd., is based in Cyprus; it owns the contract signed with the inventor regarding the industrial secret with right of first refusal to sell globally except the US. (Specified on Defkalion-Website, 24.6.2011)</ref><br />
<br />
While Rossi's "Leonardo Corp." will handle business in USA, Greek company Defkalion was said to hold the license for sales in Greece and the Balkans and was probably to be in charge of worldwide business(except USA). In August 2011 Rossi announced that Defkalion has no rights to his inventions anymore. According to Greek journal "Investor's World", premises of a former factory in the town of Xanthi have been bought, on which a 1&nbsp;MW-small power station equipped with Rossi's energy catalyzers is supposed to be built; these premises will manufacture energy catalyzers in future. A total of three plants is to be built in Xanthi. The same source claims that Defkalion must be regarded a "200&nbsp;million Euro investment". Half of the investment money (about 100&nbsp;millions) is said to go to inventor Rossi later.<ref name="talefta" /><ref name ="scan" /><ref name="Investors World Article" /> According to Rossi he will start with the production of his E-cat devices, even if the filed patent won't be granted. He also wants to continue production even if competitors understand his invention through reverse-engeneering.<ref>From a chat conversation at Nyeteknik on March&nbsp;12, 2011</ref> According to press information, Defkalion intends to begin producing E-cats in 2012, at an annual production of 300,000 devices. During the first year, however, only 40,000 units were to be produced. Between 125 and 200 new jobs were to be created in Xanthi. It was claimed in June 2011 that the investment sum was 300-400 million euro.<ref>Citation: ..''Presented on Thursday, finally, officially, the energy investment project of the Greek company Defkalion Green Technologies SA on the industrial application of scientific discovery of the famous "cold fusion nickel and hydrogen" Italian professors Sergio Foccardi and Andrea Rossi has created great interest internationally''....''Investing a total budget of 300 to 400 million, includes three industrial units, which will settle in Thrace''.. Source: Article "Investing 400 million in Xanthi for "cold fusion" of hydrogen", in "Energy Press", 23.6.2011</ref><br />
<br />
The business model of Defkalion allows long-time leasing of "E-Cat" devices to private clients. A 10&nbsp;kW or 20&nbsp;kW facility (information is ambiguous) is said to cost 1,300&nbsp;Euro per year, including operational costs and "fuel replacement", handled by manufacturers through replacing the device.<br />
<br />
At a press conference on June 23, 2011<ref>Panel Speakers:<br />
Andrea Rossi<br />
Professor Christos Stremmenos<br />
Alexandros Xanthoulis as representative of the investors<br />
<br />
Media Participation:<br />
Greek national television channels<br />
Skai / ANT1 / NET<br />
Greek radio stations<br />
Skai / ERT<br />
Greek print media<br />
Real News / O Kosmos tou Ependiti / Kerdos / Xanthi Press / H Gnomi / Axia / Makedonia<br />
Italian media<br />
Rai24 / Rai1 / independent online journalists<br />
Swedish media<br />
E-Cat report / Independent online journalists<br />
International press<br />
European Press Agency / Associated Press<br />
Environmental agencies<br />
<br />
Public Figures:<br />
Hellenic Ministry of Regional Development (Industry & Energy)<br />
Alternate Minister, Socratis Xinidis<br />
Federal German Green Party<br />
Member of the Executive Board, Rene Ramminger<br />
Municipality of Palaio Faliro<br />
Mayor, Dionysis Hatzidakis<br />
Municipality of Athens, Sport & Youth<br />
Deputy Mayor, Toula Psaraki<br />
Greek Technical Chamber of Commerce<br />
Chairman, Christos Spirtzis<br />
Union of Greek Chambers of Commerce<br />
Chairman, George Kassimatis<br />
Hellenic-American Chamber of Commerce<br />
President, Yanos Gramatidis<br />
LARCO (Nickel company of Greece)<br />
CEO, Anastasios Barakos<br />
Federation of Industries of Northern Greece<br />
representative<br />
Professors and scientists from numerous universities in Greece and abroad<br />
International visitors: Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Italy, Germany, Sweden, UK, USA. [http://www.defkalion-energy.com/news_details_pconference]</ref> it was reported that contacts were established to a "China Research Center for Public Policy", whose representative Hauard Chen attented the press conference. Further attendees were politicians from the German Green Party as well as representatives of the Baden Wuerttemberg state government. These informations are established in several Greek newspapers.<ref>http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/8178-episimi-parousiasi-tiw-defcalion-.html</ref><ref>http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xanthipress.gr%2Feidiseis%2Fpolitiki%2F8178-episimi-parousiasi-tiw-defcalion-.html</ref><ref>http://www.xronos.gr/detail.php?ID=69953</ref> As a single name one René Ramminger was mentioned, maybe speaker of Berlin "AG Soziales & Arbeit KV Tempelhof-Schöneberg" of "Bündnis90/Die Grünen"/Berlin.<br />
<br />
While the website of EON&nbsp;Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion offered since the press conference at the end of June a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue&nbsp;2-4, Athens Tower, 18th&nbsp;Floor, GR-11527&nbsp;Athens, Tel: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770602, Fax: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com. Domain registrant is one Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200&nbsp;Elefsina.</ref>, later, in Juli 2011 an Address in Glifada was mentioned.<ref>Defkalion Head Office, Xanthou 3, Glifada, GR-16674 Greece. Tel: +30 210 7770602 - Fax: +30 210 7770608</ref> Furthermore future E-Cats with 5-30 kW are promoted on the website as "products" but no prices are available. A „Defkalion white paper“ was shown which states some details on Rossi-reactors. English observers found numerous mistakes and errors in used units of size (Examples:.. Power consumption: "0.5kw/hr", ‚"Series C Hyperion 20kW product can generate up to 157 Mw in one year of operation"..). This text disappeared immediately from the website. Defkalion stated the alleged functional principle as:<br />
:"The science behind the Ecat increases the probability of particles overcoming the electrostatic potential Coulom barriers in order to penetrate the nucleus by the quantum mechanical tunneling effect, yielding in an exothermic reaction between Hydrigen and Nickel. By decreasing the surface upon which a given amount of pressure is exerted, the odds for the tunneling effect to occur are increased, allowing für higher penetrability of the Coulomb barrier.''<br />
<br />
it was also declared by Defkalion that by "pressure increase" (apparently based on hydrogen) the output of the reactor could be controlled.<br />
<br />
===Transaltec AG===<br />
[[image:Andrea_Rossi_Adolf_Schneider.png|[[Adolf Schneider]] (right, [[Transaltec AG]]) with wife and Andrea Rossi. Picture: [http://www.borderlands.de/net_pdf/NET0911S4-15.pdf])|thumb]]<br />
It became known end of 2011, that the swiss company [[TransAltec AG]] of [[Adolf Schneider]] tries to sell the E-cat.<ref>http://transaltec.ch/facma/design.php?design=2</ref><br />
<br />
===Pure Energy Systems Network Inc.===<br />
[[image:Allan-Rossi.jpg|[[Sterling Allan]] (right, company [[Pure Energy Systems Network Inc.]]) and Ecat-inventor Andrea Rossi|thumb]]<br />
The company [[Pure Energy Systems Network Inc.]] of [[Sterling Allan]] is also doing business with Andrea Rossi. According to "New Energy Times" owner Allan is a paid "sales agent" to market Rossis E-cat. It became also known that Allen is paid for publications and "news stories" about the E-cat. Allen is webmaster of the internet site of Leonardo Corporation in Bedford (New Hampshire/USA) since 2011.<br />
<br />
==Funding and former Cooperation with Bologna University==<br />
Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. In an interview in Italian television on April 18, 2011, Rossi declared he had not received any pre-delivery payments or payments at all from customers. Rossi only meant to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. In contrast to that, it became known in May 2011 Rossi had already concluded a contract with the company AmpEnergo and payments had been made. <br />
<br />
The University of Bologna had agreed to a collaboration, the Faculty of Physics should have received Euro&nbsp;500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. According to other sources the faculty received as much as 1 million Euro. The research unit is said to consist of the following persons: <br />
Ennio Bonetti, Enrico Campari, Loris Ferrari, Giuseppe Levi, and Mauro Villa. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities.<ref>''[...] Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000&nbsp;Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.<br>According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the "energy catalyzer" was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18&nbsp;hours.''</ref> <br />
<br />
Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:<br />
<br />
:''The 500,000&nbsp;Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care [...]''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2012 it became known that the University of Bologna cancelled the planned agreement since Rossi did not pay the agreed sums to the university.<ref>Email Prof. Dario Braga/UniBo: ''I can confirm that to the best of my knowledge the contract between the dept of physics and the EFA company has been cancelled because unfulfilled at the agreed deadline and that there is no further relationship between the company and the university based on that contract.<br>Regards<br>Dario Braga<br>Professor Dario Braga University of Bologna''</ref><ref>E-CAT: DICHIARAZIONE DEL DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA DELL’UNIVERSITA’ DI BOLOGNA<br>Bologna, 25 gennaio 2012 – Il Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Bologna dichiara che il contratto sottoscritto nel giugno 2011 tra il Dipartimento di Fisica e la EFA srl (la società italiana di proprietà di Andrea Rossi) è stato rescisso causa il mancato soddisfacimento delle condizioni al termine contrattuale previsto. Non c’è più alcun rapporto tra il Dipartimento e la EFA srl legato a questo contratto. Tuttavia, il Dipartimento di Fisica si è reso disponibile con la sua esperienza e le sue strumentazioni per svolgere autonome misurazioni sulla produzione di calore da parte dell’apparecchiatura denominata e-cat al fine di fornire una risposta all’intera comunità scientifica e all’opinione pubblica in merito al fenomeno. I risultati delle misure saranno pubblicati.</ref><ref>http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2012/01/24/university-of-bologna-terminates-relationship-with-rossi/</ref><br />
<br />
==Journal of Nuclear Physics==<br />
[[image:JONP.jpg|left|thumb]]<br />
[[image:JONP2.jpg|thumb]]<br />
Rossi spreads claims about his inventions through his own Internet blog called "Journal of Nuclear Physics", which is claimed to be "peer-reviewed". From its subtitle „Nuclear experiments blog“, however, it is obvious this is no professional journal. "Journal of Nuclear Physics" used to be the title of a Russian professional journal, which was discontinued. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Nuclear_Physics Article article in Wikipedia] lists all journals of this name.<br />
<br />
The [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/ website of the blog] lists a "Board of Advisers" which currently (April 2011) lists 8&nbsp;names: Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Michael Melich (DOD – USA), Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy), Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA), Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Bologna University – Italy) und Richard Noceti, Ph.D. (LTI-global.com).<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?page_id=2</ref> It is peculiar that several of the persons come from the circle of inventors. With some of these persons, it is not evident what may qualify them for questions of physics. George Kelly is apparently not working for the University of New Hampshire; it is unclear whether he exists in the first place. An American psychologist of the same name has already died. Michael Melich, who allegedly works for the "DOD" (U.S. Defense Department), received some attention due to weird statements. He claims to be working as kind of an undercover agent for a US secret service to whom he claims to report activities of the cold fusion scene. Guiseppe Levi, who was listed originally as an advisor, was deleted from the list at the end of January 2011 (see screenshots).<br />
<br />
The blog also allows adding comments. But various person reported in the internet that only comments or questions not criticizing or doubting the "E-cat" will be published.<br />
<br />
==Business competition==<br />
In competition to the Rossi Ecat-reactor is a similar "energy reactor" of the Italian physicist Francesco Piantelli, who has founded a company "NichEnergy S.R.L." .<ref>NICHENERGY S.R.L., VIA MASSETANA ROMANA 50/A, I-53100 Siena</ref><ref>http://www.nichenergy.com ALESSANDRO MEIARINI, Via Belriguardo 128, I-53100 Siena</ref> To date (July 2011) no useful reputable publications for this project exist. According to vague details, which can be found in the Internet, inventor Piantelli claims an "energy multiplication" by a factor of 200. In contrast to the Rossi reactor no so called catalyst is said to be used.<br />
<br />
==Patents and patent applications==<br />
[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]<br />
Rossi has applied for a patent(WO 2009/125444 A1 EP 02259998 A1) for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. EP-Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office, as one of the International Searching Authorities of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), negatively assessed the patent specification. It criticized the invention was not presented comprehensively, and particularly that it was not evident the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen did in fact generate energy. To quote the report:<br />
:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible. [...] In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref><br />
<br />
The Italian patent of the same content was granted in April 2011 with the number IT MI20080629 (''processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno.'').<ref>IT MI20080629 (A1), METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Publication date: 2009-10-10. Inventor(s): ROSSI ANDREA, Applicant(s): PASCUCCI MADDALENA.<br />
Also published as: WO 2009125444 (A1), US 2011005506 (A1), EP 2259998 (A1)</ref><ref>http://www.uibm.gov.it/uibm/dati/stampa_elenco_info.aspx?load=info_stampMain&id=1610895&table=Invention</ref> The wording of the patent is not publically accessible and, due to reasons of secrecy, will be published at a later date.<br />
<br />
Patent applications are required to allow experts to rebuild the described invention. Furthermore the "best method" to achieve the presented effect has to be described in the application. Rossi, however, keeps the nature of his "catalyzers" secret.<br />
<br />
The WIPO website lists an answer of Rossi's patent attorney Cicogna dated December 17, 2010 in which he addressed the issues mentioned.<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/application_rossi.004908.pdf</ref> In his answer to the Munich European patent agency, he drops 6 of formerly 15 claims. The correspondence also addresses a patent from 2005 (Yoshiaki Arata: (Juli 2005) ''Hydrogen condensate and method of generating heat therewith.'', EP1551032 [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1551032.pdf]) held by Japanese professor emeritus Yoshiaki Arata who has been studying "cold fusion" since 1989. In his patent, Arata described methods to generate an "Arata Energy" with hydrogen isotopes which permeate finely ground metals (''metal nano-ultrafine particle ''; Arata mentions several metals, among them nickel) or alloys under energy consumption. This process is said to create a "condensate" with a decreased interatomic distance between hydrogen isotopes, explaining the emission of heat. A byproduct of the reaction was helium. According to Arata, there are several ways to apply energy: pressure, ultrasound, high electricity, laser light, magnetism, etc. Arata introduced his reactor, equipped with a Stirling engine, to the public in May 2008<ref>http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28011/1.html</ref>, but explained that the principle could not be applied since helium generation "poisoned" the fusion process, so the fusion chamber had to be vented periodically, rendering any utilization uneconomical.<br />
<br />
A patent application with the number US2011/005506 A1 was submitted by Rossi on September 16, 2010 in USA and released on January 13, 2011 by the patent office. The application does not mention cold fusion but a device to create an exothermic reaction with nickel and hydrogen. As of September 2011 no assessment of the U.S. patent office is known.<ref>[http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/2011RossiUSPatentApp.pdf Method and Apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reaction], United States Patent Application Publication</ref><br />
<br />
Patents held by Francesco Piantelli:<br />
* WO 95 20816 A1, Francesco Piantelli: ''Energy generation and Generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion''<br />
* EP 0767962 B1 (1995), Piantelli, F., ''Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion. Patent''<br />
* WO 2010058288 A1: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO, ''METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27.''<br />
* DE69510056T2 Energieerzeugung Und Erzeuger Durch Oberwellenfreie Stimulierte Fusion, 03/02/2000<br />
* patent application PI2011A000046 (Italy) from April 26, 2011: ''metodo e apparato per generare energia mediante reazioni nucleari di idrogeno adsorbito per cattura orbitale da una nanostruttura cristallina di un metallo''. (patent application ''Method and Apparatus for Generating Energy through Nuclear Reactions of Hydrogen Adsorbed by Orbital Capture to a Metal Crystalline Nanostructure''). Not public till October 27, 2012.<br />
<br />
Further patents held by Andrea Rossi:<br />
*US 2002/0046762 A1 "Thermoelectric generators", Inventor: Andrea Rossi. Filing date: Oct 4,2001<ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=h9SMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false<br />
<br />
A thermoelectric module including a couple formed between two bismuth telluride thermoelectrodes. The first thermoelectrode is doped with palladium, selenium, or a combination of the two. The second thermoelectrode is doped with antimony, gold, or a combination of the two. Multiple thermoelectric...<br />
Inventor: Andrea Rossi</ref><br />
*WO0229908 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (patent withdrawn). published on 03.03.2004. Applicant(s) Leonardo Technologies, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford, NH 03110 / US. Inventor(s) ROSSI, Andrea, c/o Leonardi Technologies, Inc.<ref>https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application?number=EP01986372</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=AJSSAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><br />
*US 6051110 ''Thermolytic distillation of carbonaceous material''<br />
*U.S. Patent US6620994 B2 Andrea Rossi: "Thermoelectric generators" (16.9.2003)<br />
<br />
==Reception, media coverage and criticism==<br />
[[image:Mats_Lewan.jpg|Swedish journalist Mats Lewan (Nyteknik)|thumb]]<br />
A noteworthy reception by respective associations or universities never happened, an attempt by inventors to publish their principle in a professional magazine failed. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Only a few physicists reacted with blog entries or comments to the topic.<br />
<br />
Italian daily press covered the invention in a mere four articles (some of these in local sections). Additionally, a small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business journal and a private TV station covered it. „Nyeteknik“ reported in Sweden, some positive coverage was published in US "Washington Times", which belongs to the [[Moon-Cult]], in an article by Frank Perley.<ref>Frank Perley: ''PERLEY: [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]'', "The Washington Times", March 3, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
The energy catalyzer was also covered in several blogs. The most lively interest could be observed in Italy and Sweden.<br />
<br />
The most renowned person to comment favourably on the energy catalyzer so far has been English Nobel Prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson has been known for a supporter of so called "cold fusion" for years and is the editor of the corresponding article in English Wikipedia.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Catalyzer</ref><br />
<br />
The most committed critic is probably Italian habilitated nuclear chemist Camillo Franchini. Another critic is the habilitated Swedish nuclear physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University. Ekström calls Rossi's invention a "hoax" and [[pseudoscience]]. He also compares it to claims made by Randell Mills for the last twenty years (BlackLightPower - see [[Hydrino]]). In his criticism, Ekström refers to the conditions necessary for fusion and nuclear transformations as well as the radiation emitted. A summary of his criticism can be found here: [http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]. Swedish professor for physics Kjell Aleklett from Uppsala University also criticized in his blog: [http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?"]<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Focardi-Rossi-Energiekatalysator|en=Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer|it=Catalizzatore di energia secondo Rossi e Focardi}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Zirconium fusion reactor of Bolotov]]<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
[[image:Petrolio Dai Rifiuti.jpg|Luigi Bacialli, ''Petrolio dai Rifiuti'', SugarCo Edizioni (1979)|thumb]]<br />
*[http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf Giuseppe Levi: "Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi “Ni-H” reactor", Univ. Bologna, Jan. 2011] (auch: [http://www.territorioscuola.com/download/Levi-Bianchini-and-Villa-Reports.pdf])<br />
*E. CAMPARI, S. FOCARDI, V. GABBANI, V. MONTALBANO, F. PIANTELLI, S. VERONESI: "Overview of H_Ni systems: old experiments and new setup" 5TH ASTI WORKSHOP ON ANOMALIES IN HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM LOADED METALS, ASTI, ITALY, 2004, XP002517911<br />
*S. FOCARDI, V. GABBANI, V. MONTALBANO, F. PIANTELLI, S. VERONESI: "Evidence of Electromagnetic radiation from Ni-H Systems" 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2004, MARSEILLE, FRANCE, 2004, XP002517912<br />
*Focardi S., Habel R., and Piantelli F., "Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 107A, p. 163-167, (1994)<br />
*Notoya, R. et al., "Tritium Generation and Large Excess Heat Evolution by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water-Potassium Carbonate Solutions With Nickel Electrodes," Fusion Technology, Vol. 26, p. 179, (Sept. 1994)<br />
*Mengoli, G., Bernardini, M., Manducchi, C., and Zannoni, G., "Anomalous Heat Effects Correlated With Electrochemical Hydriding of Nickel," Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 20 D, p. 331-352, (1998)<br />
*Battaglia, A., Daddi, L., Focardi, S., Gabbani, V., Montalbano, V., Piantelli, F., Sona, P.G., and nesi, S., "Neutron Emission in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 112 A p. 921-931, (Sept. 1999)<br />
*S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998<br />
*Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).<br />
*Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)<br />
*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/ "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Article in the journal "Query", 31.1.2011]<br />
*[http://www.queryonline.it/2011/02/02/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-ci-risponde-levi "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Article in the journal "Query", 2.2.2011]<br />
*Peter Ekström ''Kall fusion åter i hetluften'', fysikaktuellt nr 2, May 2011, page 24. [http://www.fysikersamfundet.se/Fysikaktuellt/2011_2.pdf Full Text (Swedish)]<br />
<br />
===News articles===<br />
*Sibylle Anderl: ''Ein Energiemärchen - Kernfusion mit Nickel und Wasserstoff? Das kalte Gebräu im "Rossi-Reaktor"'', FAZ, 20.7.2011 (addon "Natur und Wissenschaft", S. N1) [http://www.faz.net/artikel/C30950/kalte-fusion-ein-italienisches-energiemaerchen-30468569.html Artikel bei FAZ net]<br />
*[http://www3.lastampa.it/fileadmin/media/settimanali/tuttoscienze/PDF/5.pdf Luigi Grassia: ''Misteri - serie di test a Bologna''. La Stampa, 11.5.2011 (Italian)] <br />
*[http://www.iltempo.it/2011/05/10/1256276-energia_gratis_parla_italiano.shtml?refresh_ce Antonio Angeli: ''L'energia gratis parla italiano - Il sogno del «generatore magico» sembra realizzato. L'ha inventato un bolognese'', Il Tempo, May 10, 2011 (Italian)]<br />
*Ilaria Venturi: ''Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti", article in "La Repubblica" (local section Bologna) vom January 14, 2011. [http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/01/14/news/fusione_nucleare_a_freddo_a_bologna_ci_siamo_riusciti-11237521/]<br />
*[http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2011/01/13/441795-realizzato_fusione_fredda.shtml MARCO PIVATO: ''"Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi''. Article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (local section Bologna) on January 13, 2011]<br />
*[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Lisa Zyga: ''Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion'', physorg, January 20, 2011]<br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/01/24/italian-scientists-claim-cold-fusion-breakthrough/#ixzz1HFDdqNuC Clay Dillow: ''Italian Scientists Claim (Dubious) Cold Fusion Breakthrough'', Fox News, January 24, 2011]<br />
*Frank Perley: ''Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes'', "Washington Times" March 17, 2011.[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/17/nuclear-future-beyond-japan/ Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes]<br />
*Franco, Foresta Martin, "Siena scopre l' energia pulita Fusione fredda all' italiana?," Corriere Della Sera, February 19, 1994<br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
*[http://www.ingandrearossi.com Homepage of Andrea Rossi]<br />
*[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com "Journal of Nuclear Physics"]. The title suggests a physics journal but it is actually a website similar to a blog run by Focardi and Rossi, articles are allegedly peer-reviewed by "at least one" physics professor. <br />
*[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/0,1518,801836,00.html Ralph Diermann: ''Kalte Kernfusion - Herr Rossi sucht das Glück der Menschheit'', SPIEGEL Online, 10.12.2011]<br />
*[http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/35/35803/1.html Haiko Lietz: "Kalte Fusion als Technologie", Heise - Telepolis, 03.11.2011]<br />
*http://www.eonsrl.com (currently no content)<br />
*[http://newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2011/37/NET370.shtml article in "New Energy Times", 37, 30.7.2011]<br />
*[http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/resurser/cold_fusion.pdf Peter Ekström: ''Kall Fusion på italienska'' (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)]<br />
*[http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/rossi-energy-catalyst-a-big-hoax-or-new-physics/ Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?" http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/index.asp?id=17662 (Swedish)<br />
*http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html<br />
*http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml<br />
*[http://www.rainews24.rai.it/it/canale-tv.php?id=23074 Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 3.5.2011]<br />
*[http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Rossi Article in Swedish Wikipedia about Andrea Rossi]<br />
*[http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/06/28/report-2-energy-catalyzer-scientific-communication-and-ethics-issues/ S.Krivit: "report2 energy catalyzer scientific communication and ethics issues", Newenergytimes, june 28, 2011]<br />
*[http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8140 Ugo Bardi: ''The E-Cat loses steam'', Blog "The Oildrum",27.7.2011]<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/12/the_nuclear_physics_of_why_we.php<br />
*http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/11/cold_fusion_is_it_possible_is.php<br />
*http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2011-11-30/no-miracles-science-story-energy-catalyzer<br />
<br />
===Videos===<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGI12A3SWJ4&feature=relmfu at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (Italian)]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzL3RIlcwbY at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (English)]<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5uChrjknJA Report in Greek television] (Greek/English)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc] (Demonstration Bologna January 3, 2011)<br />
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-8QdVwY98E Steven Krivit: "2011 - Andrea Rossi Explains His Energy Catalyzer", Video of a demonstration on June 14, 2011]<br />
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uviXoafHWrU<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[category:Pseudoscience]]<br />
[[category:Cold Fusion]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Template:IN_USE&diff=2059Template:IN USE2012-02-19T16:23:52Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div> '''This article is in the process of intense editing. Please do not effect further changes for the time being.'''</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Psiram:Current_events&diff=2044Psiram:Current events2012-01-01T11:01:29Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>* January 1, 2012: 84 articles, 522,000 visits<br />
* December 12, 2009. Just started: 0 articles, 0 visits</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=File:CharlesVirtue.jpg&diff=2022File:CharlesVirtue.jpg2011-12-03T11:00:46Z<p>Heimdall: German wiki</p>
<hr />
<div>German wiki</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Charles_Virtue&diff=2021Charles Virtue2011-12-03T10:58:55Z<p>Heimdall: Created page with 'right '''Charles Virtue''' is the eldest son of Californian author and New Ager Doreen Virtue. According to his website, he …'</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:CharlesVirtue.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
'''Charles Virtue''' is the eldest son of Californian author and [[Esotericism|New Ager]] [[Doreen Virtue]]. According to his website, he has been in touch with [[angel]]s since his early childhood<ref name=CharlesVirtue>[http://www.charlesvirtue.com/about.html Short biography on his website], accessed December 25, 2010</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
He claims to have started to give [[spiritualism|spiritualist readings]] in his early 20s, using his mother's [[oracle]] card deck. He entered his mother's business, working for her for 7 years prior to establishing his own business.<br />
<br />
There is no information available regarding a regular vocational training, while Virtue claims he is a ''Certified Angel Therapy Practitioner'', a registered trademark owned by his mother. He has also got the right to grant this certificate.<br />
<br />
==Courses by Charles Virtue==<br />
Apart from courses for [[Jenseitskontakt|mediumship]] and spiritual teaching, he also offers certificates for Angel Therapy Practitioners. He offers two courses to become ATP® in contrast to his mother's one four-day course sold at US $ 1,900: A regular course taking but 3 days for about 800$ and an advanced two-day course. After attending these courses, a certificate will be granted to customers who can now allegedly communicate with angels and receive powers like [[spirit healing]] and [[clairvoyance]] from them<ref>[http://www.charlesvirtue.com/Angels.html How to Connect With Your Angels - By Charles Virtue], , accessed December 25, 2010</ref><br />
<br />
The advanced course also teaches business aspects like payment, advertising, websites, books & publications, marketing, ...<br />
<br />
It is also possible to book courses in [[Integrated Energy Therapy]]<ref>[http://www.charlesvirtue.com/IET.html Course overview Integrated Energy Therapy]</ref>, a registered trademark by Stevan Thayer, via Virtue's website. This three-day course for $ 625 covers:<br />
<br />
''"healing with the energy of angels”®, is one of the next generation of hands on energy therapy systems. IET® uses the violet ray of the Nine Healing Angels of the human energy field and helps you release limiting patterns of the past to create balance in the present and empowerment in the future. It removes blocks in your physical and energetic bodies and imprints healing energy in their place."''<br />
<br />
''"IET® works on your 12 strand Spiritual DNA, the Divine blueprint of your life. These strands of DNA are different from the physical DNA strands science reveals. In IET®, we learn that they correspond to the non physical part of ourselves and connect us to our higher consciousness. With each class, you will receive an attunement. IET® attunements are very powerful. Each one realigns and restructures one or more pairs of Spiritual DNA with these changes being permanent and ever expanding."''<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
Together with his mother, Virtue authored the book ''Signs From Above''<ref>[http://www.hayhouse.com/details.php?id=3918 Signs of Above im Hay House Bookstore]</ref>, published by Hay House.<br />
<br />
==Websites==<br />
*[http://www.charlesvirtue.com Website of Charles Virtue]<br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Charles Virtue|en=Charles Virtue}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vitue, Charles}}<br />
[[category:Author]]<br />
[[category:New Ager]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Antineoplaston&diff=2020Antineoplaston2011-11-30T21:34:19Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Antineoplaston-Therapy''' (ANP) according to [[Stanisław Burzyński]] is an [[unconventional cancer treatments|unconventional cancer treatment]] using so-called „antineoplaston remedies“. Burzyński invented the name for a group of peptides. The [[pseudomedicine|pseudomedical]] therapy is known in US since 1977, evidence for efficacy is not available as of yet. Several fatalities are associated with the therapy<ref>http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1998/9-10.html</ref>; it is regarded as inappropriate for the treatment of cancer.<ref>Goldberg P, The Antineoplaston Anomaly: How a Drug Was Used for Decades in Thousands of Patients, With No Safety, Efficacy Data, The Cancer Letter 1998 vol 24, 36</ref><ref>http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski2.html</ref> <br />
Critics of the method were threatened by a marketer of the method in 2011.<ref>[http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2011/11/the-burzynski-clinic-threatens-my-family.html The Burzynski Clinic Threatens My Family.], Quackometer, 24. November 2011</ref><ref>[http://rhysmorgan.co/2011/11/threats-from-the-burzynski-clinic/ Threats from The Burzynski Clinic], Blog of Rhys Morgan, November 28, 2011</ref> After a public outrage, Burzynski's Clinic issued an apology and a statement that the marketer in question was not "in a professional relationship with the Burzynski Clinic" anymore. The press release confirmed the marketer had been contracted to "stop the dissemination of false and misleading information" about the antineoplaston therapy. Bloggers will be contacted by lawyers to remove what is claimed to be false or misleading information.<ref name="press_release">[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0BzijOpjuex1bMjE4N2JjOGItZGFlOS00NDE0LTk2YzktMThkYjFiOTU2YjNl&hl=en_US&pli=1 Press Release], Burzynski Clinic, November 29, 2011, accessed November 30, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Stanisław Burzyński==<br />
[[image:burzynski.jpg|Stanisław Burzyński|right]]<br />
Inventor is the physician Stanisław Rajmund Burzyński (born January 23, 1943 in Lublin, Poland) living in Houston, Texas. Burzyński claims to have achieved both M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in medicine in Lublin in 1967. These claims are dubitable since that university does not have a doctoral program. Additionally, his dissertation cannot be traced.<ref>[http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski1.html Stanisław Burzyński and "Antineoplastons"], Saul Green, Ph.D., Quackwatch</ref><ref>[http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/burzynski.htm Comment and Opinion, Burzynski Research Institute], The Millenium Project, Peter Bowditch</ref><br />
<br />
Burzyński migrated to the United States in 1970 and was employed at Baylor University in Houston, isolating peptides from rat brains for three years. He received a licence to practice medicine in USA in 1973 and was awarded a three-year grant to study the effects of urinary peptides as an assistant professor. When the grant was not renewed, Burzyński founded his own clinic in Houston.<br />
<br />
==Composition of Antineoplastons==<br />
Antineoplastons are a group of organic chemical compounds which are usually found in urine and blood. They consist mostly of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins and peptides, compounds made of two or more amino acids. <br />
<br />
In 1985 he presented peptides which he called A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. He detected that A2 had the highest effects on tumor cells and named its active ingredient A10. Chemically speaking, A10 is 3-N-phenylacetyl-amino-piperidine-2,6-dione. He developed the products AS&nbsp;2.5 and AS&nbsp;2.1 from this peptide. Burzyński first prepared them from human blood, later from human urine. He developed and patented a manufacturing process for the peptides allowing him to produce them without taking them from human urine. This method is based on synthesis of glutamine and phenylacetyl chloride. Since 1980, the preparation can thus be manufactured synthetically using inexpensive substances commercially available.<ref>ISBN 1-881025-09-8, Ralph Moss, "The Cancer Industry", 1996</ref><ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/antineoplastons/patient/page2 Questions and Answers About Antineoplastons], National Cancer Institute</ref><br />
<br />
In alternative medicine, tributyrat PA and PB are known as a kind of preliminary version of Burzyński's antineoplastons.<br />
<br />
==The Therapy==<br />
The therapy is available only from Burzyński at the "Burzynski Clinic" in West Houston, Texas. He offers the treatment as part of studies, since the compounds used are not approved. In order to qualify, a patient must have been non-respondent to standard therapies, or the tumour must have been rated incurable. The compound is either injected or taken orally. If a patient's condition improves due to intravenous adminstration, patients may switch to oral administration. During intravenous administration, antineoplastones must be given constantly, thus requiring a programmable pump which patients carry on them.<br />
<br />
==Costs==<br />
An according therapy is estimated at approximately $ 100,000 per year of treatment. Patients have to pay $ 6,000 prior to the start of treatment and instalments of $ 7,500 to $ 9,000 per month. Most insurance companies consider the therapy unproven and do not reimburse costs.<ref>Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletin, [http://aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0240.html Antineoplaston Therapy and Sodium Phenylbutyrate]</ref><ref>Blue Cross/Blue Shield Medical Policy, [http://empireblue.com/provider/noapplication/f2/s5/t9/pw_ad084920.pdf Antineoplaston Therapy]</ref><ref>[http://www.zenosblog.com/2011/11/big-business-in-texas/ Big business in Texas], Zeno's Blog, November 26, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Legal Issues==<br />
In 1994 Burzyński was convicted for tax insurance fraud.<ref>[ftp://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/pub/93/93-02071.CV0.wpd.pdf United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit summary judgment], July 28, 1994</ref><br />
In 2009, FDA issued a caution against the institute due to violations of regulations for the protection of patients.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm192711.htm Warning letter FDA - Burzynski Research Institute / IRB]</ref><br />
In 2010 the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners filed a complaint against Burzyński.<ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/tmbvsburzynski.pdf Complaint by the Texas Medical Board], December 8, 2010</ref> The complaint contains the following charges:<ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/2011/11/28/texas-medical-board-vs-burzynski/ Texas Medical Board vs Burzynski], Blog: Ministry of Truth, November 28. 2011</ref><br />
<br />
*failure to practice medicine in an acceptable professional manner consistent with public health and welfare;<br />
*failure to meet the standard of care;<br />
*negligence in performing medical services;<br />
*failure to use professional diligence;<br />
*failure to safeguard against potential complications;<br />
*failure to disclose reasonably foreseeable side effects of a procedure or treatment;<br />
*failure to disclose reasonable alternative treatments to a proposed procedure or treatment;<br />
*failure to obtain informed consent from the patient or other person authorized by law to consent to treatment on the patient’s behalf before performing tests, treatments, or procedures; and<br />
*prescription or administration of a drug in a manner that is not in compliance with Chapter 200 of this title (relating to Standards for Physicians Practicing Complementary and Alternative Medicine) or, that is either not approved by the ood and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in human beings or does not meet the standards for off-label use, unless an exemption has otherwise been obtained from the FDA.<br />
*unprofessional or dishonorable conduct that is likely to deceive or defraud the public or injure the public;<br />
*providing medically unnecessary services to a patient or submitting a billing statement to a patient or a third party payer that the licensee knew or should have known was improper. “Improper” means the billing statement is false, fraudulent, misrepresents services provided, or otherwise does not meet professional standards.<br />
<br />
The Texas Medical board summoned him for a hearing to be held on April, 11 2012 which will debate the revocation of his medical licence.<ref>http://www.burzynskimovie.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126 Burzyński moviesite, accessed November 26, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Clinical Trials==<br />
Burzyński and his assistants tried to prove clinical efficacy of antineoplastons with several clinical studies. The U.S. government register of clinical trials displays 60 entries (as of November 2011) by Burzynski Research Institute.<ref>[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?spons=%22Burzynski+Research+Institute%22&spons_ex=Y Overview: clinical surveys of Burzynski Research Institute]</ref> The studies are criticized by oncologists due to "flawed research methods" and rated "scientific nonsense".<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19476029.html Oncologists criticize methods of controversial cancer treatment], Terri Langford, Associated Press, Oktober 1, 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15061600 Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?], Vickers A., PubMed</ref> Randomized, controlled surveys could not replicate the Burzyński's results. Between 1991 and 1995, more than a million dollars were spent on independent studies at Mayo Clinic and Memorial Sloan Kettering.<ref>[http://ict.sagepub.com/content/3/1/59.abstract Managing Social Conflict in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research: The Case of Antineoplastons], Mitchell R. Hammer, PhD, Wayne B. Jonas, MD, doi: 10.1177/1534735404263448, Integr. Cancer Therapies March 2004 vol. 3 no. 1 59-65</ref><ref name="HoustonPress" /> The studies were cancelled prematurely for ethical reasons because of the method's poor efficacy.<ref>Burzynski SR, Efficacy of antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1, 1999 Mayo Clin. Proc., vol 74 6 Seiten 641-2 PMID 10377942</ref><ref>Buckner JC, Malkin MG, Reed E, Cascino TL, Reid JM, Maes MM, Tong WPY, LIM S, Figg WD: Phase II study of Antineoplaston A10 (NSC 648539) and AS 2-1 (NSC 620261) in patients with recurrent glioma. Mayo Clin Proc, 74, 137-145, 1999</ref> <br />
<br />
In December 2007, FDA granted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug orphan drug] status to Burzyński's concoctions for the treatment of gliomas, a group of brain tumors hard to treat.<ref name="HoustonPress">http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-01-01/news/cancer-doctor-stanislaw-burzynski-sees-himself-as-a-crusading-researcher-not-a-quack/</ref> <br />
An independent review by American Cancer Society also arrived at negative results and recommended patients not to spend money on antineoplaston treatments since there is no evidence of positive effects in treatment of cancer. A 2004 medical review described this treatment as a "disproven therapy".<ref name="acs">[http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/57.pdf Antineoplastons] - American Cancer Society on Antineoplastons ''CA Cancer J Clin'' 1983;33;57-59, DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.33.1.57</ref><ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/antineoplastons/healthprofessional/page5 Antineoplastons - Human/Clinical Studies], National Cancer Institute, August 24, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
In a November 2011 press release Bursynski Clinic listed a "number of studies since 2006" claiming to prove efficacy of the treatment.<ref name="press_release" /> None of the studies was published in a paper with a high [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor impact factor] and most have not been peer reviewed at all. 9 studies are claimed to have been printed by the Journal of Neuro-Oncology which has a good impact factor but in truth were just presented as preliminary results at conferences that were covered by the journal. Contrary to the claim in the press release, there aren’t any scientific studies supporting antineoplason treatment since 2006.<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/11/a-look-at-the-burzynski-clinics-publications/ A look at the Burzynski clinic’s publications], Jen McCreight, freethoughtblogs, November 29, 2011</ref><ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/11/more-damning-revelations-about-burzynskis-research/ More damning revelations about Burzynski’s “research”], Jen McCreight, freethoughtblogs, November 30, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/2011/11/30/burzynski-the-press-release/ Burzynski – The Press Release], Blog: Ministry of Truth, November 30. 2011</ref><br />
<br />
The products are not approved by FDA and may only be used as part of clinical trials.<br />
<br />
==The movie "Burzynski - Cancer is Serious Business"==<br />
In 2010, Eric Merola (a former director of TV commercials) did a movie "Burzynski - Cancer is Serious Business" which dealt with Burzyński's conflicts with authorities. Critics panned the film as one-sided, poorly produced propaganda promoting Burzyński's treatment. Village Voice commented:<br />
:''violates every basic rule of ethical filmmaking: Merola interviews only Burzynski's supporters, produces no patient records other than the doctor's own, and offers no credible proof of the drug's success and no data about its side effects, even as he slams chemotherapy and radiation.''<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-01/film/quack-quack-goes-burzynski/ QUACK-QUACK Goes Burzynski], Village Voice, June 1, 2010, accessed November 25, 2011</ref> <br />
<br />
Houston Press dishes out derision:<br />
:''We're not sure which dictionary Merola has consulted for his understanding of the word "objective," but hey -- we don't necessarily think a puff-piece paean that cherrypicks facts and ignores any criticism of a documentary's subject is a truly horrible thing, as long as viewers understand they're just getting one side of the story.''<ref>[http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2010/06/burzynski_movie.php Stanlislaw Burzynski: New Movie Proves He's A Cancer-Fighting Giant], Houston News, June 2, 2011, accessed November 25, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
The cases of cured patients presented in the movie meant to serve as evidence of the efficacy of the treatment particularly excel with fragmentary facts. A thorough analysis of facts known in the three cases concludes they provide no proof for the efficacy of antineoplaston therapy.<ref>[http://anaximperator.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/burzynski-the-movie-does-it-prove-the-efficacy-of-antineoplastons-against-cancer/ Burzynski The Movie: Does It Prove The Efficacy of Antineoplastons Against Cancer?], accessed November 25, 2011</ref><ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/11/burzynski_the_movie_subtle_its_not.php Burzynski The Movie: Hitting you over the head with pseudoscience, just like Burzynski the man], Respectful Insolence, scienceblogs.com, accessed November 29, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Antineoplaston|en=Antineoplaston}}<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antineoplaston Wikipedia on Antineoplaston]<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Burzynski Wikipedia on Stanislaw Burzynski]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:Miracle Therapy]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Antineoplaston&diff=2019Antineoplaston2011-11-30T21:33:34Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Antineoplaston-Therapy''' (ANP) according to [[Stanisław Burzyński]] is an [[unconventional cancer treatments|unconventional cancer treatment]] using so-called „antineoplaston remedies“. Burzyński invented the name for a group of peptides. The [[pseudomedicine|pseudomedical]] therapy is known in US since 1977, evidence for efficacy is not available as of yet. Several fatalities are associated with the therapy<ref>http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1998/9-10.html</ref>; it is regarded as inappropriate for the treatment of cancer.<ref>Goldberg P, The Antineoplaston Anomaly: How a Drug Was Used for Decades in Thousands of Patients, With No Safety, Efficacy Data, The Cancer Letter 1998 vol 24, 36</ref><ref>http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski2.html</ref> <br />
Critics of the method were threatened by a marketer of the method in 2011.<ref>[http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2011/11/the-burzynski-clinic-threatens-my-family.html The Burzynski Clinic Threatens My Family.], Quackometer, 24. November 2011</ref><ref>[http://rhysmorgan.co/2011/11/threats-from-the-burzynski-clinic/ Threats from The Burzynski Clinic], Blog of Rhys Morgan, November 28, 2011</ref> After a public outrage, Burzynski's Clinic issued an apology and a statement that the marketer in question was not "in a professional relationship with the Burzynski Clinic" anymore. The press release confirmed the marketer had been contracted to "stop the dissemination of false and misleading information" about the antineoplaston therapy. Bloggers will be contacted by lawyers to remove what is claimed to be false or misleading information.<ref name="press_release">[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0BzijOpjuex1bMjE4N2JjOGItZGFlOS00NDE0LTk2YzktMThkYjFiOTU2YjNl&hl=en_US&pli=1 Press Release], Burzynski Clinic, November 29, 2011, accessed November 30, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Stanisław Burzyński==<br />
[[image:burzynski.jpg|Stanisław Burzyński|right]]<br />
Inventor is the physician Stanisław Rajmund Burzyński (born January 23, 1943 in Lublin, Poland) living in Houston, Texas. Burzyński claims to have achieved both M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in medicine in Lublin in 1967. These claims are dubitable since that university does not have a doctoral program. Additionally, his dissertation cannot be traced.<ref>[http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski1.html Stanisław Burzyński and "Antineoplastons"], Saul Green, Ph.D., Quackwatch</ref><ref>[http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/burzynski.htm Comment and Opinion, Burzynski Research Institute], The Millenium Project, Peter Bowditch</ref><br />
<br />
Burzyński migrated to the United States in 1970 and was employed at Baylor University in Houston, isolating peptides from rat brains for three years. He received a licence to practice medicine in USA in 1973 and was awarded a three-year grant to study the effects of urinary peptides as an assistant professor. When the grant was not renewed, Burzyński founded his own clinic in Houston.<br />
<br />
==Composition of Antineoplastons==<br />
Antineoplastons are a group of organic chemical compounds which are usually found in urine and blood. They consist mostly of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins and peptides, compounds made of two or more amino acids. <br />
<br />
In 1985 he presented peptides which he called A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. He detected that A2 had the highest effects on tumor cells and named its active ingredient A10. Chemically speaking, A10 is 3-N-phenylacetyl-amino-piperidine-2,6-dione. He developed the products AS&nbsp;2.5 and AS&nbsp;2.1 from this peptide. Burzyński first prepared them from human blood, later from human urine. He developed and patented a manufacturing process for the peptides allowing him to produce them without taking them from human urine. This method is based on synthesis of glutamine and phenylacetyl chloride. Since 1980, the preparation can thus be manufactured synthetically using inexpensive substances commercially available.<ref>ISBN 1-881025-09-8, Ralph Moss, "The Cancer Industry", 1996</ref><ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/antineoplastons/patient/page2 Questions and Answers About Antineoplastons], National Cancer Institute</ref><br />
<br />
In alternative medicine, tributyrat PA and PB are known as a kind of preliminary version of Burzyński's antineoplastons.<br />
<br />
==The Therapy==<br />
The therapy is available only from Burzyński at the "Burzynski Clinic" in West Houston, Texas. He offers the treatment as part of studies, since the compounds used are not approved. In order to qualify, a patient must have been non-respondent to standard therapies, or the tumour must have been rated incurable. The compound is either injected or taken orally. If a patient's condition improves due to intravenous adminstration, patients may switch to oral administration. During intravenous administration, antineoplastones must be given constantly, thus requiring a programmable pump which patients carry on them.<br />
<br />
==Costs==<br />
An according therapy is estimated at approximately $ 100,000 per year of treatment. Patients have to pay $ 6,000 prior to the start of treatment and instalments of $ 7,500 to $ 9,000 per month. Most insurance companies consider the therapy unproven and do not reimburse costs.<ref>Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletin, [http://aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0240.html Antineoplaston Therapy and Sodium Phenylbutyrate]</ref><ref>Blue Cross/Blue Shield Medical Policy, [http://empireblue.com/provider/noapplication/f2/s5/t9/pw_ad084920.pdf Antineoplaston Therapy]</ref><ref>[http://www.zenosblog.com/2011/11/big-business-in-texas/ Big business in Texas], Zeno's Blog, November 26, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Legal Issues==<br />
In 1994 Burzyński was convicted for tax insurance fraud.<ref>[ftp://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/pub/93/93-02071.CV0.wpd.pdf United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit summary judgment], July 28, 1994</ref><br />
In 2009, FDA issued a caution against the institute due to violations of regulations for the protection of patients.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm192711.htm Warning letter FDA - Burzynski Research Institute / IRB]</ref><br />
In 2010 the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners filed a complaint against Burzyński.<ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/tmbvsburzynski.pdf Complaint by the Texas Medical Board], December 8, 2010</ref> The complaint contains the following charges:<ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/2011/11/28/texas-medical-board-vs-burzynski/ Texas Medical Board vs Burzynski], Blog: Ministry of Truth, November 28. 2011</ref><br />
<br />
*failure to practice medicine in an acceptable professional manner consistent with public health and welfare;<br />
*failure to meet the standard of care;<br />
*negligence in performing medical services;<br />
*failure to use professional diligence;<br />
*failure to safeguard against potential complications;<br />
*failure to disclose reasonably foreseeable side effects of a procedure or treatment;<br />
*failure to disclose reasonable alternative treatments to a proposed procedure or treatment;<br />
*failure to obtain informed consent from the patient or other person authorized by law to consent to treatment on the patient’s behalf before performing tests, treatments, or procedures; and<br />
*prescription or administration of a drug in a manner that is not in compliance with Chapter 200 of this title (relating to Standards for Physicians Practicing Complementary and Alternative Medicine) or, that is either not approved by the ood and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in human beings or does not meet the standards for off-label use, unless an exemption has otherwise been obtained from the FDA.<br />
*unprofessional or dishonorable conduct that is likely to deceive or defraud the public or injure the public;<br />
*providing medically unnecessary services to a patient or submitting a billing statement to a patient or a third party payer that the licensee knew or should have known was improper. “Improper” means the billing statement is false, fraudulent, misrepresents services provided, or otherwise does not meet professional standards.<br />
<br />
The Texas Medical board summoned him for a hearing to be held on April, 11 2012 which will debate the revocation of his medical licence.<ref>http://www.burzynskimovie.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126 Burzyński moviesite, accessed November 26, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Clinical Trials==<br />
Burzyński and his assistants tried to prove clinical efficacy of antineoplastons with several clinical studies. The U.S. government register of clinical trials displays 60 entries (as of November 2011) by Burzynski Research Institute.<ref>[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?spons=%22Burzynski+Research+Institute%22&spons_ex=Y Overview: clinical surveys of Burzynski Research Institute]</ref> The studies are criticized by oncologists due to "flawed research methods" and rated "scientific nonsense".<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19476029.html Oncologists criticize methods of controversial cancer treatment], Terri Langford, Associated Press, Oktober 1, 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15061600 Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?], Vickers A., PubMed</ref> Randomized, controlled surveys could not replicate the Burzyński's results. Between 1991 and 1995, more than a million dollars were spent on independent studies at Mayo Clinic and Memorial Sloan Kettering.<ref>[http://ict.sagepub.com/content/3/1/59.abstract Managing Social Conflict in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research: The Case of Antineoplastons], Mitchell R. Hammer, PhD, Wayne B. Jonas, MD, doi: 10.1177/1534735404263448, Integr. Cancer Therapies March 2004 vol. 3 no. 1 59-65</ref><ref name="HoustonPress" /> The studies were cancelled prematurely for ethical reasons because of the method's poor efficacy.<ref>Burzynski SR, Efficacy of antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1, 1999 Mayo Clin. Proc., vol 74 6 Seiten 641-2 PMID 10377942</ref><ref>Buckner JC, Malkin MG, Reed E, Cascino TL, Reid JM, Maes MM, Tong WPY, LIM S, Figg WD: Phase II study of Antineoplaston A10 (NSC 648539) and AS 2-1 (NSC 620261) in patients with recurrent glioma. Mayo Clin Proc, 74, 137-145, 1999</ref> <br />
<br />
In December 2007, FDA granted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug orphan drug] status to Burzyński's concoctions for the treatment of gliomas, a group of brain tumors hard to treat.<ref name="HoustonPress">http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-01-01/news/cancer-doctor-stanislaw-burzynski-sees-himself-as-a-crusading-researcher-not-a-quack/</ref> <br />
An independent review by American Cancer Society also arrived at negative results and recommended patients not to spend money on antineoplaston treatments since there is no evidence of positive effects in treatment of cancer. A 2004 medical review described this treatment as a "disproven therapy".<ref name="acs">[http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/57.pdf Antineoplastons] - American Cancer Society on Antineoplastons ''CA Cancer J Clin'' 1983;33;57-59, DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.33.1.57</ref><ref>[www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/antineoplastons/healthprofessional/page5 Antineoplastons - Human/Clinical Studies], National Cancer Institute, August 24, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
In a November 2011 press release Bursynski Clinic listed a "number of studies since 2006" claiming to prove efficacy of the treatment.<ref name="press_release" /> None of the studies was published in a paper with a high [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor impact factor] and most have not been peer reviewed at all. 9 studies are claimed to have been printed by the Journal of Neuro-Oncology which has a good impact factor but in truth were just presented as preliminary results at conferences that were covered by the journal. Contrary to the claim in the press release, there aren’t any scientific studies supporting antineoplason treatment since 2006.<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/11/a-look-at-the-burzynski-clinics-publications/ A look at the Burzynski clinic’s publications], Jen McCreight, freethoughtblogs, November 29, 2011</ref><ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/11/more-damning-revelations-about-burzynskis-research/ More damning revelations about Burzynski’s “research”], Jen McCreight, freethoughtblogs, November 30, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/2011/11/30/burzynski-the-press-release/ Burzynski – The Press Release], Blog: Ministry of Truth, November 30. 2011</ref><br />
<br />
The products are not approved by FDA and may only be used as part of clinical trials.<br />
<br />
==The movie "Burzynski - Cancer is Serious Business"==<br />
In 2010, Eric Merola (a former director of TV commercials) did a movie "Burzynski - Cancer is Serious Business" which dealt with Burzyński's conflicts with authorities. Critics panned the film as one-sided, poorly produced propaganda promoting Burzyński's treatment. Village Voice commented:<br />
:''violates every basic rule of ethical filmmaking: Merola interviews only Burzynski's supporters, produces no patient records other than the doctor's own, and offers no credible proof of the drug's success and no data about its side effects, even as he slams chemotherapy and radiation.''<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-01/film/quack-quack-goes-burzynski/ QUACK-QUACK Goes Burzynski], Village Voice, June 1, 2010, accessed November 25, 2011</ref> <br />
<br />
Houston Press dishes out derision:<br />
:''We're not sure which dictionary Merola has consulted for his understanding of the word "objective," but hey -- we don't necessarily think a puff-piece paean that cherrypicks facts and ignores any criticism of a documentary's subject is a truly horrible thing, as long as viewers understand they're just getting one side of the story.''<ref>[http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2010/06/burzynski_movie.php Stanlislaw Burzynski: New Movie Proves He's A Cancer-Fighting Giant], Houston News, June 2, 2011, accessed November 25, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
The cases of cured patients presented in the movie meant to serve as evidence of the efficacy of the treatment particularly excel with fragmentary facts. A thorough analysis of facts known in the three cases concludes they provide no proof for the efficacy of antineoplaston therapy.<ref>[http://anaximperator.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/burzynski-the-movie-does-it-prove-the-efficacy-of-antineoplastons-against-cancer/ Burzynski The Movie: Does It Prove The Efficacy of Antineoplastons Against Cancer?], accessed November 25, 2011</ref><ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/11/burzynski_the_movie_subtle_its_not.php Burzynski The Movie: Hitting you over the head with pseudoscience, just like Burzynski the man], Respectful Insolence, scienceblogs.com, accessed November 29, 2011</ref><br />
<br />
{{OtherLang|ge=Antineoplaston|en=Antineoplaston}}<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antineoplaston Wikipedia on Antineoplaston]<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Burzynski Wikipedia on Stanislaw Burzynski]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:Miracle Therapy]]</div>Heimdallhttps://www.psiram.com/en/index.php?title=Antineoplaston&diff=2018Antineoplaston2011-11-30T21:31:36Z<p>Heimdall: </p>
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<div>The '''Antineoplaston-Therapy''' (ANP) according to [[Stanisław Burzyński]] is an [[unconventional cancer treatments|unconventional cancer treatment]] using so-called „antineoplaston remedies“. Burzyński invented the name for a group of peptides. The [[pseudomedicine|pseudomedical]] therapy is known in US since 1977, evidence for efficacy is not available as of yet. Several fatalities are associated with the therapy<ref>http://www.ncahf.org/nl/1998/9-10.html</ref>; it is regarded as inappropriate for the treatment of cancer.<ref>Goldberg P, The Antineoplaston Anomaly: How a Drug Was Used for Decades in Thousands of Patients, With No Safety, Efficacy Data, The Cancer Letter 1998 vol 24, 36</ref><ref>http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski2.html</ref> <br />
Critics of the method were threatened by a marketer of the method in 2011.<ref>[http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2011/11/the-burzynski-clinic-threatens-my-family.html The Burzynski Clinic Threatens My Family.], Quackometer, 24. November 2011</ref><ref>[http://rhysmorgan.co/2011/11/threats-from-the-burzynski-clinic/ Threats from The Burzynski Clinic], Blog of Rhys Morgan, November 28, 2011</ref> After a public outrage, Burzynski's Clinic issued an apology and a statement that the marketer in question was not "in a professional relationship with the Burzynski Clinic" anymore. The press release confirmed the marketer had been contracted to "stop the dissemination of false and misleading information" about the antineoplaston therapy. Bloggers will be contacted by lawyers to remove what is claimed to be false or misleading information.<ref name="press_release">[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0BzijOpjuex1bMjE4N2JjOGItZGFlOS00NDE0LTk2YzktMThkYjFiOTU2YjNl&hl=en_US&pli=1 Press Release], Burzynski Clinic, November 29, 2011, accessed November 30, 2011</ref><br />
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==Stanisław Burzyński==<br />
[[image:burzynski.jpg|Stanisław Burzyński|right]]<br />
Inventor is the physician Stanisław Rajmund Burzyński (born January 23, 1943 in Lublin, Poland) living in Houston, Texas. Burzyński claims to have achieved both M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in medicine in Lublin in 1967. These claims are dubitable since that university does not have a doctoral program. Additionally, his dissertation cannot be traced.<ref>[http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski1.html Stanisław Burzyński and "Antineoplastons"], Saul Green, Ph.D., Quackwatch</ref><ref>[http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/burzynski.htm Comment and Opinion, Burzynski Research Institute], The Millenium Project, Peter Bowditch</ref><br />
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Burzyński migrated to the United States in 1970 and was employed at Baylor University in Houston, isolating peptides from rat brains for three years. He received a licence to practice medicine in USA in 1973 and was awarded a three-year grant to study the effects of urinary peptides as an assistant professor. When the grant was not renewed, Burzyński founded his own clinic in Houston.<br />
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==Composition of Antineoplastons==<br />
Antineoplastons are a group of organic chemical compounds which are usually found in urine and blood. They consist mostly of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins and peptides, compounds made of two or more amino acids. <br />
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In 1985 he presented peptides which he called A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. He detected that A2 had the highest effects on tumor cells and named its active ingredient A10. Chemically speaking, A10 is 3-N-phenylacetyl-amino-piperidine-2,6-dione. He developed the products AS&nbsp;2.5 and AS&nbsp;2.1 from this peptide. Burzyński first prepared them from human blood, later from human urine. He developed and patented a manufacturing process for the peptides allowing him to produce them without taking them from human urine. This method is based on synthesis of glutamine and phenylacetyl chloride. Since 1980, the preparation can thus be manufactured synthetically using inexpensive substances commercially available.<ref>ISBN 1-881025-09-8, Ralph Moss, "The Cancer Industry", 1996</ref><ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/antineoplastons/patient/page2 Questions and Answers About Antineoplastons], National Cancer Institute</ref><br />
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In alternative medicine, tributyrat PA and PB are known as a kind of preliminary version of Burzyński's antineoplastons.<br />
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==The Therapy==<br />
The therapy is available only from Burzyński at the "Burzynski Clinic" in West Houston, Texas. He offers the treatment as part of studies, since the compounds used are not approved. In order to qualify, a patient must have been non-respondent to standard therapies, or the tumour must have been rated incurable. The compound is either injected or taken orally. If a patient's condition improves due to intravenous adminstration, patients may switch to oral administration. During intravenous administration, antineoplastones must be given constantly, thus requiring a programmable pump which patients carry on them.<br />
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==Costs==<br />
An according therapy is estimated at approximately $ 100,000 per year of treatment. Patients have to pay $ 6,000 prior to the start of treatment and instalments of $ 7,500 to $ 9,000 per month. Most insurance companies consider the therapy unproven and do not reimburse costs.<ref>Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletin, [http://aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0240.html Antineoplaston Therapy and Sodium Phenylbutyrate]</ref><ref>Blue Cross/Blue Shield Medical Policy, [http://empireblue.com/provider/noapplication/f2/s5/t9/pw_ad084920.pdf Antineoplaston Therapy]</ref><ref>[http://www.zenosblog.com/2011/11/big-business-in-texas/ Big business in Texas], Zeno's Blog, November 26, 2011</ref><br />
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==Legal Issues==<br />
In 1994 Burzyński was convicted for tax insurance fraud.<ref>[ftp://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/pub/93/93-02071.CV0.wpd.pdf United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit summary judgment], July 28, 1994</ref><br />
In 2009, FDA issued a caution against the institute due to violations of regulations for the protection of patients.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm192711.htm Warning letter FDA - Burzynski Research Institute / IRB]</ref><br />
In 2010 the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners filed a complaint against Burzyński.<ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/tmbvsburzynski.pdf Complaint by the Texas Medical Board], December 8, 2010</ref> The complaint contains the following charges:<ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/2011/11/28/texas-medical-board-vs-burzynski/ Texas Medical Board vs Burzynski], Blog: Ministry of Truth, November 28. 2011</ref><br />
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*failure to practice medicine in an acceptable professional manner consistent with public health and welfare;<br />
*failure to meet the standard of care;<br />
*negligence in performing medical services;<br />
*failure to use professional diligence;<br />
*failure to safeguard against potential complications;<br />
*failure to disclose reasonably foreseeable side effects of a procedure or treatment;<br />
*failure to disclose reasonable alternative treatments to a proposed procedure or treatment;<br />
*failure to obtain informed consent from the patient or other person authorized by law to consent to treatment on the patient’s behalf before performing tests, treatments, or procedures; and<br />
*prescription or administration of a drug in a manner that is not in compliance with Chapter 200 of this title (relating to Standards for Physicians Practicing Complementary and Alternative Medicine) or, that is either not approved by the ood and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in human beings or does not meet the standards for off-label use, unless an exemption has otherwise been obtained from the FDA.<br />
*unprofessional or dishonorable conduct that is likely to deceive or defraud the public or injure the public;<br />
*providing medically unnecessary services to a patient or submitting a billing statement to a patient or a third party payer that the licensee knew or should have known was improper. “Improper” means the billing statement is false, fraudulent, misrepresents services provided, or otherwise does not meet professional standards.<br />
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The Texas Medical board summoned him for a hearing to be held on April, 11 2012 which will debate the revocation of his medical licence.<ref>http://www.burzynskimovie.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126 Burzyński moviesite, accessed November 26, 2011</ref><br />
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==Clinical Trials==<br />
Burzyński and his assistants tried to prove clinical efficacy of antineoplastons with several clinical studies. The U.S. government register of clinical trials displays 60 entries (as of November 2011) by Burzynski Research Institute.<ref>[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?spons=%22Burzynski+Research+Institute%22&spons_ex=Y Overview: clinical surveys of Burzynski Research Institute]</ref> The studies are criticized by oncologists due to "flawed research methods" and rated "scientific nonsense".<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19476029.html Oncologists criticize methods of controversial cancer treatment], Terri Langford, Associated Press, Oktober 1, 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15061600 Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?], Vickers A., PubMed</ref> Randomized, controlled surveys could not replicate the Burzyński's results. Between 1991 and 1995, more than a million dollars were spent on independent studies at Mayo Clinic and Memorial Sloan Kettering.<ref>[http://ict.sagepub.com/content/3/1/59.abstract Managing Social Conflict in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research: The Case of Antineoplastons], Mitchell R. Hammer, PhD, Wayne B. Jonas, MD, doi: 10.1177/1534735404263448, Integr. Cancer Therapies March 2004 vol. 3 no. 1 59-65</ref><ref name="HoustonPress" /> The studies were cancelled prematurely for ethical reasons because of the method's poor efficacy.<ref>Burzynski SR, Efficacy of antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1, 1999 Mayo Clin. Proc., vol 74 6 Seiten 641-2 PMID 10377942</ref><ref>Buckner JC, Malkin MG, Reed E, Cascino TL, Reid JM, Maes MM, Tong WPY, LIM S, Figg WD: Phase II study of Antineoplaston A10 (NSC 648539) and AS 2-1 (NSC 620261) in patients with recurrent glioma. Mayo Clin Proc, 74, 137-145, 1999</ref> <br />
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In December 2007, FDA granted [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug orphan drug] status to Burzyński's concoctions for the treatment of gliomas, a group of brain tumors hard to treat.<ref name="HoustonPress">http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-01-01/news/cancer-doctor-stanislaw-burzynski-sees-himself-as-a-crusading-researcher-not-a-quack/</ref> <br />
An independent review by American Cancer Society also arrived at negative results and recommended patients not to spend money on antineoplaston treatments since there is no evidence of positive effects in treatment of cancer. A 2004 medical review described this treatment as a "disproven therapy".<ref name="acs">[http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/57.pdf Antineoplastons] - American Cancer Society on Antineoplastons ''CA Cancer J Clin'' 1983;33;57-59, DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.33.1.57</ref><ref>[www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/antineoplastons/healthprofessional/page5">Antineoplastons - Human/Clinical Studies], National Cancer Institute, August 24, 2011</ref><br />
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In a November 2011 press release Bursynski Clinic listed a "number of studies since 2006" claiming to prove efficacy of the treatment.<ref name="press_release" /> None of the studies was published in a paper with a high [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor impact factor] and most have not been peer reviewed at all. 9 studies are claimed to have been printed by the Journal of Neuro-Oncology which has a good impact factor but in truth were just presented as preliminary results at conferences that were covered by the journal. Contrary to the claim in the press release, there aren’t any scientific studies supporting antineoplason treatment since 2006.<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/11/a-look-at-the-burzynski-clinics-publications/ A look at the Burzynski clinic’s publications], Jen McCreight, freethoughtblogs, November 29, 2011</ref><ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/blaghag/2011/11/more-damning-revelations-about-burzynskis-research/ More damning revelations about Burzynski’s “research”], Jen McCreight, freethoughtblogs, November 30, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.ministryoftruth.me.uk/2011/11/30/burzynski-the-press-release/ Burzynski – The Press Release], Blog: Ministry of Truth, November 30. 2011</ref><br />
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The products are not approved by FDA and may only be used as part of clinical trials.<br />
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==The movie "Burzynski - Cancer is Serious Business"==<br />
In 2010, Eric Merola (a former director of TV commercials) did a movie "Burzynski - Cancer is Serious Business" which dealt with Burzyński's conflicts with authorities. Critics panned the film as one-sided, poorly produced propaganda promoting Burzyński's treatment. Village Voice commented:<br />
:''violates every basic rule of ethical filmmaking: Merola interviews only Burzynski's supporters, produces no patient records other than the doctor's own, and offers no credible proof of the drug's success and no data about its side effects, even as he slams chemotherapy and radiation.''<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-01/film/quack-quack-goes-burzynski/ QUACK-QUACK Goes Burzynski], Village Voice, June 1, 2010, accessed November 25, 2011</ref> <br />
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Houston Press dishes out derision:<br />
:''We're not sure which dictionary Merola has consulted for his understanding of the word "objective," but hey -- we don't necessarily think a puff-piece paean that cherrypicks facts and ignores any criticism of a documentary's subject is a truly horrible thing, as long as viewers understand they're just getting one side of the story.''<ref>[http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2010/06/burzynski_movie.php Stanlislaw Burzynski: New Movie Proves He's A Cancer-Fighting Giant], Houston News, June 2, 2011, accessed November 25, 2011</ref><br />
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The cases of cured patients presented in the movie meant to serve as evidence of the efficacy of the treatment particularly excel with fragmentary facts. A thorough analysis of facts known in the three cases concludes they provide no proof for the efficacy of antineoplaston therapy.<ref>[http://anaximperator.wordpress.com/2011/11/22/burzynski-the-movie-does-it-prove-the-efficacy-of-antineoplastons-against-cancer/ Burzynski The Movie: Does It Prove The Efficacy of Antineoplastons Against Cancer?], accessed November 25, 2011</ref><ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/11/burzynski_the_movie_subtle_its_not.php Burzynski The Movie: Hitting you over the head with pseudoscience, just like Burzynski the man], Respectful Insolence, scienceblogs.com, accessed November 29, 2011</ref><br />
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==Links==<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antineoplaston Wikipedia on Antineoplaston]<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Burzynski Wikipedia on Stanislaw Burzynski]<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[category:Miracle Therapy]]</div>Heimdall