Psiram - User contributions [en]

Chemtrail

2010-11-17T12:06:29Z

Cocoaslurper: Wrong links, spelling mistakes

[[image:ctvor1967.jpg|Picture of a contrail in a book from 1967|left|thumb]]
[[image:contrail1.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]
[[image:ctww2-2.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]
[[image:Ctww2-3.jpg|Picture from WWII|thumb]]
'''Chemtrail''' is, according to a common [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theory]], the name for certain types of contrails. According to this [[Pseudo-Science|pseudo-scientific]] idea at least a part of the known contrails consist of various added substances, whose composition however can not be agreed upon by followers of this idea. The modified contrails supposedly show a different behavior from regular ones. They are claimed to remain longer visible in the sky, and to sometimes appear in a checkerboard pattern. There is no consensus among followers of the chemtrail idea on which airplanes spread the additives. Some believe chemtrails are caused by all different kinds of planes, while others believe only certain military aircraft to be responsible. An extended version of the theory claims that chemtrails can ''dissolve'' carbon-dioxide, resulting in local decrease in temperature due to the diminished greenhouse effect. This creates a huge depression that sucks in surrounding air, causes thunderstorms, intense rain, storms and hail.

==The History of the word Chemtrails==
[[image:stetter.jpg|G. Stetter|100px|thumb]]
[[image:Cliffordcarnicom2.jpg|Clifford Carnicom|left|thumb]]
[[image:williamThomas.jpg|William Thomas|left|thumb]]
[[image:Jimphelps.jpg|Jim Phelps|thumb]]
The term chemtrail was coined around 1998 in the US. In the early days the word "cloverleaf" was more common, until the year 2000.<ref>18.07.2000 - http://www.rense.com/general2/pat.htm</ref><ref>27.07.2000 - http://www.clydelewis.com/invest/contrails/msnbc72798.html</ref><ref>22.05.2000 http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Chemtrails/Witness_2.html</ref> Barium and aluminum were introduced into the debate around 2001.<ref>23.05.2001 - http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Theories.html</ref> Clifford Carnicom from Santa Fe in New Mexico and the Canadian William Thomas from Duncan (British Columbia) are often labeled the creators of the chemtrail hypothesis. They are the only ones who left behind well dated material. Carnicom's records begin in the summer of 1999 with the double title Contrail/Chemtrail. Carnicom latterly presents himself on a website called CACTUS (Citizens Against Chemtrails U.S.) According to him barium is radioactive, which adds another [[Pseudo Science|pseudo-scientific]] note to his [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]]. The journalist William Thomas first wrote about the topic in January of 1999 (article in Environment News Service - ENS)<ref>1999-01-08 http://www.netowne.com/environmental/contrails/willthomas/contrails.htm</ref>, but was still using the word contrails.

Further historical documents exist parallel to that, for example the well known radio talk show with Art Bell from 1999.<ref>1999-02-10 http://web.archive.org/web/20051109173010/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports.html</ref><ref>1999-03-09 http://web.archive.org/web/20070315131454/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports2.html</ref> While the first report talks only about (poisonous) contrails, the second one marks the birth of the word ''chemtrails' only one month later, albeit still set in quotation marks. The book "Chemtrails over America" by William Thomas was released shortly after that.

Another (self-proclaimed) inventor of the word is Jim Phelps. Here a quote to get a little insight into the mind of Mr. Phelps:''These truths revealed on the use of Chemtrails will show that the US Govt. has long known the truth on what causes the AIDS epidemic. Chemtrails use a truncated version of the Manna effect. And AIDS is the direct result of too much fluoride in the environment that is upsetting the beneficial trace metals in the human cells and immune system. This leads to a lower level of metals, like manganese, that block the reverse transcription of HIV. This is a very important concept from the End-Times predictions of huge health plagues sweeping the planet and all very predictable from the old biblical times for those that knew the mining industries.''<ref>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/12258-god-chemtrails-jim-phelps.html</ref>

==The abstruse conspiracy theory==
[[image:testflugzeug.jpg|Rear of a test plane for simulating icing|300px|left|thumb]]
[[image:Nkc135spay.jpg|The same plane in action|thumb]]
Supporters of the 1990s chemtrail hypothesis believe, that certain substances that are not described clearly, are being mixed with the jet fuel, to create an effect on the global climate, especially the greenhouse effect. Other conspiracy theorists believe, that it is part of a world wide program to reduce the global population, or for birth or mind control. Behind these programs are, according the chemtrail groups, the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], the [[Illuminati]] or a Jewish conspiracy. There are often ties to right wing groups, "brown [[esotericism]]" and supporters of [[cloudbuster]], [[colloidal silver]] and [[Zapper|zappers]] according to [[Hulda Clark]]. Typical supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis are [[Georg Ritschl]], [[Werner Altnickel]], [[Peter Platte]], [[Helmut Gobsch]], [[Heinz Gerhard Vogelsang]], [[Don Croft]] and [[Rosalie Bertell]]. In Germany the far right NPD party started an inquiry into ''chemtrails'' in the state parliament of Saxony. The topic of chemtrails is often used as a catch in the right wing scene.

Fallacious and unsupported assumptions are often promoted in the esoteric Swiss publication "Zeitenschrift"<ref>Zeitenschrift issue 49, 2006</ref>, in the [[Scientology]] affine "Neue Impulse Treff" network, and by the esoteric-libertarian "live Net Concept 2010" association. A popular photo "proof" of alleged chemtrail operations can be seen in the picture on the right: A modified Boeing NKC-135A Stratotanker (717-100) with the number 17244, stationed at the Edwards AFB in California.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?cnsearch=17244&distinct_entry=true</ref> It sprays water to test the flight quality of planes under icing conditions. Tests are done on various kinds of planes, such as fighter jets<ref>[http://www.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/040213-F-9999M-002.jpg USAF picture of icing experiment on a fighter jet]</ref> or a Embraer EMB-120RT.<ref>http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/courses/inflight_icing/resources/pdf/monroe_accident_report.pdf</ref> That plane has been decommissioned, now.

Popular among chemtrail supporters is the claim that so called low budget airlines, like the Irish Ryanair, are able to offer their flights at such a low price, because their secret main job is the creation of chemtrails.

==Contrails and cloud formation==
[[image:Ct1905-9.jpg|Photo of clouds before 1905<ref>Clayden, Arthur W. Cloud Studies (1905) Verlag: KESSINGER PUB CO Nachdruck 2008 ISBN-13: 9780548985267 ISBN-10: 054898526X</ref>|300px|thumb]]
[[image:contrail.jpg|Meteorological conditions for the creation of contrails|600px|thumb]]
[[image:contrail2.jpg|thumb|600px]]
Contrails (also called Ice-SuperSaturated Regions(ISSR)) are visible clouds of liquid (condensed) or frozen water droplets, that form when the hot exhaust stream of airplanes meets cold air under the right circumstances. That decompression leads to cooling and condensation can be seen when a bottle of sparkling wine is opened. "Fog" appears above the liquid. The same process plays a big role in the creation of clouds and rain in the atmosphere.

Some forms of clouds that are caused by planes appear without the interference of any exhaust gases, for example ''winglet-contrails'', which can be observed by passengers forming at the wing tips of planes under the right conditions, even at low altitudes. Typical turbofan exhaust temperatures are at around 600 K.

The formation of contrails can be explained physically: Generally water gets visible in the air, when the relative humidity (the number of water droplets in relation to the temperature of the air) exceeds 100%. The warmer the air is, the more water vapor can it hold. Modern planes travel at high altitudes, where it is very cold. The cold air can only hold small amounts of water. Water is created chemically when jet fuel is burnt, which exits the engines as an invisible gas. The surrounding cold air rapidly cools down the hot exhaust gas, and after a few meters (depending on temperature and humidity), lets the water crystallize, forming the contrail. The contrail remains visible until the water crystals are dispersed to the point where humidity drops below 100%. In a high pressure area with low humidity this happens rather fast, and no contrail at all forms when temperatures are high enough in the summer, like it is often the case in southern Europe for example. In the Arctic and Antarctic however contrails can sometimes form even at ground level.

At certain weather conditions the contrails can expand, remain visible for hours, or gather more clouds to the point where it starts to rain. Supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis then say that the plane ''made'' the bad weather. In reality it is exactly the other way around. The persistent contrails indicate the upcoming bad weather, because low pressure areas typically have high humidity, and the added water (water vapor from the exhaust gas) is more than the air can absorb, and thus remains visible as fog or clouds. Sometimes the chemtrail supporters ask why the "spraying" has stopped. A quick look at the weather map helps: Usually there's a stable high pressure area with low humidity. Then, as soon as a low pressure area approaches, the ''chemtrail reports'' come in again. Generally contrails appear at temperature below -35°C, depending on altitude and humidity.

*'''Short contrails''' form at an altitude of about 10km, if the temperature of the tropopause (10-15km) lies around -50°C with an humidity of below 70%. Ice crystals form, but sublimate after a few seconds and become invisible.
*'''Persistent contrails''' that may expand and even lead to the formation of artificial cirrus clouds form, when the tropopause reaches a humidity from 80-100%.<ref>http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article217386/Weisse_Streifen__am_Himmel.html</ref><ref>http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf</ref>
*'''No contrails at all''' even at high altitudes form, when the temperature close to the ground during the summer increases to 25°C or higher, and the temperature of the lower tropopause (10-12km) reaches -40°C and higher, with a humidity below 30%. This happens in ''chemtrail free'' southern Europe during the summer. Below 25% humidity at 10km no ice crystals form.

During the day contrails cover about 0.7% of the sky over Europe over the course of the year, at night (when contrails have an insulating effect) they cover about 0.25%. On average they cover about 0.5% of the sky.

When a plane flies through the not always straight and level (but wavy) border between warmer and colder air, it may appear as if the contrail is suddenly turned off or on, even repeatedly when there are turbulences. Air warms quicker over large dark (tarmac) surfaces than over wet meadows, and begins to rise, forming bubbles or "chimneys" of warm air. Different thermal phenomenons can exist next to each other. The results are the typical hops and bumps pilots of small airplanes experience. When contrails persist long enough their form gets changed by winds and turbulences - just like regular clouds. Different colors are the result of refraction and reflection of sunlight. These aspects are displayed on websites of chemtrail believers as unnatural, and evidence of chemicals. But they can actually be explained naturally, and are consistent with our understanding of meteorology and physics, requiring no additional hypotheses or conspiracy theories.

Cloud-pictures of the kind that, according to supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis, are evidence of sprayed chemicals, are photographically documented from times even well before the first powered flight of the Wright brothers, for example in the 1905 book ''Clouds studies''.<ref>Clayden aW: http://contrailscience.com/files/Cloud_Studies.pdf</ref> The first actual contrails have been recorded shortly after World War I<ref>http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/049/mwr-049-07-0412c.pdf</ref><ref>Everett Wells: Artikel in Scientific American, ”Clouds formed by Airplanes“, 7.6.1919, page 60</ref>, when ever more powerful planes reached ever higher altitudes. The first report of a contrail is based on a flight of pilot Franz Zeno Diemer, who reached an altitude of 9,300 m over Munich in 1919.

==Distrails==
''Inverted contrails - distrails'' is the name for the more rare breakup of clouds caused by airplanes. Water droplets vaporize faster in the hot exhaust gas, creating a cloud free trail. This can also be caused by mixing in dry air from above or under the the cloud layer.

==Alleged chemical composition of the chemtrail additives according to different sources==
The following substances are to be found in chemtrails, according to followers of the idea:
*Barium or barium compounds
*Aluminum compounds
*Titanium
*Teutonium
*radioactive thorium
*synthetic fibers of unknown composition
*Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
*Mycoplasma, Pseudomonas and allegedly existing ''nanobacterias''
*Vaccines against anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis and measles in aerosol form
*Pathogens, genetically modified microbes of unknown kind

Aluminum and barium are insoluble in kerosene, but there are compounds of either element that are. However even small traces of them would easily be detectable with modern analytic methods (e.g. ICP or AAS). Furthermore neither the application of aluminum nor that of barium make sense from a chemical or physiological point of view (especially regarding the desired harm). Aluminum is covered with an oxide layer, rendering it mostly inert. Barium on the other hand is so reactive, that is cannot be used here. It would immediately and violently react with humidity and oxygen (creating barium hydroxide). Barium sulfate is physiologically harmless, it is insoluble in water. It has no bioavailability, hence the reason it is orally administered as radio-opaque substance for x-rays. Teutonium is not one of the known elements. In how far pathogen germs, bacterias, spores, vaccines etc. remain stable under the existing conditions remains questionable.

So far none of the aforementioned substances could be clearly identified in contrails or jet exhaust gas.

Speculations of anti-vaccination activist Anita Petek-Dimmer turned into a source of amusement in 2005, when she proclaimed that the bird flue (caused by the H5N1 virus) was the result of ionizing radiation from chemtrails. Petek-Dimmer believed that plutonium had been added to chemtrails. Furthermore she assumed: ''This radioactive radiation does not also dissolve animal cells, but also those of plants.<ref>A. Petek-Dimmer: Vogelgrippe oder Vogelwahn. Wie man mit gezielter Propaganda Angst und Hysterie erzeugt. AEGIS IMPULS Nr. 23 2005</ref>

==Known releases of substances in aviation==
[[image:chemtrail44.jpg|actual chemtrail|thumb]]
[[image:hagelflieger.jpg|Cloud seeding equipment|left|thumb]]
Cloud seeders disperse silver iodide (with acetone) specifically into thunderstorms to prevent hail. Smoke is often used in air shows, or to study wake turbulence. Water can be used for the same purposes. As part of military operations clouds can be manipulated to create rain. Such interventions are regulated in the ENMOD provision of the United Nations. In the Vietnam war ''agent orange'' has been used to defoliate forests. In case of emergency planes are allowed to dump fuel. Contrary to contrails smoke trails form directly at the outlet. Contrails form a little bit behind the engines.

==Chemtrail and weather radar==
[[image:chaff2.jpg|Chaff cloud over the Netherlands|left|thumb]][[image:chaff.jpg|Radar chaff|thumb]]
Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim that there are sometimes strange signals on the weather radars of meteorological services, that appear to be ''ghost clouds''. For example on July 19th 2005 the radar screens of the German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation on the north sea coast of the Netherlands, that looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300 km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might look like a mass of contrails. In this case as well as in similar ones ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff(RBC))'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads that reflect radar waves and disturb radar<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref>. Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they don't claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

==Logical counter arguments==
A world wide UN coordinated secret program for creating artificial contrails, like chemtrail believers proclaim, would have to be kept secret by a large number of adept people, who at the same time would be breaking the law. Belonging to this group would be aircraft crews, manufacturer of the used technology and means, ground crew and airport employees. Chemtrail Supporters like Platte claim, that there are even pilots who have been fired for refusing to take part in this hypothetical chemtrail project. But so far not a single one of them has come forth as a whistle blower.

To achieve a concentration of 1 mg per square meter of a specific substance one needs to disperse 1 kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5 million square km, requiring 10,500 tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft such as the Boeing KC-135 has a maximum load of 85 tons of fuel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref>. So 123 aircraft of this type are needed to get the job done, when each plane only flew once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510 million square km. 510,000 tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000 tankers. This assumes that the fuel itself is the pure substance. If the substance had to be thinned however (for example 1:9) then 5,100,000 tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000 Phantom tankers. That is 3.2 times the official number of jets world wide.

Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that since the 1970 until today (2009) the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding. That is based on an examination of data from 342 weather stations across Europe. This was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technology in power plants, that cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of that more sunlight reaches the ground<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>.

==Chemtrails in Goethe's times==
If one follows the arguments of chemtrail proponents then already in Goethe's times there were chemtrails. Thursday, May, 20th 1820 Goethe notes: ''Early very clear sky, by and by light cirrus, at around noon rare, utmost outstanding phenomena, calling me out from the narrows to a free stead. Coming from west, accompanied by resolute southerly wind, long, tender'' '''cirrus strips''' pulled up, ''solitarily as well as combined; while heading forward the front end bended to become small cloudlet, a little bit down blurred white cloudlets were moving, that were absorbed by those '' '''stripes''' '', all kinds of other cirrus were in the blue sky, cirrocumulus, '' '''gridded stripes''' '', everything moving and changing. By and by the sky became clouded[...] ''.<ref>J. W. v. Goethe, Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, Band 1 Heft 3,1820</ref>

==Chemtrail-Fakes==
[[image:ctfake11.jpg|CT-Bomber Fake|400px|thumb]]
[[image:Peterplatte.jpg|Platte|left|thumb]]
[[image:Altnickelhazmat.jpg|Enlarged detail of the fake|left|thumb]]
[[image:777orig.jpg|Detail of the original picture|left|thumb]]
[[image:777b.jpg|Dead-weight tanks being filled with water|thumb]]
[[image:pinalairpark.jpg|Aircraft cemetery Pinal Airpark|left|250px|thumb]]
There are a lot of fakes and easy to see through [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hoax hoaxes] circulating in connection with chemtrails.

In February 2008 the chemtrail-proponent and internet message board moderator [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Platte Peter Platte] showed a photo of unclear origin (supposedly from a Vietnam-war veteran) that pictured the interior of a ''chemtrail bomber'' (The 'Vietnam veteran' refers to a ''Tim White'', a widely used reference in chemtrail circles. This ''Tim White'' is Timothy Patrick White, born on March, 5th 1947 and a resident of Denver (Colorado). He is a fundamental Christian ''US patriot'' and well-known proponent of confused conspiracy theories who uses several pseudonyms and was sentenced for possession of narcotics and stalking).

Quote Platte in this message board: ''[...] this is simply a sensation. This photo is the dream of every ct-activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like that there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC 767 of the US-Air Force, one of 200. Up to now we only knew that at manufacturers' sites chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN-inspectors, which were then sealed and shipped to the different operating sites. Now we also know how these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is the clear evidence for how spraying is done and how the system works like. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] No doubt, great picture!!''

The picture, though, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo and can be openly found on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added to wrong inscriptions to two pictures showing a Boeing 777-passenger jet that was, in the course of approval procedures, equipped with measurement devices and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, being totally uncritical and gullible, was embarrassed because he hadn't even noticed the regular portholes that were shown on the photo. The [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR]-website expanded this wild phantasy around the faked photo even further: The dead-weight containers (in reality being adapted beer casks) on the photos are, according to the user united-mutations, ''tanks'' that had been sealed by the manufacturers, under supervision of UN-inspectors. The planes would be altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark(Arizona), under the supervision of the CIA, and had been in use world-wide since November 1998(with the notable exception of China). Time White would be the source of this entertaining slip-slop. A so-called Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com but had at least recognized the the picture to be a fake. The Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ), was used by the CIA during the Vietnam war and is now an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>
[[image:muennich.jpg|D. Münnichs invention: Cloud pictures from 1944 claimed to show Iraq war in 2003|500px|thumb]]
The [[Ryke_Geerd_Hamer|Hamer]]-follower [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=David_Münnich David Münnich] is another source of faked pictures. He was born in 1982, lives in Saarbrücken and works as a web designer. Thanks to him pictures from the Ardennes Offensive in 1944 are presented as showing Iraq-war in 2003. This shows the weakness of arguing without giving any verifiable sources. 
[[image:Chemtrails_Jo_Conrad.jpg|Spreading the "Chemtrails"-conspiracy theory using statements that even a chemistry layperson can recognize as being a hoax or a fake|350px|thumb]]
Another Chemtrails-proponent is [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Braune_Esoterik right-wing esoteric] conspiracy theorist [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]. In August 2010 Conrad tried to convincingly spread the theory in his "Freigeis-Forum" (free thinker board) by showing a picture of such a chemtrail aircraft (see screenshot to the right dating from August, 26th 2010 11:20am). The picture, however, shows nothing more than "aerodynamic rainbow contrails" that can be attributed to a hoax<ref>http://contrailscience.com/aerodynamic-and-rainbow-contrails</ref>. The picture caption names e.g. "Barium-Hypertitanit", "Terraformit" and even "Spinnoinium-Oxydul". Such phantasy substances like Spinnoinium (roughly: Crazeonium) or Terraformit do not exist and are only used to make the hoax more palpable. Also, explanations regarding measurement methods reveal another hoax: Searching for "Telegas Chromatograph" or "Telerelevator" of a company called "GCMS" only lead to other references of the hoax. The original picture is from the year 2006 and, in contrast to the wrong caption in the hoax, shows a Virgin Atlantic Airways-Airbus A340-642 (identification: G-VBLU) over China with a "rainbow-contrail" in an altitude between 8000 and 9000 meter.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Virgin-Atlantic-Airways/Airbus-A340-642/1088680/&sid=db4bb4807cfd3a3ce2356089fe628624</ref>
 

==Usage of Pictures without any references in the Chemtrail Scene==
[[image:Altnickelnasa747.jpg|Original picture of the NASA|left|thumb]]
[[image:altnickel747.png|Alleged Chemtrail airplane B747|thumb]]
[[image:Altnickele6takamo.jpg|TACAMO: Boeing E6|left|thumb]]
[[image:AltnickelKC135.jpg|Alleged Chemtrail tanker KC135|thumb]]
Besides airy hypotheses (which are not backed by any facts) and faked or manipulated pictures, often the national- as well as international chemtrail-scene typically presents pictures showing aircrafts while ''spraying chemtrails'', even though such pictures neither allow to correctly identify the type of aircraft nor to interpret them. The aim is to impress gullible viewers and laypersons through misinterpretations and disinformation. At the same time this is used boost sales of products like books, DVDs, seminars and lectures.

Especially reliable, verifiable references including dates are almost always missing in the scene. Two typical examples for such pictures missing references are displayed on the right side: A simple internet search reveals the source of the pictures though (left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies or fire-fighting or other planes spraying water for studying iceing of aircrafts following . There are a lot of pictures and extensive descriptions of such experiment in the internet.
 
 

==Reactions to the Chemtrail hypotheses and Scientific View==
Neither is there any evidence for chem trails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Also, quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a phenomena well reviewed and technical articles on this go back to the 1940s. Already the NASA-precesessor, NACA, examined this phenomena because of their military relevance for locating aircrafts in WW II. In a document from 1942 (decades before the chemtrail hypotheses) NACA-researchers named the meteorological circumstances responsible for the formation of ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence proving the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuel could be given. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic control) confirmed that no conspicuous or remarkable air activity has been observed that could be linked with the things described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed that their data don't show any specifics that would indicate some irregular forms of condensation trails.

Also, the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Federal Ministry of Defence) has no further information. The headquarters of the US-Air Force Europe informed that the projects of the US Air Force described don’t exist, neither now nor in the past. Greenpeace as well as the Umweltbundesamt (UBA, German Federal Environment Agency) regard the chemtrail-theory as dubious. The UBA even inquired the World Health Organization (WHO) about alleged risk analysis on potential consequences of chemtrails that had supposedly been conducted by the WHO. The WHO affirmed that it neither had any knowledge about chemtrails nor that it had done any studies on the subject. The phenomena described are also unknown to the Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center). Since many years, the DLR's Institute of Atmosphere Physics examines the effects of air traffic emissions on the atmosphere - including numerous measurements of gas- and particle emissions of commercial aircrafts. Neither is the German Meteorological Service able to detect anomalies in their data indicating special ''chemtrail''-forms of condensation trails. The German federal government commented in 2004 also on chemtrails: Excerpt from an answer (reference: Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 15/3694<ref>http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/15/036/1503694.pdf</ref>) of the Federal Government given to Herbert Frankenhauser (member of parliament, party: CSU): [...]Question: ''Are so-called chemtrails (chemical traces sprayed by aircrafts) released for researching of the reduction of global warming over the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany? '' Reply of the Parliamentary State Secretary Simone Probst from September, 8th 2004: ''The Federal Government has no knowledge regarding aircrafts releasing so-called chemtrails in the atmosphere in Europe.''

==Chemtrails and Cloudbuster==
Some chemtrail-proponents believe that copper tubes -arranged in so-called [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Cloudbuster Cloudbusters]- are able to ''diffuse'' such condensation trails. The cloudbuster-concept traces back to [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reich Wilhelm Reich]. The so-called 'Chembusters'' are further developments going back to the American business man, [[Esotericism|esoteric]] and private pilot [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Don_Croft Don Croft] (see also: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Georg_Ritschl Georg Ritschl]).

==Chemtrails and the ''Yellow Revolution'' of the [[European New Resistance|ENR]]==
[[image:enr.jpg|Speech of Commandante Don|thumb|left]]
[[image:chemtrailplakatkoeln.jpg|Poster in Cologne|thumb]]
[[European New Resistance]] is a new group that is currently forming in different cities and tries to recruit new members. It uses "Chemtrails" in a populistic manner to draw public attention to all kinds of issues they consider to be grievances. The conspiracy theory internet portals [[NWO-Fighter.info]], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Infokrieg.tv infokrieg.tv] and terraristen.net joined their activities. Naive esoteric campaigners from the "Motzblog" (grumble blog) and the associated internet board "Motzlabor" (grumble laboratory) are behind these activities. Interestingly, the ''Address of Comandante Don'' can also be found on the so-called ''Reichszeitung'', a typical extreme right-wing [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=KRR KRR] (Kommissarische Reichsregierung, Provisional Government of the German Reich) publication. In summer 2008 it gained public attention when they hired the Cologne-based outdoor advertising company ''Kölner Außenwerbung KAW'' to hang up anti-condensation trail posters.<ref>http://netzklempnerin.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/die-gelben-piraten-aus-taka-tuka-land/</ref>

==Chemtrails, Anti-vacciners and Bird Flu==
[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Anita_Petek-Dimmer Anita Petek-Dimmer] uses chemtrails in her [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Impfgegner anti-vaccination] campaign in an absurd way. Quotation: ''The radioactive radiation effect of plutonium-enriched chemtrails spreads out to forests, meadows, farm- and grassland[...] The soil bacteria are killed by the contamination and break down partly. These bacteria are essential for regulating the water balance. This radiation results in aggradation, desertification and soil crusting. This is most probably also one of the reasons for bird flu.''<ref>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117864615/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0</ref>

According to the Berlin-based ''Expert and technical consultant for low-intensity radioactivity and radioactive effects'' [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Brigitte_Schlabitz Brigitte Schlabitz] bird flu is not caused by a virus, but by the precipitation of "nuclear-induced cloud formations". In a lot of cases, the ailing and dying of indoor plants would also be caused by radioactive chemtrails. Additionally, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=RFID "micro chips"] would play a role in the effects caused by chemtrails.

==Chemtrail and Politics==
[[image:Ctglashuetten.jpg|350px|thumb]]
The NPD, a German far right party, felt compelled to issue a parliamentary inquiry in the Saxonian state assembly regarding chemtrials. Often, right-wing activists use the chemtrail-"problem" to hook uninformed (especially overstrained and afraid of life) persons and get them closer to antisemitic writings and right-wing opinions.

In January 2009 the local group of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (German ecological party) in Glashütten (population 5500) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed that the population would be poisoned from aircrafts by barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this word is not the correct term in German and most probably the result of translating without understanding]. Neither witnesses nor any reliable evidence were given to back these outrageous, allegedly billion-costing accusations, allegedly costing billions. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the web site could also not answer the question how these alleged poisontrails could be proved.

==Chemtrail-courses at the VHS (adult education center) Oldenburg==
[[image:AltnickelVHS.jpg|VHS-course announcement in the internet|300px|thumb]]
Since at least since March 2008, the solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures at the VHS Oldenburg on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] for a paying audience. After paying 12 EUR, the course participants learn how HAARP allegedly acts as "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms" and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen (Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations). According to the opinion of the speaker, since more than 55 years health- and live-damaging weather manipulations take place. In 1977, in Geneva the ENMOD-convention on outlawing artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc was worked out. In 1998 the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4 lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str. 55 , 25 participants, € 12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße 17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122 Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither meteorologist nor geophysicist and therefore utters layperson speculations. Beginning of 2010 it became known that the department head of the VHS, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], who is responsible for administering the courses of the VHS, personally lobbied for including the absurd conspiracy theories of Altnickel in the courses offered at the VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail addressed to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories by abusing a public institution Grove said: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17th you showed that you are an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this and are open to critical comments. Of course it belongs to the duties of an adult education center to inform about debatable themes. This includes information about chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, though, that you expressed such a keen critic without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

==Literature==
*Pearson HA, ''Condensation trails where they occur and what can be done about them'',1942, NTRS:2006-11-06, Report Number: NACA-WR-L-474. link: [http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1917]

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails#cite_note-34 German version used as base for this article]
*[http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3574.pdf Hintergrundpapier des Umweltbundesamtes zu Chemtrails]
*[http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/aktuelles/presse/faq-haeufig-gestellte-fragen/welche-rolle-spielen-kondensstreifen-fuer-unser-klima.html Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie: Welche Rolle spielen Kondensstreifen für unser Klima?]*http://www.martin-wagner.org/anti-chemtrails.htm
*[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-38785499.html Sebastian Knauer: Metall am Himmel. DER SPIEGEL 1/2005] (kurzer Artikel zur Chemtrail-Verschwörungstheorie)
*[http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/klima/frage-von-m-baumann_aid_26819.html Frage von M. Baumann: Gibt es die „Chemtrails“ wirklich? FOCUS, 07.12.2006]
*http://chemtrails-maerchen.blogspot.com/
*http://chemtrails.bplaced.net/2008/09/sensation-wissenschaftlicher-nachweis.html
*http://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/index.php?cmd=223&q=chemtrails

==English Weblinks==
*[http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf NACA-publication on persistent contrails from 1942]
*http://www.skepdic.com/chemtrails.html
*http://www.lacarte.org/health/chemtrails/debunkery/
*http://contrailscience.com/contrail-or-chemtrail/
*http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-051013-001.pdf
*http://www.hans-egebo.dk/skeptic/contrails.htm
*http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf on Contrail-formation
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfOrez6q7WM

==Versions of this article in other languages==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels]

==References==
<references/>
 
'''Note:''' It would have been impossible to collect the information for this article without references provided by internet message board users that deal with this chemtrail-phantasm in their spare time. We want to thank them explicitely.
 
[[category:Pseudoscience]]
[[category:Conspiracy theory]]

Chemtrail

2010-11-17T11:40:01Z

Cocoaslurper:

[[image:ctvor1967.jpg|Picture of a contrail in a book from 1967|left|thumb]]
[[image:contrail1.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]
[[image:ctww2-2.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]
[[image:Ctww2-3.jpg|Picture from WWII|thumb]]
'''Chemtrail''' is, according to a common [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theory]], the name for certain types of contrails. According to this [[Pseudo-Science|pseudo-scientific]] idea at least a part of the known contrails consist of various added substances, whose composition however can not be agreed upon by followers of this idea. The modified contrails supposedly show a different behavior from regular ones. They are claimed to remain longer visible in the sky, and to sometimes appear in a checkerboard pattern. There is no consensus among followers of the chemtrail idea on which airplanes spread the additives. Some believe chemtrails are caused by all different kinds of planes, while others believe only certain military aircraft to be responsible. An extended version of the theory claims that chemtrails can ''dissolve'' carbon-dioxide, resulting in local decrease in temperature due to the diminished greenhouse effect. This creates a huge depression that sucks in surrounding air, causes thunderstorms, intense rain, storms and hail.

==The History of the word Chemtrails==
[[image:stetter.jpg|G. Stetter|100px|thumb]]
[[image:Cliffordcarnicom2.jpg|Clifford Carnicom|left|thumb]]
[[image:williamThomas.jpg|William Thomas|left|thumb]]
[[image:Jimphelps.jpg|Jim Phelps|thumb]]
The term chemtrail was coined around 1998 in the US. In the early days the word "cloverleaf" was more common, until the year 2000.<ref>18.07.2000 - http://www.rense.com/general2/pat.htm</ref><ref>27.07.2000 - http://www.clydelewis.com/invest/contrails/msnbc72798.html</ref><ref>22.05.2000 http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Chemtrails/Witness_2.html</ref> Barium and aluminum were introduced into the debate around 2001.<ref>23.05.2001 - http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Theories.html</ref> Clifford Carnicom from Santa Fe in New Mexico and the Canadian William Thomas from Duncan (British Columbia) are often labeled the creators of the chemtrail hypothesis. They are the only ones who left behind well dated material. Carnicom's records begin in the summer of 1999 with the double title Contrail/Chemtrail. Carnicom latterly presents himself on a website called CACTUS (Citizens Against Chemtrails U.S.) According to him barium is radioactive, which adds another [[Pseudo Science|pseudo-scientific]] note to his [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]]. The journalist William Thomas first wrote about the topic in January of 1999 (article in Environment News Service - ENS)<ref>1999-01-08 http://www.netowne.com/environmental/contrails/willthomas/contrails.htm</ref>, but was still using the word contrails.

Further historical documents exist parallel to that, for example the well known radio talk show with Art Bell from 1999.<ref>1999-02-10 http://web.archive.org/web/20051109173010/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports.html</ref><ref>1999-03-09 http://web.archive.org/web/20070315131454/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports2.html</ref> While the first report talks only about (poisonous) contrails, the second one marks the birth of the word ''chemtrails' only one month later, albeit still set in quotation marks. The book "Chemtrails over America" by William Thomas was released shortly after that.

Another (self-proclaimed) inventor of the word is Jim Phelps. Here a quote to get a little insight into the mind of Mr. Phelps:''These truths revealed on the use of Chemtrails will show that the US Govt. has long known the truth on what causes the AIDS epidemic. Chemtrails use a truncated version of the Manna effect. And AIDS is the direct result of too much fluoride in the environment that is upsetting the beneficial trace metals in the human cells and immune system. This leads to a lower level of metals, like manganese, that block the reverse transcription of HIV. This is a very important concept from the End-Times predictions of huge health plagues sweeping the planet and all very predictable from the old biblical times for those that knew the mining industries.''<ref>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/12258-god-chemtrails-jim-phelps.html</ref>

==The abstruse conspiracy theory==
[[image:testflugzeug.jpg|Rear of a test plane for simulating icing|300px|left|thumb]]
[[image:Nkc135spay.jpg|The same plane in action|thumb]]
Supporters of the 1990s chemtrail hypothesis believe, that certain substances that are not described clearly, are being mixed with the jet fuel, to create an effect on the global climate, especially the greenhouse effect. Other conspiracy theorists believe, that it is part of a world wide program to reduce the global population, or for birth or mind control. Behind these programs are, according the chemtrail groups, the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], the [[Illuminati]] or a Jewish conspiracy. There are often ties to right wing groups, "brown [[esotericism]]" and supporters of [[cloudbuster]], [[colloidal silver]] and [[Zapper|zappers]] according to [[Hulda Clark]]. Typical supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis are [[Georg Ritschl]], [[Werner Altnickel]], [[Peter Platte]], [[Helmut Gobsch]], [[Heinz Gerhard Vogelsang]], [[Don Croft]] and [[Rosalie Bertell]]. In Germany the far right NPD party started an inquiry into ''chemtrails'' in the state parliament of Saxony. The topic of chemtrails is often used as a catch in the right wing scene.

Fallacious and unsupported assumptions are often promoted in the esoteric Swiss publication "Zeitenschrift"<ref>Zeitenschrift issue 49, 2006</ref>, in the [[Scientology]] affine "Neue Impulse Treff" network, and by the esoteric-libertarian "live Net Concept 2010" association. A popular photo "proof" of alleged chemtrail operations can be seen in the picture on the right: A modified Boeing NKC-135A Stratotanker (717-100) with the number 17244, stationed at the Edwards AFB in California.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?cnsearch=17244&distinct_entry=true</ref> It sprays water to test the flight quality of planes under icing conditions. Tests are done on various kinds of planes, such as fighter jets<ref>[http://www.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/040213-F-9999M-002.jpg USAF picture of icing experiment on a fighter jet]</ref> or a Embraer EMB-120RT.<ref>http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/courses/inflight_icing/resources/pdf/monroe_accident_report.pdf</ref> That plane has been decommissioned, now.

Popular among chemtrail supporters is the claim that so called low budget airlines, like the Irish Ryanair, are able to offer their flights at such a low price, because their secret main job is the creation of chemtrails.

==Contrails and cloud formation==
[[image:Ct1905-9.jpg|Photo of clouds before 1905<ref>Clayden, Arthur W. Cloud Studies (1905) Verlag: KESSINGER PUB CO Nachdruck 2008 ISBN-13: 9780548985267 ISBN-10: 054898526X</ref>|300px|thumb]]
[[image:contrail.jpg|Meteorological conditions for the creation of contrails|600px|thumb]]
[[image:contrail2.jpg|thumb|600px]]
Contrails (also called Ice-SuperSaturated Regions(ISSR)) are visible clouds of liquid (condensed) or frozen water droplets, that form when the hot exhaust stream of airplanes meets cold air under the right circumstances. That decompression leads to cooling and condensation can be seen when a bottle of sparkling wine is opened. "Fog" appears above the liquid. The same process plays a big role in the creation of clouds and rain in the atmosphere.

Some forms of clouds that are caused by planes appear without the interference of any exhaust gases, for example ''winglet-contrails'', which can be observed by passengers forming at the wing tips of planes under the right conditions, even at low altitudes. Typical turbofan exhaust temperatures are at around 600 K.

The formation of contrails can be explained physically: Generally water gets visible in the air, when the relative humidity (the number of water droplets in relation to the temperature of the air) exceeds 100%. The warmer the air is, the more water vapor can it hold. Modern planes travel at high altitudes, where it is very cold. The cold air can only hold small amounts of water. Water is created chemically when jet fuel is burnt, which exits the engines as an invisible gas. The surrounding cold air rapidly cools down the hot exhaust gas, and after a few meters (depending on temperature and humidity), lets the water crystallize, forming the contrail. The contrail remains visible until the water crystals are dispersed to the point where humidity drops below 100%. In a high pressure area with low humidity this happens rather fast, and no contrail at all forms when temperatures are high enough in the summer, like it is often the case in southern Europe for example. In the Arctic and Antarctic however contrails can sometimes form even at ground level.

At certain weather conditions the contrails can expand, remain visible for hours, or gather more clouds to the point where it starts to rain. Supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis then say that the plane ''made'' the bad weather. In reality it is exactly the other way around. The persistent contrails indicate the upcoming bad weather, because low pressure areas typically have high humidity, and the added water (water vapor from the exhaust gas) is more than the air can absorb, and thus remains visible as fog or clouds. Sometimes the chemtrail supporters ask why the "spraying" has stopped. A quick look at the weather map helps: Usually there's a stable high pressure area with low humidity. Then, as soon as a low pressure area approaches, the ''chemtrail reports'' come in again. Generally contrails appear at temperature below -35°C, depending on altitude and humidity.

*'''Short contrails''' form at an altitude of about 10km, if the temperature of the tropopause (10-15km) lies around -50°C with an humidity of below 70%. Ice crystals form, but sublimate after a few seconds and become invisible.
*'''Persistent contrails''' that may expand and even lead to the formation of artificial cirrus clouds form, when the tropopause reaches a humidity from 80-100%.<ref>http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article217386/Weisse_Streifen__am_Himmel.html</ref><ref>http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf</ref>
*'''No contrails at all''' even at high altitudes form, when the temperature close to the ground during the summer increases to 25°C or higher, and the temperature of the lower tropopause (10-12km) reaches -40°C and higher, with a humidity below 30%. This happens in ''chemtrail free'' southern Europe during the summer. Below 25% humidity at 10km no ice crystals form.

During the day contrails cover about 0.7% of the sky over Europe over the course of the year, at night (when contrails have an insulating effect) they cover about 0.25%. On average they cover about 0.5% of the sky.

When a plane flies through the not always straight and level (but wavy) border between warmer and colder air, it may appear as if the contrail is suddenly turned off or on, even repeatedly when there are turbulences. Air warms quicker over large dark (tarmac) surfaces than over wet meadows, and begins to rise, forming bubbles or "chimneys" of warm air. Different thermal phenomenons can exist next to each other. The results are the typical hops and bumps pilots of small airplanes experience. When contrails persist long enough their form gets changed by winds and turbulences - just like regular clouds. Different colors are the result of refraction and reflection of sunlight. These aspects are displayed on websites of chemtrail believers as unnatural, and evidence of chemicals. But they can actually be explained naturally, and are consistent with our understanding of meteorology and physics, requiring no additional hypotheses or conspiracy theories.

Cloud-pictures of the kind that, according to supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis, are evidence of sprayed chemicals, are photographically documented from times even well before the first powered flight of the Wright brothers, for example in the 1905 book ''Clouds studies''.<ref>Clayden aW: http://contrailscience.com/files/Cloud_Studies.pdf</ref> The first actual contrails have been recorded shortly after World War I<ref>http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/049/mwr-049-07-0412c.pdf</ref><ref>Everett Wells: Artikel in Scientific American, ”Clouds formed by Airplanes“, 7.6.1919, page 60</ref>, when ever more powerful planes reached ever higher altitudes. The first report of a contrail is based on a flight of pilot Franz Zeno Diemer, who reached an altitude of 9,300 m over Munich in 1919.

==Distrails==
''Inverted contrails - distrails'' is the name for the more rare breakup of clouds caused by airplanes. Water droplets vaporize faster in the hot exhaust gas, creating a cloud free trail. This can also be caused by mixing in dry air from above or under the the cloud layer.

==Alleged chemical composition of the chemtrail additives according to different sources==
The following substances are to be found in chemtrails, according to followers of the idea:
*Barium or barium compounds
*Aluminum compounds
*Titanium
*Teutonium
*radioactive thorium
*synthetic fibers of unknown composition
*Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
*Mycoplasma, Pseudomonas and allegedly existing ''nanobacterias''
*Vaccines against anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis and measles in aerosol form
*Pathogens, genetically modified microbes of unknown kind

Aluminum and barium are insoluble in kerosene, but there are compounds of either element that are. However even small traces of them would easily be detectable with modern analytic methods (e.g. ICP or AAS). Furthermore neither the application of aluminum nor that of barium make sense from a chemical or physiological point of view (especially regarding the desired harm). Aluminum is covered with an oxide layer, rendering it mostly inert. Barium on the other hand is so reactive, that is cannot be used here. It would immediately and violently react with humidity and oxygen (creating barium hydroxide). Barium sulfate is physiologically harmless, it is insoluble in water. It has no bioavailability, hence the reason it is orally administered as radio-opaque substance for x-rays. Teutonium is not one of the known elements. In how far pathogen germs, bacterias, spores, vaccines etc. remain stable under the existing conditions remains questionable.

So far none of the aforementioned substances could be clearly identified in contrails or jet exhaust gas.

Speculations of anti-vaccination activist Anita Petek-Dimmer turned into a source of amusement in 2005, when she proclaimed that the bird flue (caused by the H5N1 virus) was the result of ionizing radiation from chemtrails. Petek-Dimmer believed that plutonium had been added to chemtrails. Furthermore she assumed: ''This radioactive radiation does not also dissolve animal cells, but also those of plants.<ref>A. Petek-Dimmer: Vogelgrippe oder Vogelwahn. Wie man mit gezielter Propaganda Angst und Hysterie erzeugt. AEGIS IMPULS Nr. 23 2005</ref>

==Known releases of substances in aviation==
[[image:chemtrail44.jpg|actual chemtrail|thumb]]
[[image:hagelflieger.jpg|Cloud seeding equipment|left|thumb]]
Cloud seeders disperse silver iodide (with acetone) specifically into thunderstorms to prevent hail. Smoke is often used in air shows, or to study wake turbulence. Water can be used for the same purposes. As part of military operations clouds can be manipulated to create rain. Such interventions are regulated in the ENMOD provision of the United Nations. In the Vietnam war ''agent orange'' has been used to defoliate forests. In case of emergency planes are allowed to dump fuel. Contrary to contrails smoke trails form directly at the outlet. Contrails form a little bit behind the engines.

==Chemtrail and weather radar==
[[image:chaff2.jpg|Chaff cloud over the Netherlands|left|thumb]][[image:chaff.jpg|Radar chaff|thumb]]
Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim that there are sometimes strange signals on the weather radars of meteorological services, that appear to be ''ghost clouds''. For example on July 19th 2005 the radar screens of the German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation on the north sea coast of the Netherlands, that looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300 km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might look like a mass of contrails. In this case as well as in similar ones ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff(RBC))'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads that reflect radar waves and disturb radar<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref>. Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they don't claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

==Logical counter arguments==
A world wide UN coordinated secret program for creating artificial contrails, like chemtrail believers proclaim, would have to be kept secret by a large number of adept people, who at the same time would be breaking the law. Belonging to this group would be aircraft crews, manufacturer of the used technology and means, ground crew and airport employees. Chemtrail Supporters like Platte claim, that there are even pilots who have been fired for refusing to take part in this hypothetical chemtrail project. But so far not a single one of them has come forth as a whistle blower.

To achieve a concentration of 1 mg per square meter of a specific substance one needs to disperse 1 kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5 million square km, requiring 10,500 tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft such as the Boeing KC-135 has a maximum load of 85 tons of fuel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref>. So 123 aircraft of this type are needed to get the job done, when each plane only flew once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510 million square km. 510,000 tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000 tankers. This assumes that the fuel itself is the pure substance. If the substance had to be thinned however (for example 1:9) then 5,100,000 tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000 Phantom tankers. That is 3.2 times the official number of jets world wide.

Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that since the 1970 until today (2009) the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding. That is based on an examination of data from 342 weather stations across Europe. This was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technology in power plants, that cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of that more sunlight reaches the ground<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>.

==Chemtrails in Goethe's times==
If one follows the arguments of chemtrail proponents then already in Goethe's times there were chemtrails. Thursday, May, 20th 1820 Goethe notes: ''Early very clear sky, by and by light cirrus, at around noon rare, utmost outstanding phenomena, calling me out from the narrows to a free stead. Coming from west, accompanied by resolute southerly wind, long, tender'' '''cirrus strips''' pulled up, ''solitarily as well as combined; while heading forward the front end bended to become small cloudlet, a little bit down blurred white cloudlets were moving, that were absorbed by those '' '''stripes''' '', all kinds of other cirrus were in the blue sky, cirrocumulus, '' '''gridded stripes''' '', everything moving and changing. By and by the sky became clouded[...] ''.<ref>J. W. v. Goethe, Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, Band 1 Heft 3,1820</ref>

==Chemtrail-Fakes==
[[image:ctfake11.jpg|CT-Bomber Fake|400px|thumb]]
[[image:Peterplatte.jpg|Platte|left|thumb]]
[[image:Altnickelhazmat.jpg|Enlarged detail of the fake|left|thumb]]
[[image:777orig.jpg|Detail of the original picture|left|thumb]]
[[image:777b.jpg|Dead-weight tanks being filled with water|thumb]]
[[image:pinalairpark.jpg|Aircraft cemetery Pinal Airpark|left|250px|thumb]]
There are a lot of fakes and easy to see through [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hoax hoaxes] circulating in connection with chemtrails.

In February 2008 the chemtrail-proponent and internet message board moderator [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Platte Peter Platte] showed a photo of unclear origin (supposedly from a Vietnam-war veteran) that pictured the interior of a ''chemtrail bomber'' (The 'Vietnam veteran' refers to a ''Tim White'', a widely used reference in chemtrail circles. This ''Tim White'' is Timothy Patrick White, born on March, 5 1947 and a resident of Denver (Colorado). He is a fundamental Christian ''US patriot'' and well-known proponent of confused conspiracy theories who uses several pseudonyms and was sentenced for possession of narcotics and stalking).

Quote Platte in this message board: ''[...] this is simply a sensation. This photo is the dream of every ct-activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like that there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC 767 of the US-Air Force, one of 200. Up to now we only knew that at manufacturers' sites chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN-inspectors, which were then sealed and shipped to the different operating sites. Now we also know how these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is the clear evidence for how spraying is done and how the system works like. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] No doubt, great picture!!''

The picture, though, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo and can be openly found on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added to wrong inscriptions to two pictures showing a Boeing 777-passenger jet that was, in the course of approval procedures, equipped with measurement devices and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, being totally uncritical and gullible, was embarrassed because he hadn't even noticed the regular portholes that were shown on the photo. The [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR]-website expanded this wild phantasy around the faked photo even further: The dead-weight containers (in reality being adapted beer casks) on the photos are, according to the user united-mutations, ''tanks'' that had been sealed by the manufacturers, under supervision of UN-inspectors. The planes would be altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark(Arizona), under the supervision of the CIA, and had been in use world-wide since November 1998(with the notable exception of China). Time White would be the source of this entertaining slip-slop. A so-called Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com but had at least recognized the the picture to be a fake. The Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ), was used by the CIA during the Vietnam war and is now an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>
[[image:muennich.jpg|D. Münnichs invention: Cloud pictures from 1944 claimed to show Iraq war in 2003|500px|thumb]]
The [[Ryke_Geerd_Hamer Hamer]]-follower [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=David_Münnich David Münnich] is another source of faked pictures. He was born in 1982, lives in Saarbrücken and works as a web designer. Thanks to him pictures from the Ardennes Offensive in 1944 are presented as showing Iraq-war in 2003. This shows the weakness of arguing without giving any verifiable sources. 
[[image:Chemtrails_Jo_Conrad.jpg|Spreading the "Chemtrails"-conspiracy theory using statements that even a chemistry layperson can recognize as being a hoax or a fake|350px|thumb]]
Another Chemtrails-proponent is [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Braune_Esoterik right-wing esoteric] conspiracy theorist [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]. In August 2010 Conrad tried to convincingly spread the theory in his "Freigeis-Forum" (free thinker board) by showing a picture of such a chemtrail aircraft (see screenshot to the right dating from August, 26th 2010 11:20am). The picture, however, shows nothing more than "aerodynamic rainbow contrails" that can be attributed to a hoax<ref>http://contrailscience.com/aerodynamic-and-rainbow-contrails</ref>. The picture caption names e.g. "Barium-Hypertitanit", "Terraformit" and even "Spinnoinium-Oxydul". Such phantasy substances like Spinnoinium (roughly: Crazeonium) or Terraformit do not exist and are only used to make the hoax more palpable. Also, explanations regarding measurement methods reveal another hoax: Searching for "Telegas Chromatograph" or "Telerelevator" of a company called "GCMS" only lead to other references of the hoax. The original picture is from the year 2006 and, in contrast to the wrong caption in the hoax, shows a Virgin Atlantic Airways-Airbus A340-642 (identification: G-VBLU) over China with a "rainbow-contrail" in an altitude between 8000 and 9000 meter.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Virgin-Atlantic-Airways/Airbus-A340-642/1088680/&sid=db4bb4807cfd3a3ce2356089fe628624</ref>
 

==Usage of Pictures without any references in the Chemtrail Scene==
[[image:Altnickelnasa747.jpg|Original picture of the NASA|left|thumb]]
[[image:altnickel747.png|Alleged Chemtrail airplane B747|thumb]]
[[image:Altnickele6takamo.jpg|TACAMO: Boeing E6|left|thumb]]
[[image:AltnickelKC135.jpg|Alleged Chemtrail tanker KC135|thumb]]
Besides airy hypotheses (which are not backed by any facts) and faked or manipulated pictures, often the national- as well as international chemtrail-scene typically presents pictures showing aircrafts while ''spraying chemtrails'', even though such pictures neither allow to correctly identify the type of aircraft nor to interpret them. The aim is to impress gullible viewers and laypersons through misinterpretations and disinformation. At the same time this is used boost sales of products like books, DVDs, seminars and lectures.

Especially reliable, verifiable references including dates are almost always missing in the scene. Two typical examples for such pictures missing references are displayed on the right side: A simple internet search reveals the source of the pictures though (left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies or fire-fighting or other planes spraying water for studying iceing of aircrafts following . There are a lot of pictures and extensive descriptions of such experiment in the internet.
 
 

==Reactions to the Chemtrail hypotheses and Scientific View==
Neither is there any evidence for chem trails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Also, quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a phenomena well reviewed and technical articles on this go back to the 1940s. Already the NASA-precesessor, NACA, examined this phenomena because of their military relevance for locating aircrafts in WW II. In a document from 1942 (decades before the chemtrail hypotheses) NACA-researchers named the meteorological circumstances responsible for the formation of ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence proving the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuel could be given. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic control) confirmed that no conspicuous or remarkable air activity has been observed that could be linked with the things described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed that their data don't show any specifics that would indicate some irregular forms of condensation trails.

Also, the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Federal Ministry of Defence) has no further information. The headquarters of the US-Air Force Europe informed that the projects of the US Air Force described don’t exist, neither now nor in the past. Greenpeace as well as the Umweltbundesamt (UBA, German Federal Environment Agency) regard the chemtrail-theory as dubious. The UBA even inquired the World Health Organization (WHO) about alleged risk analysis on potential consequences of chemtrails that had supposedly been conducted by the WHO. The WHO affirmed that it neither had any knowledge about chemtrails nor that it had done any studies on the subject. The phenomena described are also unknown to the Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center). Since many years, the DLR's Institute of Atmosphere Physics examines the effects of air traffic emissions on the atmosphere - including numerous measurements of gas- and particle emissions of commercial aircrafts. Neither is the German Meteorological Service able to detect anomalies in their data indicating special ''chemtrail''-forms of condensation trails. The German federal government commented in 2004 also on chemtrails: Excerpt from an answer (reference: Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 15/3694<ref>http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/15/036/1503694.pdf</ref>) of the Federal Government given to Herbert Frankenhauser (member of parliament, party: CSU): [...]Question: ''Are so-called chemtrails (chemical traces sprayed by aircrafts) released for researching of the reduction of global warming over the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany? '' Reply of the Parliamentary State Secretary Simone Probst from September, 8th 2004: ''The Federal Government has no knowledge regarding aircrafts releasing so-called chemtrails in the atmosphere in Europe.''

==Chemtrails and Cloudbuster==
Some chemtrail-proponents believe that copper tubes -arranged in so-called http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Cloudbuster Cloudbusters]- are able to ''diffuse'' such condensation trails. The cloudbuster-concept traces back to [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reich Wilhelm Reich]. The so-called 'Chembusters'' are further developments going back to the American business man, [[esoteric]] and private pilot [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Don_Croft Don Croft] (see also: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Georg_Ritschl Georg Ritschl]).

==Chemtrails and the ''Yellow Revolution'' of the [[European New Resistance|ENR]]==
[[image:enr.jpg|Speech of Commandante Don|thumb|left]]
[[image:chemtrailplakatkoeln.jpg|Poster in Cologne|thumb]]
[[European New Resistance]] is a new group that is currently forming in different cities and tries to recruit new members. It uses "Chemtrails" in a populistic manner to draw public attention to all kinds of issues they consider to be grievances. The conspiracy theory internet portals [[NWO-Fighter.info]], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Infokrieg.tv infokrieg.tv] and terraristen.net joined their activities. Naive esoteric campaigners from the "Motzblog" (grumble blog) and the associated internet board "Motzlabor" (grumble laboratory) are behind these activities. Interestingly, the ''Address of Comandante Don'' can also be found on the so-called ''Reichszeitung'', a typical extreme right-wing [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=KRR KRR] (Kommissarische Reichsregierung, Provisional Government of the German Reich) publication. In summer 2008 it gained public attention when they hired the Cologne-based outdoor advertising company ''Kölner Außenwerbung KAW'' to hang up anti-condensation trail posters.<ref>http://netzklempnerin.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/die-gelben-piraten-aus-taka-tuka-land/</ref>

==Chemtrails, Anti-vacciners and Bird Flu==
[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Anita_Petek-Dimmer Anita Petek-Dimmer] uses chemtrails in her [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Impfgegner anti-vaccination] campaign in an absurd way. Quotation: ''The radioactive radiation effect of plutonium-enriched chemtrails spreads out to forests, meadows, farm- and grassland[...] The soil bacteria are killed by the contamination and break down partly. These bacteria are essential for regulating the water balance. This radiation results in aggradation, desertification and soil crusting. This is most probably also one of the reasons for bird flu.''<ref>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117864615/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0</ref>

According to the Berlin-based ''Expert and technical consultant for low-intensity radioactivity and radioactive effects'' [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Brigitte_Schlabitz Brigitte Schlabitz] bird flu is not caused by a virus, but by the precipitation of "nuclear-induced cloud formations". In a lot of cases, the ailing and dying of indoor plants would also be caused by radioactive chemtrails. Additionally, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=RFID "micro chips"] would play a role in the effects caused by chemtrails.

==Chemtrail and Politics==
[[image:Ctglashuetten.jpg|350px|thumb]]
The NPD, a German far right party, felt compelled to issue a parliamentary inquiry in the Saxonian state assembly regarding chemtrials. Often, right-wing activists use the chemtrail-"problem" to hook uninformed (especially overstrained and afraid of life) persons and get them closer to antisemitic writings and right-wing opinions.

In January 2009 the local group of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (German ecological party) in Glashütten (population 5500) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed that the population would be poisoned from aircrafts by barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this word is not the correct term in German and most probably the result of translating without understanding]. Neither witnesses nor any reliable evidence were given to back these outrageous, allegedly billion-costing accusations, allegedly costing billions. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the web site could also not answer the question how these alleged poisontrails could be proved.

==Chemtrail-courses at the VHS (adult education center) Oldenburg==
[[image:AltnickelVHS.jpg|VHS-course announcement in the internet|300px|thumb]]
Since at least since March 2008, the solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures at the VHS Oldenburg on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] for a paying audience. After paying 12 EUR, the course participants learn how HAARP allegedly acts as "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms" and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen (Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations). According to the opinion of the speaker, since more than 55 years health- and live-damaging weather manipulations take place. In 1977, in Geneva the ENMOD-convention on outlawing artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc was worked out. In 1998 the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4 lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str. 55 , 25 participants, € 12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße 17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122 Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither meteorologist nor geophysicist and therefore utters layperson speculations. Beginning of 2010 it became known that the department head of the VHS, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], who is responsible for administering the courses of the VHS, personally lobbied for including the absurd conspiracy theories of Altnickel in the courses offered at the VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail addressed to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories by abusing a public institution Grove said: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17th you showed that you are an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this and are open to critical comments. Of course it belongs to the duties of an adult education center to inform about debatable themes. This includes information about chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, though, that you expressed such a keen critic without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

==Literature==
*Pearson HA, ''Condensation trails where they occur and what can be done about them'',1942, NTRS:2006-11-06, Report Number: NACA-WR-L-474. link: [http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1917]

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails#cite_note-34 German version used as base for this article]
*[http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3574.pdf Hintergrundpapier des Umweltbundesamtes zu Chemtrails]
*[http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/aktuelles/presse/faq-haeufig-gestellte-fragen/welche-rolle-spielen-kondensstreifen-fuer-unser-klima.html Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie: Welche Rolle spielen Kondensstreifen für unser Klima?]*http://www.martin-wagner.org/anti-chemtrails.htm
*[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-38785499.html Sebastian Knauer: Metall am Himmel. DER SPIEGEL 1/2005] (kurzer Artikel zur Chemtrail-Verschwörungstheorie)
*[http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/klima/frage-von-m-baumann_aid_26819.html Frage von M. Baumann: Gibt es die „Chemtrails“ wirklich? FOCUS, 07.12.2006]
*http://chemtrails-maerchen.blogspot.com/
*http://chemtrails.bplaced.net/2008/09/sensation-wissenschaftlicher-nachweis.html
*http://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/index.php?cmd=223&q=chemtrails

==English Weblinks==
*[http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf NACA-publication on persistent contrails from 1942]
*http://www.skepdic.com/chemtrails.html
*http://www.lacarte.org/health/chemtrails/debunkery/
*http://contrailscience.com/contrail-or-chemtrail/
*http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-051013-001.pdf
*http://www.hans-egebo.dk/skeptic/contrails.htm
*http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf on Contrail-formation
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfOrez6q7WM

==Versions of this article in other languages==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels]

==References==
<references/>
 
'''Note:''' It would have been impossible to collect the information for this article without references provided by internet message board users that deal with this chemtrail-phantasm in their spare time. We want to thank them explicitely.
 
[[category:Pseudoscience]]
[[category:Conspiracy theory]]

Chemtrail

2010-11-17T11:37:20Z

Cocoaslurper: Chemtrails, part two

[[image:ctvor1967.jpg|Picture of a contrail in a book from 1967|left|thumb]]
[[image:contrail1.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]
[[image:ctww2-2.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]
[[image:Ctww2-3.jpg|Picture from WWII|thumb]]
'''Chemtrail''' is, according to a common [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theory]], the name for certain types of contrails. According to this [[Pseudo-Science|pseudo-scientific]] idea at least a part of the known contrails consist of various added substances, whose composition however can not be agreed upon by followers of this idea. The modified contrails supposedly show a different behavior from regular ones. They are claimed to remain longer visible in the sky, and to sometimes appear in a checkerboard pattern. There is no consensus among followers of the chemtrail idea on which airplanes spread the additives. Some believe chemtrails are caused by all different kinds of planes, while others believe only certain military aircraft to be responsible. An extended version of the theory claims that chemtrails can ''dissolve'' carbon-dioxide, resulting in local decrease in temperature due to the diminished greenhouse effect. This creates a huge depression that sucks in surrounding air, causes thunderstorms, intense rain, storms and hail.

==The History of the word Chemtrails==
[[image:stetter.jpg|G. Stetter|100px|thumb]]
[[image:Cliffordcarnicom2.jpg|Clifford Carnicom|left|thumb]]
[[image:williamThomas.jpg|William Thomas|left|thumb]]
[[image:Jimphelps.jpg|Jim Phelps|thumb]]
The term chemtrail was coined around 1998 in the US. In the early days the word "cloverleaf" was more common, until the year 2000.<ref>18.07.2000 - http://www.rense.com/general2/pat.htm</ref><ref>27.07.2000 - http://www.clydelewis.com/invest/contrails/msnbc72798.html</ref><ref>22.05.2000 http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Chemtrails/Witness_2.html</ref> Barium and aluminum were introduced into the debate around 2001.<ref>23.05.2001 - http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Theories.html</ref> Clifford Carnicom from Santa Fe in New Mexico and the Canadian William Thomas from Duncan (British Columbia) are often labeled the creators of the chemtrail hypothesis. They are the only ones who left behind well dated material. Carnicom's records begin in the summer of 1999 with the double title Contrail/Chemtrail. Carnicom latterly presents himself on a website called CACTUS (Citizens Against Chemtrails U.S.) According to him barium is radioactive, which adds another [[Pseudo Science|pseudo-scientific]] note to his [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]]. The journalist William Thomas first wrote about the topic in January of 1999 (article in Environment News Service - ENS)<ref>1999-01-08 http://www.netowne.com/environmental/contrails/willthomas/contrails.htm</ref>, but was still using the word contrails.

Further historical documents exist parallel to that, for example the well known radio talk show with Art Bell from 1999.<ref>1999-02-10 http://web.archive.org/web/20051109173010/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports.html</ref><ref>1999-03-09 http://web.archive.org/web/20070315131454/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports2.html</ref> While the first report talks only about (poisonous) contrails, the second one marks the birth of the word ''chemtrails' only one month later, albeit still set in quotation marks. The book "Chemtrails over America" by William Thomas was released shortly after that.

Another (self-proclaimed) inventor of the word is Jim Phelps. Here a quote to get a little insight into the mind of Mr. Phelps:''These truths revealed on the use of Chemtrails will show that the US Govt. has long known the truth on what causes the AIDS epidemic. Chemtrails use a truncated version of the Manna effect. And AIDS is the direct result of too much fluoride in the environment that is upsetting the beneficial trace metals in the human cells and immune system. This leads to a lower level of metals, like manganese, that block the reverse transcription of HIV. This is a very important concept from the End-Times predictions of huge health plagues sweeping the planet and all very predictable from the old biblical times for those that knew the mining industries.''<ref>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/12258-god-chemtrails-jim-phelps.html</ref>

==The abstruse conspiracy theory==
[[image:testflugzeug.jpg|Rear of a test plane for simulating icing|300px|left|thumb]]
[[image:Nkc135spay.jpg|The same plane in action|thumb]]
Supporters of the 1990s chemtrail hypothesis believe, that certain substances that are not described clearly, are being mixed with the jet fuel, to create an effect on the global climate, especially the greenhouse effect. Other conspiracy theorists believe, that it is part of a world wide program to reduce the global population, or for birth or mind control. Behind these programs are, according the chemtrail groups, the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], the [[Illuminati]] or a Jewish conspiracy. There are often ties to right wing groups, "brown [[esotericism]]" and supporters of [[cloudbuster]], [[colloidal silver]] and [[Zapper|zappers]] according to [[Hulda Clark]]. Typical supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis are [[Georg Ritschl]], [[Werner Altnickel]], [[Peter Platte]], [[Helmut Gobsch]], [[Heinz Gerhard Vogelsang]], [[Don Croft]] and [[Rosalie Bertell]]. In Germany the far right NPD party started an inquiry into ''chemtrails'' in the state parliament of Saxony. The topic of chemtrails is often used as a catch in the right wing scene.

Fallacious and unsupported assumptions are often promoted in the esoteric Swiss publication "Zeitenschrift"<ref>Zeitenschrift issue 49, 2006</ref>, in the [[Scientology]] affine "Neue Impulse Treff" network, and by the esoteric-libertarian "live Net Concept 2010" association. A popular photo "proof" of alleged chemtrail operations can be seen in the picture on the right: A modified Boeing NKC-135A Stratotanker (717-100) with the number 17244, stationed at the Edwards AFB in California.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?cnsearch=17244&distinct_entry=true</ref> It sprays water to test the flight quality of planes under icing conditions. Tests are done on various kinds of planes, such as fighter jets<ref>[http://www.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/040213-F-9999M-002.jpg USAF picture of icing experiment on a fighter jet]</ref> or a Embraer EMB-120RT.<ref>http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/courses/inflight_icing/resources/pdf/monroe_accident_report.pdf</ref> That plane has been decommissioned, now.

Popular among chemtrail supporters is the claim that so called low budget airlines, like the Irish Ryanair, are able to offer their flights at such a low price, because their secret main job is the creation of chemtrails.

==Contrails and cloud formation==
[[image:Ct1905-9.jpg|Photo of clouds before 1905<ref>Clayden, Arthur W. Cloud Studies (1905) Verlag: KESSINGER PUB CO Nachdruck 2008 ISBN-13: 9780548985267 ISBN-10: 054898526X</ref>|300px|thumb]]
[[image:contrail.jpg|Meteorological conditions for the creation of contrails|600px|thumb]]
[[image:contrail2.jpg|thumb|600px]]
Contrails (also called Ice-SuperSaturated Regions(ISSR)) are visible clouds of liquid (condensed) or frozen water droplets, that form when the hot exhaust stream of airplanes meets cold air under the right circumstances. That decompression leads to cooling and condensation can be seen when a bottle of sparkling wine is opened. "Fog" appears above the liquid. The same process plays a big role in the creation of clouds and rain in the atmosphere.

Some forms of clouds that are caused by planes appear without the interference of any exhaust gases, for example ''winglet-contrails'', which can be observed by passengers forming at the wing tips of planes under the right conditions, even at low altitudes. Typical turbofan exhaust temperatures are at around 600 K.

The formation of contrails can be explained physically: Generally water gets visible in the air, when the relative humidity (the number of water droplets in relation to the temperature of the air) exceeds 100%. The warmer the air is, the more water vapor can it hold. Modern planes travel at high altitudes, where it is very cold. The cold air can only hold small amounts of water. Water is created chemically when jet fuel is burnt, which exits the engines as an invisible gas. The surrounding cold air rapidly cools down the hot exhaust gas, and after a few meters (depending on temperature and humidity), lets the water crystallize, forming the contrail. The contrail remains visible until the water crystals are dispersed to the point where humidity drops below 100%. In a high pressure area with low humidity this happens rather fast, and no contrail at all forms when temperatures are high enough in the summer, like it is often the case in southern Europe for example. In the Arctic and Antarctic however contrails can sometimes form even at ground level.

At certain weather conditions the contrails can expand, remain visible for hours, or gather more clouds to the point where it starts to rain. Supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis then say that the plane ''made'' the bad weather. In reality it is exactly the other way around. The persistent contrails indicate the upcoming bad weather, because low pressure areas typically have high humidity, and the added water (water vapor from the exhaust gas) is more than the air can absorb, and thus remains visible as fog or clouds. Sometimes the chemtrail supporters ask why the "spraying" has stopped. A quick look at the weather map helps: Usually there's a stable high pressure area with low humidity. Then, as soon as a low pressure area approaches, the ''chemtrail reports'' come in again. Generally contrails appear at temperature below -35°C, depending on altitude and humidity.

*'''Short contrails''' form at an altitude of about 10km, if the temperature of the tropopause (10-15km) lies around -50°C with an humidity of below 70%. Ice crystals form, but sublimate after a few seconds and become invisible.
*'''Persistent contrails''' that may expand and even lead to the formation of artificial cirrus clouds form, when the tropopause reaches a humidity from 80-100%.<ref>http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article217386/Weisse_Streifen__am_Himmel.html</ref><ref>http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf</ref>
*'''No contrails at all''' even at high altitudes form, when the temperature close to the ground during the summer increases to 25°C or higher, and the temperature of the lower tropopause (10-12km) reaches -40°C and higher, with a humidity below 30%. This happens in ''chemtrail free'' southern Europe during the summer. Below 25% humidity at 10km no ice crystals form.

During the day contrails cover about 0.7% of the sky over Europe over the course of the year, at night (when contrails have an insulating effect) they cover about 0.25%. On average they cover about 0.5% of the sky.

When a plane flies through the not always straight and level (but wavy) border between warmer and colder air, it may appear as if the contrail is suddenly turned off or on, even repeatedly when there are turbulences. Air warms quicker over large dark (tarmac) surfaces than over wet meadows, and begins to rise, forming bubbles or "chimneys" of warm air. Different thermal phenomenons can exist next to each other. The results are the typical hops and bumps pilots of small airplanes experience. When contrails persist long enough their form gets changed by winds and turbulences - just like regular clouds. Different colors are the result of refraction and reflection of sunlight. These aspects are displayed on websites of chemtrail believers as unnatural, and evidence of chemicals. But they can actually be explained naturally, and are consistent with our understanding of meteorology and physics, requiring no additional hypotheses or conspiracy theories.

Cloud-pictures of the kind that, according to supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis, are evidence of sprayed chemicals, are photographically documented from times even well before the first powered flight of the Wright brothers, for example in the 1905 book ''Clouds studies''.<ref>Clayden aW: http://contrailscience.com/files/Cloud_Studies.pdf</ref> The first actual contrails have been recorded shortly after World War I<ref>http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/049/mwr-049-07-0412c.pdf</ref><ref>Everett Wells: Artikel in Scientific American, ”Clouds formed by Airplanes“, 7.6.1919, page 60</ref>, when ever more powerful planes reached ever higher altitudes. The first report of a contrail is based on a flight of pilot Franz Zeno Diemer, who reached an altitude of 9,300 m over Munich in 1919.

==Distrails==
''Inverted contrails - distrails'' is the name for the more rare breakup of clouds caused by airplanes. Water droplets vaporize faster in the hot exhaust gas, creating a cloud free trail. This can also be caused by mixing in dry air from above or under the the cloud layer.

==Alleged chemical composition of the chemtrail additives according to different sources==
The following substances are to be found in chemtrails, according to followers of the idea:
*Barium or barium compounds
*Aluminum compounds
*Titanium
*Teutonium
*radioactive thorium
*synthetic fibers of unknown composition
*Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
*Mycoplasma, Pseudomonas and allegedly existing ''nanobacterias''
*Vaccines against anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis and measles in aerosol form
*Pathogens, genetically modified microbes of unknown kind

Aluminum and barium are insoluble in kerosene, but there are compounds of either element that are. However even small traces of them would easily be detectable with modern analytic methods (e.g. ICP or AAS). Furthermore neither the application of aluminum nor that of barium make sense from a chemical or physiological point of view (especially regarding the desired harm). Aluminum is covered with an oxide layer, rendering it mostly inert. Barium on the other hand is so reactive, that is cannot be used here. It would immediately and violently react with humidity and oxygen (creating barium hydroxide). Barium sulfate is physiologically harmless, it is insoluble in water. It has no bioavailability, hence the reason it is orally administered as radio-opaque substance for x-rays. Teutonium is not one of the known elements. In how far pathogen germs, bacterias, spores, vaccines etc. remain stable under the existing conditions remains questionable.

So far none of the aforementioned substances could be clearly identified in contrails or jet exhaust gas.

Speculations of anti-vaccination activist Anita Petek-Dimmer turned into a source of amusement in 2005, when she proclaimed that the bird flue (caused by the H5N1 virus) was the result of ionizing radiation from chemtrails. Petek-Dimmer believed that plutonium had been added to chemtrails. Furthermore she assumed: ''This radioactive radiation does not also dissolve animal cells, but also those of plants.<ref>A. Petek-Dimmer: Vogelgrippe oder Vogelwahn. Wie man mit gezielter Propaganda Angst und Hysterie erzeugt. AEGIS IMPULS Nr. 23 2005</ref>

==Known releases of substances in aviation==
[[image:chemtrail44.jpg|actual chemtrail|thumb]]
[[image:hagelflieger.jpg|Cloud seeding equipment|left|thumb]]
Cloud seeders disperse silver iodide (with acetone) specifically into thunderstorms to prevent hail. Smoke is often used in air shows, or to study wake turbulence. Water can be used for the same purposes. As part of military operations clouds can be manipulated to create rain. Such interventions are regulated in the ENMOD provision of the United Nations. In the Vietnam war ''agent orange'' has been used to defoliate forests. In case of emergency planes are allowed to dump fuel. Contrary to contrails smoke trails form directly at the outlet. Contrails form a little bit behind the engines.

==Chemtrail and weather radar==
[[image:chaff2.jpg|Chaff cloud over the Netherlands|left|thumb]][[image:chaff.jpg|Radar chaff|thumb]]
Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim that there are sometimes strange signals on the weather radars of meteorological services, that appear to be ''ghost clouds''. For example on July 19th 2005 the radar screens of the German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation on the north sea coast of the Netherlands, that looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300 km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might look like a mass of contrails. In this case as well as in similar ones ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff(RBC))'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads that reflect radar waves and disturb radar<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref>. Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they don't claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

==Logical counter arguments==
A world wide UN coordinated secret program for creating artificial contrails, like chemtrail believers proclaim, would have to be kept secret by a large number of adept people, who at the same time would be breaking the law. Belonging to this group would be aircraft crews, manufacturer of the used technology and means, ground crew and airport employees. Chemtrail Supporters like Platte claim, that there are even pilots who have been fired for refusing to take part in this hypothetical chemtrail project. But so far not a single one of them has come forth as a whistle blower.

To achieve a concentration of 1 mg per square meter of a specific substance one needs to disperse 1 kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5 million square km, requiring 10,500 tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft such as the Boeing KC-135 has a maximum load of 85 tons of fuel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref>. So 123 aircraft of this type are needed to get the job done, when each plane only flew once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510 million square km. 510,000 tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000 tankers. This assumes that the fuel itself is the pure substance. If the substance had to be thinned however (for example 1:9) then 5,100,000 tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000 Phantom tankers. That is 3.2 times the official number of jets world wide.

Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that since the 1970 until today (2009) the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding. That is based on an examination of data from 342 weather stations across Europe. This was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technology in power plants, that cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of that more sunlight reaches the ground<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>.

==Chemtrails in Goethe's times==
If one follows the arguments of chemtrail proponents then already in Goethe's times there were chemtrails. Thursday, May, 20th 1820 Goethe notes: ''Early very clear sky, by and by light cirrus, at around noon rare, utmost outstanding phenomena, calling me out from the narrows to a free stead. Coming from west, accompanied by resolute southerly wind, long, tender'' '''cirrus strips''' pulled up, ''solitarily as well as combined; while heading forward the front end bended to become small cloudlet, a little bit down blurred white cloudlets were moving, that were absorbed by those '' '''stripes''' '', all kinds of other cirrus were in the blue sky, cirrocumulus, '' '''gridded stripes''' '', everything moving and changing. By and by the sky became clouded[...] ''.<ref>J. W. v. Goethe, Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, Band 1 Heft 3,1820</ref>

==Chemtrail-Fakes==
[[image:ctfake11.jpg|CT-Bomber Fake|400px|thumb]]
[[image:Peterplatte.jpg|Platte|left|thumb]]
[[image:Altnickelhazmat.jpg|Enlarged detail of the fake|left|thumb]]
[[image:777orig.jpg|Detail of the original picture|left|thumb]]
[[image:777b.jpg|Dead-weight tanks being filled with water|thumb]]
[[image:pinalairpark.jpg|Aircraft cemetery Pinal Airpark|left|250px|thumb]]
There are a lot of fakes and easy to see through [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hoax hoaxes] circulating in connection with chemtrails.

In February 2008 the chemtrail-proponent and internet message board moderator [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Platte Peter Platte] showed a photo of unclear origin (supposedly from a Vietnam-war veteran) that pictured the interior of a ''chemtrail bomber'' (The 'Vietnam veteran' refers to a ''Tim White'', a widely used reference in chemtrail circles. This ''Tim White'' is Timothy Patrick White, born on March, 5 1947 and a resident of Denver (Colorado). He is a fundamental Christian ''US patriot'' and well-known proponent of confused conspiracy theories who uses several pseudonyms and was sentenced for possession of narcotics and stalking).

Quote Platte in this message board: ''[...] this is simply a sensation. This photo is the dream of every ct-activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like that there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC 767 of the US-Air Force, one of 200. Up to now we only knew that at manufacturers' sites chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN-inspectors, which were then sealed and shipped to the different operating sites. Now we also know how these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is the clear evidence for how spraying is done and how the system works like. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] No doubt, great picture!!''

The picture, though, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo and can be openly found on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added to wrong inscriptions to two pictures showing a Boeing 777-passenger jet that was, in the course of approval procedures, equipped with measurement devices and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, being totally uncritical and gullible, was embarrassed because he hadn't even noticed the regular portholes that were shown on the photo. The [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR]-website expanded this wild phantasy around the faked photo even further: The dead-weight containers (in reality being adapted beer casks) on the photos are, according to the user united-mutations, ''tanks'' that had been sealed by the manufacturers, under supervision of UN-inspectors. The planes would be altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark(Arizona), under the supervision of the CIA, and had been in use world-wide since November 1998(with the notable exception of China). Time White would be the source of this entertaining slip-slop. A so-called Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com but had at least recognized the the picture to be a fake. The Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ), was used by the CIA during the Vietnam war and is now an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>
[[image:muennich.jpg|D. Münnichs invention: Cloud pictures from 1944 claimed to show Iraq war in 2003|500px|thumb]]
The [[Ryke_Geerd_Hamer Hamer]]-follower [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=David_Münnich David Münnich] is another source of faked pictures. He was born in 1982, lives in Saarbrücken and works as a web designer. Thanks to him pictures from the Ardennes Offensive in 1944 are presented as showing Iraq-war in 2003. This shows the weakness of arguing without giving any verifiable sources. 
[[image:Chemtrails_Jo_Conrad.jpg|Spreading the "Chemtrails"-conspiracy theory using statements that even a chemistry layperson can recognize as being a hoax or a fake|350px|thumb]]
Another Chemtrails-proponent is [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Braune_Esoterik right-wing esoteric] conspiracy theorist [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]. In August 2010 Conrad tried to convincingly spread the theory in his "Freigeis-Forum" (free thinker board) by showing a picture of such a chemtrail aircraft (see screenshot to the right dating from August, 26th 2010 11:20am). The picture, however, shows nothing more than "aerodynamic rainbow contrails" that can be attributed to a hoax<ref>http://contrailscience.com/aerodynamic-and-rainbow-contrails</ref>. The picture caption names e.g. "Barium-Hypertitanit", "Terraformit" and even "Spinnoinium-Oxydul". Such phantasy substances like Spinnoinium (roughly: Crazeonium) or Terraformit do not exist and are only used to make the hoax more palpable. Also, explanations regarding measurement methods reveal another hoax: Searching for "Telegas Chromatograph" or "Telerelevator" of a company called "GCMS" only lead to other references of the hoax. The original picture is from the year 2006 and, in contrast to the wrong caption in the hoax, shows a Virgin Atlantic Airways-Airbus A340-642 (identification: G-VBLU) over China with a "rainbow-contrail" in an altitude between 8000 and 9000 meter.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Virgin-Atlantic-Airways/Airbus-A340-642/1088680/&sid=db4bb4807cfd3a3ce2356089fe628624</ref>
 

==Usage of Pictures without any references in the Chemtrail Scene==
[[image:Altnickelnasa747.jpg|Original picture of the NASA|left|thumb]]
[[image:altnickel747.png|Alleged Chemtrail airplane B747|thumb]]
[[image:Altnickele6takamo.jpg|TACAMO: Boeing E6|left|thumb]]
[[image:AltnickelKC135.jpg|Alleged Chemtrail tanker KC135|thumb]]
Besides airy hypotheses (which are not backed by any facts) and faked or manipulated pictures, often the national- as well as international chemtrail-scene typically presents pictures showing aircrafts while ''spraying chemtrails'', even though such pictures neither allow to correctly identify the type of aircraft nor to interpret them. The aim is to impress gullible viewers and laypersons through misinterpretations and disinformation. At the same time this is used boost sales of products like books, DVDs, seminars and lectures.

Especially reliable, verifiable references including dates are almost always missing in the scene. Two typical examples for such pictures missing references are displayed on the right side: A simple internet search reveals the source of the pictures though (left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies or fire-fighting or other planes spraying water for studying iceing of aircrafts following . There are a lot of pictures and extensive descriptions of such experiment in the internet.
 
 

==Reactions to the Chemtrail hypotheses and Scientific View==
Neither is there any evidence for chem trails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Also, quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a phenomena well reviewed and technical articles on this go back to the 1940s. Already the NASA-precesessor, NACA, examined this phenomena because of their military relevance for locating aircrafts in WW II. In a document from 1942 (decades before the chemtrail hypotheses) NACA-researchers named the meteorological circumstances responsible for the formation of ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence proving the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuel could be given. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic control) confirmed that no conspicuous or remarkable air activity has been observed that could be linked with the things described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed that their data don't show any specifics that would indicate some irregular forms of condensation trails.

Also, the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Federal Ministry of Defence) has no further information. The headquarters of the US-Air Force Europe informed that the projects of the US Air Force described don’t exist, neither now nor in the past. Greenpeace as well as the Umweltbundesamt (UBA, German Federal Environment Agency) regard the chemtrail-theory as dubious. The UBA even inquired the World Health Organization (WHO) about alleged risk analysis on potential consequences of chemtrails that had supposedly been conducted by the WHO. The WHO affirmed that it neither had any knowledge about chemtrails nor that it had done any studies on the subject. The phenomena described are also unknown to the Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center). Since many years, the DLR's Institute of Atmosphere Physics examines the effects of air traffic emissions on the atmosphere - including numerous measurements of gas- and particle emissions of commercial aircrafts. Neither is the German Meteorological Service able to detect anomalies in their data indicating special ''chemtrail''-forms of condensation trails. The German federal government commented in 2004 also on chemtrails: Excerpt from an answer (reference: Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 15/3694<ref>http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/15/036/1503694.pdf</ref>) of the Federal Government given to Herbert Frankenhauser (member of parliament, party: CSU): [...]Question: ''Are so-called chemtrails (chemical traces sprayed by aircrafts) released for researching of the reduction of global warming over the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany? '' Reply of the Parliamentary State Secretary Simone Probst from September, 8th 2004: ''The Federal Government has no knowledge regarding aircrafts releasing so-called chemtrails in the atmosphere in Europe.''

==Chemtrails and Cloudbuster==
Some chemtrail-proponents believe that copper tubes -arranged in so-called http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Cloudbuster Cloudbusters]- are able to ''diffuse'' such condensation trails. The cloudbuster-concept traces back to [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reich Wilhelm Reich]. The so-called 'Chembusters'' are further developments going back to the American business man, [[esoteric]] and private pilot [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Don_Croft Don Croft] (see also: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Georg_Ritschl Georg Ritschl]).

==Chemtrails and the ''Yellow Revolution'' of the [[European New Resistance|ENR]]==
[[image:enr.jpg|Speech of Commandante Don|thumb|left]]
[[image:chemtrailplakatkoeln.jpg|Poster in Cologne|thumb]]
[[European New Resistance]] is a new group that is currently forming in different cities and tries to recruit new members. It uses "Chemtrails" in a populistic manner to draw public attention to all kinds of issues they consider to be grievances. The conspiracy theory internet portals [[NWO-Fighter.info]], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Infokrieg.tv infokrieg.tv] and terraristen.net joined their activities. Naive esoteric campaigners from the "Motzblog" (grumble blog) and the associated internet board "Motzlabor" (grumble laboratory) are behind these activities. Interestingly, the ''Address of Comandante Don'' can also be found on the so-called ''Reichszeitung'', a typical extreme right-wing [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=KRR KRR] (Kommissarische Reichsregierung, Provisional Government of the German Reich) publication. In summer 2008 it gained public attention when they hired the Cologne-based outdoor advertising company ''Kölner Außenwerbung KAW'' to hang up anti-condensation trail posters.<ref>http://netzklempnerin.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/die-gelben-piraten-aus-taka-tuka-land/</ref>

==Chemtrails, Anti-vacciners and Bird Flu==
[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Anita_Petek-Dimmer Anita Petek-Dimmer] uses chemtrails in her [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Impfgegner anti-vaccination] campaign in an absurd way. Quotation: ''The radioactive radiation effect of plutonium-enriched chemtrails spreads out to forests, meadows, farm- and grassland[...] The soil bacteria are killed by the contamination and break down partly. These bacteria are essential for regulating the water balance. This radiation results in aggradation, desertification and soil crusting. This is most probably also one of the reasons for bird flu.''<ref>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117864615/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0</ref>

According to the Berlin-based ''Expert and technical consultant for low-intensity radioactivity and radioactive effects'' [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Brigitte_Schlabitz Brigitte Schlabitz] bird flu is not caused by a virus, but by the precipitation of "nuclear-induced cloud formations". In a lot of cases, the ailing and dying of indoor plants would also be caused by radioactive chemtrails. Additionally, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=RFID "micro chips"] would play a role in the effects caused by chemtrails.

==Chemtrail and Politics==
[[image:Ctglashuetten.jpg|350px|thumb]]
The NPD, a German far right party, felt compelled to issue a parliamentary inquiry in the Saxonian state assembly regarding chemtrials. Often, right-wing activists use the chemtrail-"problem" to hook uninformed (especially overstrained and afraid of life) persons and get them closer to antisemitic writings and right-wing opinions.

In January 2009 the local group of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (German ecological party) in Glashütten (population 5500) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed that the population would be poisoned from aircrafts by barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this word is not the correct term in German and most probably the result of translating without understanding]. Neither witnesses nor any reliable evidence were given to back these outrageous, allegedly billion-costing accusations, allegedly costing billions. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the web site could also not answer the question how these alleged poisontrails could be proved.

==Chemtrail-courses at the VHS (adult education center) Oldenburg==
[[image:AltnickelVHS.jpg|VHS-course announcement in the internet|300px|thumb]]
Since at least since March 2008, the solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures at the VHS Oldenburg on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] for a paying audience. After paying 12 EUR, the course participants learn how HAARP allegedly acts as "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms" and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen (Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations). According to the opinion of the speaker, since more than 55 years health- and live-damaging weather manipulations take place. In 1977, in Geneva the ENMOD-convention on outlawing artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc was worked out. In 1998 the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4 lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str. 55 , 25 participants, € 12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße 17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122 Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither meteorologist nor geophysicist and therefore utters layperson speculations. Beginning of 2010 it became known that the department head of the VHS, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], who is responsible for administering the courses of the VHS, personally lobbied for including the absurd conspiracy theories of Altnickel in the courses offered at the VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail addressed to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories by abusing a public institution Grove said: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17th you showed that you are an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this and are open to critical comments. Of course it belongs to the duties of a adult education center to inform about debatable themes. This includes information about chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, though, that you expressed such a keen critic without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

==Literature==
*Pearson HA, ''Condensation trails where they occur and what can be done about them'',1942, NTRS:2006-11-06, Report Number: NACA-WR-L-474. link: [http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1917]

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails#cite_note-34 German version used as base for this article]
*[http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3574.pdf Hintergrundpapier des Umweltbundesamtes zu Chemtrails]
*[http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/aktuelles/presse/faq-haeufig-gestellte-fragen/welche-rolle-spielen-kondensstreifen-fuer-unser-klima.html Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie: Welche Rolle spielen Kondensstreifen für unser Klima?]*http://www.martin-wagner.org/anti-chemtrails.htm
*[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-38785499.html Sebastian Knauer: Metall am Himmel. DER SPIEGEL 1/2005] (kurzer Artikel zur Chemtrail-Verschwörungstheorie)
*[http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/klima/frage-von-m-baumann_aid_26819.html Frage von M. Baumann: Gibt es die „Chemtrails“ wirklich? FOCUS, 07.12.2006]
*http://chemtrails-maerchen.blogspot.com/
*http://chemtrails.bplaced.net/2008/09/sensation-wissenschaftlicher-nachweis.html
*http://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/index.php?cmd=223&q=chemtrails

==English Weblinks==
*[http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf NACA-publication on persistent contrails from 1942]
*http://www.skepdic.com/chemtrails.html
*http://www.lacarte.org/health/chemtrails/debunkery/
*http://contrailscience.com/contrail-or-chemtrail/
*http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-051013-001.pdf
*http://www.hans-egebo.dk/skeptic/contrails.htm
*http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf on Contrail-formation
*http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfOrez6q7WM

==Versions of this article in other languages==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels]

==References==
<references/>
 
'''Note:''' It would have been impossible to collect the information for this article without references provided by internet message board users that deal with this chemtrail-phantasm in their spare time. We want to thank them explicitely.
 
[[category:Pseudoscience]]
[[category:Conspiracy theory]]

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Cocoaslurper:

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Jim Humble

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Cocoaslurper:

[[image:jimhumble.jpg|Jim Humble|thumb]]
'''Jim Humble''' (aka ''Bishop James V. Humble'') is a US-American engineer, author of (pre-transistor times) computer and mining technology manuals as well as the inventor of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel dietary supplements] containing disinfectants which meanwhile have been banned in several countries. Humble, a medical layperson, tried to sell dietary supplements for several years. Since then, the self-proclaimed "bishop" also goes by the name of "James V. Humble". Humble founded his own religion and a church called "Genesis II Church of Health and Healing".

His whereabouts are currently not known for sure, he is most probably living in Mexico.

Humble claims that his invention, called [[Miracle_Mineral_Supplement|Miracle Mineral Supplement]] (MMS or MMS1), was be the most effective medication around, being the ideal treatment for AIDS, hepatitis A, B and C, malaria, herpes, tuberculosis, most kinds of cancer, and many, many more.

He also offers [[MMS2]], a product containing Calcium hydrochlorite. German mail order companies offer it as a "chemical for swimming pool disinfection". According to MMS2 advertisements, it is supposed to be administered internally in order to kill germs, viruses, and parasites. MMS2, same as MMS, was never officially approved as a medication.

Judging from current announcements and interviews, Humble apparently wants to have MMS tested in Haiti. Most recent announcements give reason to expect the worst for uninformed patients: He currently claims to "research" the treatment of MMS with cancer-, hepatitis-C- and AIDS patients. Quotation Humble:

:''We’ve started doing clinical trials for AIDS, Hepatitis C and Cancer and those trials have been going pretty good and we have a guy who’s head of the prison system there – he’s also helping us. And the local hospital has agreed to give us 300 blood tests for free.
Interviewer: Are you allowed to say here on camera that MMS will cure cancer? Sure! I can say it – MMS will cure cancer.''<ref>http://noodlemaz.wordpress.com/2010/08/12/bleachgate-the-plot-thickens/</ref>

==Anecdotes==
Jim Humble has other persons spread the claim that he cured 100,000 malaria victims using the MMS-mixture invented by him. He also claims to have "advised" more than 2,000 people via phone and more than 4,000 people via internet.

Humble himself spreads the rumor that he is working on a mysterious "magnetohydrodynamic drive", a trivial garage door opener.

==Genesis II Church of Health and Healing==
[[image:Humble4.jpg|Bishop Humble|left|thumb]][[image:Humble_Ernennung.jpg|"Letter of appointment"|300px|thumb]]
[[image:Leadbeater_Wedgwood.jpg|Scandal-ridden bishops and Humble predecessors Leadbeater and Wedgwood|thumb]]
Since 2010 Jim Humble prefers to be addressed as "Bishop James V. Humble". Rev. Dr. Humble was "appointed" by an alleged archbishop Laurence (Larry) Jensen and his wife, the alleged bishop Glenda Green of a "One Holy True Original Church" from Arizona
<ref>http://www.originalchurch.org</ref> which is also active as "Spiritis church", "Order of the Friends of Jeshua", "the Byzantine Catholic Church, Inc.", "the Liberal Catholic Church", "the Old Roman Catholic Church", "the American Orthodox Catholic Church", and so on.<ref>http://www.sott.net/articles/show/207643</ref>. The Original Church offers different pseudo-titles for the amount of 750 Dollars.<ref>http://www.originalchurch.org/PDF/spiritis-application-ministry-course.pdf</ref> They claim a lineage of bishops dating back some 2,000 years. In anecdotes, a kind of schism from the Roman Catholic Church is also claimed. Indeed one of the predecessors of the bishop, a Bishop James Ingall Wedgwood, left the Catholic church. There was some evidence for pedophile-inspired advances to boys which were so pressing that police started investigating them. This was also the case with Humble's direct predecessor and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Theosophie theosophist] C. W. Leadbeater who left the "Theosophical Society" after a pedophilia scandal became public. The list of the bishop's predecessors:[http://www.originalchurch.org/apostolic-succession/apostolic-succession.htm]

The main activity of this new religious MMS sect, which was founded in 2010, is less religious, but more in the way of "health and healing" as well as protection from vaccination. Humble:
:''..we are forming a church of health and healing. Now that's not religion, that's health and healing. It's called Genesis II Church of Health and Healing. (“Genesis” means the beginning, and “II” means the second beginning and this is the beginning of a new world without disease.)..''

To become a member of the church, one has to pay a 10 Dollar admission fee (shipment excluded) and assert to refuse vaccinations:

:''If you wish to have a church membership identification card with your picture that states that you must not be vaccinated, the cost is $10 to join.''<ref>http://theforceiswithinyou.twilightlegend.com/off-topic-f11/bishop-jim-humble-t3117.htm</ref>

The money is transferred, via Paypal, to the Dominican Republic and Humble promises to put it in a church-owned account only known to him and his successor:

:''This is my personal PayPal account that is dedicated to the church. I will take the money out of this account periodically and deposit it in an account that no one knows that is known only to me and my successor and it will soon be recorded as church property and known to the church.

On his self-appointment:

:''I was ordained in the lineage of Bishops traced all the way back to Christ. Actually, the apostles were Bishops, and they were given the power to create Churches and other Bishops by Christ. All Bishops have had the power to create new Churches if they wished and to write the Articles of Association and Articles of Faith, and Creed of the Church. My name has been placed in the lineage.''

Regarding the name of his "church", Humble says:

:''..Now, let me tell you the name of the Church. The name will be the Genesis II Church of Health and Healing. Genesis means the beginning. Two means the second beginning. And we are talking of the second beginning of the World and we are creating a world this second time without disease..''

The Genesis II "church" claims connections to good lawyers. Becoming a member is said to result in quite some advantages: for example, one may be appointed a priest by the "church" and add the title of a "Reverend" to one's name, and even hope for tax exemptions and monetary income. As a "pastor", one will hand out MMS-bottles for free but at the same time demand donations. The income made from donations is said to be higher than amounts from regular sales: ''..We already have tremendous lawyers who will help us....If you wish, you will receive a pastor’s certificate and you will have the legal right to use Reverend in front of your name. It will be legal for you to not pay income tax. You can also receive a certificate to start a chapter of our church right there in your area. You can hand out tracts telling about MMS and our healing and you will no doubt have people come to you for healing. It will be best not to charge for your service, instead ask for donations after they get well, and that usually takes only a few days. Most people will want to donate something when they get well. You will make more money that way than selling the bottles of MMS. If you keep at it you should soon have enough to start building a Church. Our course teaches you how to handle all diseases and health problems except those needing surgery which is a small number...We expect a reasonable donation but not great big either, but of course, great big is OK.''

==Trade with useless fantasy titles==
[[image:MMS_Titelhandel.jpg|Trading worthless fantasy titles|400px|thumb]]
By now, Humble offers MMS-courses and fantasy titles in the Dominican Republic. Within a week and after a payment of 750 Dollars, one can become a "Minister of Health" and put a "MH" behind one's name. Church members can also put a "rev" in front of their name. For additional 250 Dollars, one can also take a course to learn how to treat sick persons with MMS. These courses are held in the earthquake-struck and heavily damaged Haiti which neighbors the Dominican Republic, and are part of a Genesis II Mission to Haiti. After a minimum of 3 days servicing persons on-site and after paying 1,500 Dollars, graduates of such courses will receive a pseudo doctor's degree with a useless "MMS certificate", asserting this allows to legally bear the title of a "Rev. Dr.", which is wrong.

Special members even have the chance to become "bishop" of the "G2-church" themselves.

==Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jim_Humble German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach?

==References==
Quotations from:
*http://genesis2church.com/2010/04/26/an-open-letter-from-bishop-jim-humble-to-all-interested-in-the-genesis-ii-church/
---------------
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Humble, Jim}}
[[category:Inventor]]
[[category:Pseudomedic]]
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]
[[category:Sect leader]]
[[category:Sect]]
[[category:Engineer]]

Miracle Mineral Supplement

2010-11-16T20:14:31Z

Cocoaslurper:

[[image:mms.jpg|180px|MMS on eBay|thumb]]
[[image:Jimhumble3.jpg|180px|Inventor [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]] alias "Bishop James V. Humble"|thumb]]
'''Miracle Mineral Supplement''' (MMS or ''acitvated Oxygen'' or ''Vitamin O2'' respectively, MMS1, E 926) is the trade name of a [[Dietary_supplements|dietary supplement]] containing so-called ''activated oxygen''. In fact MMS products contain sodium chlorite which under certain circumstances can release the disinfectant Chlorine dioxide. MMS was invented by the American engineer [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]]. Humble is not known for having any formal qualification in the field of health care. The self-proclaimed 'Bishop' Humble also founded his own religion and his own church called "Genesis II Church of Health and Healing" which markets PhDs and Reverend-titles of no value.

There is no known scientific study or literature dealing with ''Miracle Mineral Supplement'' which proves it a suitable cure for any kind of illness. Proponents of MMS refer to allegedly successful experiments with humans. Such experiments were purportedly conducted in a prison in the African country of Malawi where prisoners were allegedly forced to ingest the disinfectant<ref>http://www.miraclems.com</ref><ref>http://www.alleinklang.tv/themen/naturheilkunde/mms-tropfen-miracle-mineral-supplement.html</ref>. There are further claims of successful experiments with humans suffering from AIDS having been conducted in Uganda, though no quotable technical literature proving these miracle healings is mentioned. MMS, irresponsibly and without any critical checking, gets advertised in a number of German language esoteric periodicals like [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zeitenschrift Zeitenschrift]<ref>Benjamin Seiler, Zeitenschrift, Heft 59</ref> and the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Mobiwell_Verlag Mobiwell Verlag] (Thomas Kirschner) as well as [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] (by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]) and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Lnc-2010 Lnc-2010].

Since there is no evidence proving this product indeed works as some kind of "illness killer", the usual conspiracy theories dealing with suppression by authorities have been made up. In the case of MMS, the internationally operating [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bilderberger Bilderberger] are accused of conspiring to suppress this saving remedy as their contribution to a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bevölkerungsreduktionsprogramm world-wide population reduction program]. This meets another criterion of the [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/avoid.html Ten criteria for quackery].

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Dioxychlor Dioxychlor] is a product competing with MMS.

==MMS==
[[image:gefahr.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:MMS_VUF.jpg|MMS advertisement found in "vitalundfit100 SL" by Lothar Paulus including the hazard symbol Xn|thumb]]
[[image:aetzend.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:180px-MMS7.jpg|typical advertisement|left|thumb]]
MMS is supposed to contain Chlorine dioxide as an active component which is toxic and harmful to the environment. Sodium chlorite, which dissociates to Chlorine dioxide, is also named. Also, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zitronensaft lemon juice] is supposed to be included, which is said to have antibiotic properties and, according to Humble, is supposedly the most effective illness killer around. Chlorine dioxide is a yellow-reddish explosive with a pungent odour. Chlorine dioxide, being a disinfectant, undisputedly does kill germs. It is therefore used in water treatment in the so-called chlorination and is responsible for the characteristic smell of swimming pools and sometimes causes reddened eyes. Chlorine dioxide is also used in the paper industry for bleaching purposes and also acts as a preservative in foods (E 926) (American chicken contaminated with chlorine dioxide were an issue with the EU-Commission<ref>http://lifestyle.t-online.de/c/15/15/71/42/15157142.html</ref> and were accepted with some constraints after being viewed as "unappetizing" in 1997. In future it is planned to label such chickens as "chlorine-treated from the USA").

Nobody would ever imagine drinking Domestos to treat a bacterial or viral infection. As with [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kolloidales_Silber colloidal silver], small concentrations have no negative health effects, but are absolutely ineffective as a therapy. Higher concentrations can, in principle, kill germs in the body but will at the same time negatively effect one's health.

Chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and belongs to the higher-oxidized chlorine compounds. Of all oxidizing biocides, Chlorine dioxide is the most selective one. It only reacts with reduced sulfur-compounds, secondary and tertiary Amines, and other highly reduced and reactive organical substances.

[[image:Mms77.jpg|Article from GSP|350px|thumb]]
Sodium chlorite is a very reactive, oxidizing solid matter. It reacts strongly with combustible materials, under certain conditions even being able to start a fire without a source of ignition, and it can facilitate existing fires. It bears the risk of acute as well as chronic health hazards. Chlorites have stronger methemoglobinic capabilities than Chlorates and have explicitly hemotoxic effects. Since Chlorine dioxide has no role in the human metabolism and consequently no deficiency diseases are known, the so-called Vitamin O2 has to be regarded a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Pseudovitamin pseudovitamin].

Whereas [[Dietary_supplements|dietary supplements]] are usually advertised for being [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Antioxidantien antioxidants] which counter free radicals, now it's the turn of strong oxidizing agents, countering hazards and harmful bacteria in a most miraculous way, while leaving harmless bacteria as well as body cells unharmed.

The periodical GPSP (Gute Pillen - Schlechte Pillen, Good Pills - Bad Pills) evaluates MMS as a product meeting quackery criteria<ref>Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement. Herausgeber: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP)</ref>

==MMS-Gasbag==
[[image:Humble_gasbag.jpg|Inventor Jim Humble wearing "gasbag"|180px|thumb]]
In 2010, the MMS inventor presented a special form of application, the MMS gas bag. Two plastic garbage bags are put into one another, forming a closed room and are sealed with tape. An opening is then cut into the upper end. Then a small bowl containing activated MMS is put into the gas bag, allowing the formation of Chlorine dioxide. The user then enters the gas bag naked, exposing their skin to the gas.

==Marketing==
[[image:Lothar_Paulus.jpg|Lothar Paulus and Jim Humble enjoying Fast-Food|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:BewusstTVMMS2.jpg|Sponsored report on [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]|thumb]]

In Germany, MMS products are marketed by Luxusline LTD. (director: Dennis Hamann) of Hildesheim and "Julis Foundation Inc." by Norbert Miller from Neuburg a.d. Donau. MMS is also sold via [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MLM Multi-Level-Marketing] and can be found on eBay where it is advertised using health-related promises, violating the German regulations on dietary supplements (NEM-Verordnung). The product sold consists of Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and comes with an instruction manual dealing with the risks of DIY production of Chloride dioxide.

In November 2008, Humble participated in a conference on "Neuartige Heilmethoden" (new methods of healing) which was organized by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jupiter-Verlag Jupiter-Verlag] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Adolf_Schneider Adolf Schneider]. By their own account, Jupiter-Verlag sold MMS bottles at the premises. Humble had been invited to Europe by the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Heilpraktiker alternative practitioner] Sabine Linek.

In German-speaking countries, MMS is also sold by Lothar Paulus via several web sites. Paulus obviously operates his business from Ibiza and owns the Ibiza-registered company "vitalundfitmit100 S.L.".<ref>vitalundfitmit100 S.L., Geschäftsführer Lothar Paulus, Ctr. Ibiza-Sant Josep, km 11,5 Apdo. 282, E-07830 Sant Josep Spanien. Telefon: +34 971343623 / +49 1637726543 Fax +34971343623.
Lothar Paulus, C/des Calo, Cala de Bou, edificio PalmBeach 2-2d 07839 Sant Josep, Ibiza Spanien</ref> It is interesting to note that Paulus sells MMS-products bearing the "Xn" (harmful) hazard symbol. This symbol is used to label harmful substances which will cause permanent damage to one's health when being swallowed, inhaled or, by penetrating the skin, can cause acute or chronic damages. Typical products labeled like this are toilet cleaners.

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV], a project of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad], sells MMS in its web shop. Advertisements for MMS can be found on the web sites of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=AllEinKlang.tv AllEinKlang.tv], an esoteric project run by Hans Hubert Küppers of Northrhine-Westfalia.

==Users==
[[image:MMS_Rohsmann.jpg|Peter Rohsmann|380px|thumb]]
[[image:Linek_Schustereder.jpg|Sabine Linek / Klaus Schustereder|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Arcadia.jpg|MMS advertisement found in the web shop "Arcadia Eden" of Peter Rohsmann, a medical practitioner.|350px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Douwes.jpg|Advertisement for the non-approved drug MMS by the medical dirrector of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling, Friedrich R. Douwes|300px|thumb]]

Another German MMS proponent is the general practitioner Peter Rohsmann from Habach (near Munich) who also sells MMS products. 
Currently, Rohsmann is running a web shop called "Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K.".<ref>Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K., Sindelsdorferstr. 12, 82392 Habach-Dürnhausen</ref> which is registered at his home address. In this shop he also offers a variety of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel dietary supplements] and household cleaners ("ionized water") as well as MMS as a "Mach mich sauber"(make me clean) system for the treatment of drinking water. Rohsmann warns against the dangers of his product: ''..Harmful in contact with skin - Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas - Risk of serious damage to eyes - Keep away from acids, reducing agents and combustible material - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection - Keep out of the reach of children - Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point..''<ref>https://www.arcadia-eden.com/wasserbehandlung/mms-neu/</ref>

A further user of the non-approved drug MMS is the medical practitioner Friedrich R. Douwes. He is the medical director of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling. Quotation Douwes: ''MMS is not for treatment of illness and only approved for disinfection of drinking water and food. If one decides though to ingest MMS, generally one should start with one or two drops of MMS, ideally at night before going to bed. It's best to take MMS 5-10 minutes before meals or 2 hours after meals... Using a clean drinking glass, for every drop of MMS one adds the same amount of "activator" (e.g. 10% Citric acid or 9% hydrochloric acid). Then the glass is swirled shortly and one allows the substances to react with each other for three minutes. The reaction time should be 3 minutes, possibly using a egg timer. After this the glass is filled up with water and the diluted solution is drunk without interruption...''<ref>http://www.klinik-st-georg.de/pdf/dr_douwes_informiert/2010-04_MMS_Wirkung.pdf</ref> This hospital also offers further pseudo-medical therapies (especially for treatment of cancer): [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Artemisinin Artemisinin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Misteltherapie mistletoe therapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Insulinpotenzierte_Therapie Insulin Potentation] (IPT), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kaffee-Einlauf coffee-enema], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Colon-Hydro-Therapie Colon hydrotherapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hyperthermie whole-body hyperthermia], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Electro_Cancer_Therapy Electro Cancer Therapy], "organo-therapy " with thymus gland extracts ([http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Frischzellentherapie] cellular therapy), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Enzymtherapie enzyme therapy] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Entschlackung detoxification].

Another promoter of MMS in Switzerland is the Wile-based medical practitioner, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=TCM TCM]-therapist and media business man [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Ralph_Manser Ralph Manser].

According to an uncritical article on MMS published in the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin]<ref>http://www.nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/jim-humble-erstmalig-in-deutschland-beim-kongress-fuer-neuartige-heilmethoden/2?context=category&category=2</ref>, an Austrian "Dr.med. Klaus Schustereder" (born in 1973) conducted experiments on humans in the Central African Republic. [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Scenar Scenar]-user Schustereder is said to be head of the hospital of Baboua where he actually worked from 2005-2007. He supposedly tested MMS and a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Homöopathie homeopathic] remedy called "PC1" (which was created by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Chappell Peter Chappell]) on AIDS patients. A camera-man by the name of Christian Köhlert was supposedly present at these experiments in Baboua. According to the NEXUS report, he also acted as a miracle healer: (Quotation)

:''Christian Köhlert also treated people against Malaria using MMS. All of them were cured by the following day.''

An alternative practitioner who, according to her own testimony, contributed largely to MMS research is the Berlin based Sabine Linek.

==Side Effects==
According to advertisements of MMS resellers, the substance is free of side effects. But one can also find blood-curling and utterly unfounded information about MMS side effects on various web sites promoting it:

:''It is always a good sign if the intake of MMS leads to indisposition. Each change is a sure sign that MMS works and is killing harmful bacteria, virus, mould and yeast fungi and parasites. These dead organisms lead to the generation of toxic substances which trigger the so-called Herxheimer reaction.''<ref>Quelle: jimhumblemms.de</ref>

The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is indeed a phenomenon known in clinical microbiology. Such a reaction can only be proven by experts and is typically found when treating certain germs like Spirochaetaceae.

In August 2010, the professional journal "Pediatrics" published an article on children intoxicated by household cleansers in the period of 1990-2006, as they were reported by emergency rooms of hospitals. It was shown that the introduction of childproof closures lead to a reduction of such intoxications. The largest number of cases had been reported with Chlorine bleaching as it is used in MMS.<ref>Lara B. McKenzie, Nisha Ahir, Uwe Stolz, Nicolas G. Nelson: ''Household Cleaning Product-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency'', Pediatrics, 2.8.2010, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3392 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/peds.2009-3392v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=household&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Volltext]</ref>

Scientific literature on Chlorine dioxide (see references) shows possible unwanted consequences of a Chlorine dioxide intake found in laboratory animals and human beings. Most observations relate to laboratory animals though. It can cause the formation of methemoglobine. Also hemolytic anemia (caused by a breakdown of red blood cells) and reduced Glutathion-levels can be found. High Chlorine dioxide levels in the blood are also viewed as being toxic for the kidneys and reduce the average life span of rats and lead to a reduced body mass. Impacts on thyroid glands and the hemogram in apes/monkeys have been reported.

In 1982 a blinded study was conducted where healthy test persons drank a small amount of Chlorine dioxide in water. The small amount of 0,1 milligram ClO2 was tolerated by all test persons without any symptoms.<ref>*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]</ref>

==Administrations advise against MMS==
[[image:MMS_Canada.jpg|Warning of Health Canada|left|250px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_FDA.jpg|Warning of US-FDA|260px|thumb]]
[[image:INVS.jpg|Warning of the French INVS|260px|thumb]]
[[image:Swissmedic.jpg|Warning of the Swiss Swissmedic|300px|thumb]]
[[image:BAG.jpg|Warning of the Swiss BAG|300px|thumb]]
Since 2010 several administrations caution against buying and administering MMS.

* On July 30, 2010, the FDA (USA) issued a warning against applying MMS since it contained industrial bleaching agents and could lead to severe health damages. According to this statement, several reports on health damages found with MMS customers had reached the FDA. Nausea, vomiting, and life-threatening cases of dehydration had been reported. Customers still in possession of MMS were advised to destroy their supplies. Furthermore, the FDA had no research results indicating any benefit from applying MMS to HIV infections, hepatitis, flu, acne, cancer or common cold. Currently, the FDA also considers pressing charges against suppliers.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm220747.htm</ref><ref>http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430</ref> Humble reacted to this FDA ban with a warning to international MMS distributors:

:''Sorry, but my name and my picture must be removed from all sites selling mms in any form. All of the jim humble approval stamps must be removed from every site selling mms. This must happen immediately. Any time the attack comes if my approval is on any sales site that can be used to put me in jail. This is true in most countries as well as the united states, especially in Europe. Please comply with this. It is important. This must be done immediately. Taking my name off of your site will also keep you out of jail. Now is the time to change mms to nothing but water purification drops....When the time comes the authorities must see nothing but mms water purification drops. We will have to depend upon my book, radio, TV, you tube, and other internet articles to tell what mms really is. One other point, anywhere on your site where the word supplement is used it should be changed to the word "solution", the reason for that is the FDA objects to the word supplement, that begins to neutralize our sites. Is for your protection.''

*On October, 13. 2010, the Swiss Swissmedic issued a warning against MMS titled "Warning against the so-called miracle drug 'Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)'". According to Swissmedic, several reports on side-effects in connection with the use of "Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)" had been published in different countries. Oral ingestion, according to Swissmedic, caused ''gastrointestinal disorders of varying severity, including hospitalization due to life-threatening conditions''.<ref>http://www.swissmedic.ch/aktuell/00003/01409/index.html?lang=de</ref> Swissmedic refers to a warning against MMS issued by the Swiss "Bundesamt für Gesundheit" (BAG, Federal Office of Public Health) dating October 8., 2010. According to BAG, the "Schweizerische Toxikologische Informationszentrum" (STIZ, Swiss Toxicological Information Centre) had received several reports on health disorders after ingestion of MMS<ref>http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/lebensmittel/04861/11249/index.html?lang=de</ref>

*On October 5, 2010, French authorities "Institut de veille sanitaire" (InVS) and "Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé" (Afssaps) published a warning against MMS as the product "Solution minérale miracle" could cause health damages and had been the cause of several cases of intoxication in France (Ce produit est à l’origine de cas d’intoxication). Persons who had purchased MMS were warned against using it and persons already having ingested MMS were urged to see a doctor.<ref>http://www.invs.sante.fr/recherche/index2.asp?txtQuery=mms&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0</ref>

*In Canada MMS was already banned in May 2010 by "Health Canada"<ref>http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_74-eng.php</ref>

*In the meantime, Australia banned the selling of MMS and ordered suppliers to take back MMS bottles already sold, without further costs for customers.

==User Testimonials==
*''[...] all of this is tolerable (I hope my sexual dysfunction is only temporary) but the nausea and especially the pain in the stomach together with constant belching that also hampers sleeping are really bad. I don't know whether I can handle this [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=5</ref>
*''[...] I have registered just now to warn everybody against this tincture. Yesterday I made a tincture consisting of 50 drops of MMS and 250 drops of wine vinegar and I applied it, after waiting for 10 minutes, without encountering any skin problems. It was said that such a tincture could be stored for three days without any problems. This morning I opened the flask containing the tincture and I almost fell off my chair. The fumes were so strong that I almost dropped it and I spilled some of it. It was deep yellow! My eyes watered, my nose started running...Luckily after 15 minutes everything was OK again. I poured all of it away immediately [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=167</ref>
*''[...] So, I'm using MMS for 5 days now and I have very strong reactions of my body (15 drops in the morning on empty stomach, 15 drops in the evening after dinner), including diarrhea - headache - and, to my big surprise, a heavy head cold, the nose is running all the time [...].''<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=3</ref>
* ''..the side effects are really severe. Dizziness, deafness on both ears, I can't focus my eyes, blurred thoughts that prevent me from articulating myself clearly, listlessness, weariness and (a special nuisance to my wife) erectional dysfunction...The nausea and especially the pain in the stomach and belly, together with constant belching that also hamper my sleep are really bad. So I don't know how I gonna handle this.''<ref>Quotation of a user "Uwe" in the "MMS Selbsthilfeforum" (MMS self-help forum)</ref>
 
==MMS-Quackery and cancer patients==
[[image:newlands4.jpg|Jillian Margaret Newlands|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:newlands5.jpg|180px|thumb]]
In 2009, an Australian quack named Jillian Margaret Newlands from Mackay (Queensland) who had no license for conducting medical treatments was sentenced to a fine of 12.000 AUD and her equipment was seized<ref>http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=63436</ref><ref>http://scepticsbook.com/2009/04/23/quack-fined-12000-ordered-to-stop-selling-fake-cancer-treatment/</ref> for treating patients suffering from breast cancer under non-sterile conditions with MMS infusions in her so-called ''treatment centre''. To avoid any attention she conducted these treatments in her own garage and urged patients to keep silent about it. Furthermore she advised against chemotherapy. This case could be fully reconstructed because undercover-agent Loretta Marron, who was successfully cured of breast cancer with accepted therapies, managed to videotape such a treatment, using a hidden camera<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_R8S1sp2YvQ</ref>. The patient treated, named Maria Worth, suffered a life-threatening blood clut after application of the MMS-infusion and had to be treated in the Toowoomba Hospital. She had paid 2,000 AUD for this useless and dangerous treatment - whereas the source material had a value of approx. 25 AUD.<ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=829</ref><ref>http://archive.i2p.com.au/?page=site/article&id=1270</ref><ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=901</ref>

==MMS2==
In the meantime, MMS-inventor Humble launched another product: [[MMS2]]. This is the corrosive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite] (Ca(OCl)2). This compound was used more than a hundred years ago as a skin disinfectant. Since it is only badly tolerated, it had been replaced by more tolerable and effective substances. There are no reports on oral administration of this substance.

Calcium hypochlorite is also used as bleaching agent in the paper industry, but is more and more replaced, for reasons of environmental protection, by other substances. It is widely used as swimming pool disinfectant. Building supply stores provide cheap bulk packs for owners of private swimming pools.

In order to prevent negative side effects to the MMS sales, MMS2 is labeled as being ''as good and complimentary to'' MMS. It is also claimed that the combined application of the two substances lead to some kind of synergistic effects.

==Literature==
*Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): ''Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement''. Publisher: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP).
------------------------------------
*Lin JL, Lim PS. Acute sodium chlorite poisoning associated with renal failure. Ren Fail. 1993;15(5):645-8.
*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]
*Lubbers, J. R., Chauhan, S., Miller, J. K., and Bianchine, J. R. The effects of chronic administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate to normal healthy adult male volunteers. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 5 (2, 3): 879-888 (1982)
*Heffernan, W. P., Guion, C., and Bull, R. J. ''Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite in vitro''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(6): 1487-1499 (1979).
*Musil, J., Kontek, Z., Chalupa, J., and Schmidt, P. ''Toxicological aspects of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenol''. Chem. Technol. Praze. 8: 327-345 (1964)
*Moore, G. S., and Calabrese, E. J. ''The effects of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite on erythrocytes of A-J and C-57L-J mice''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 513-524 (1980)
*Moore, G. S. and Calabrese, E. J. ''G-6-PD-deficiency - a potential high-risk group to copper and chlorite ingestion.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 271-279 (1980)
*Moore, G. S., Calabrese, E. J. and Ho, S. C. ''Groups at potentially high-risk from chlorine dioxide treated water.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 465-470 (1980)
*Couri, D., Miller, C. H., Bull, R. J., Delphia, J. M., Ammar, E. M. ''Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats.'', Environ. Health Perspect. 46: 25-29 (1982)

==English Weblinks==
*http://www.scienceblogs.de/mutterwitz/2010/09/chlorbleiche-trinken-ist-ungesund.php
*[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430 David J Kroll: ''Can it get any worse?: industrial bleach as cancer and HIV cure'', Blog "Science-Based Medicine", 6.8.2010]
*http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach?

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.gesundheit.ch/mms
*[http://nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/mms-ein-wundermittel-fuer-afrika-und-auch-den-rest-der-welt-teil-1 Werbung für MMS im Nexus-Magazin]
*[http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=149 Misserfolge bei der AIDS-Anwendung]
* http://atheistage.org/?p=901

==Links to Material Safety Data Sheets and Fact Sheets==
*[http://biade.itrust.de/biade/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main-hit-h.htm&2.0 GESTIS-database of the BGIA for Natriumchlorit] (German)
*http://www.merck-chemicals.com/chemdat/en_US/Merck-International-Site/USD/ViewProductDocuments-File;sid=nlTZ8VeScFLY8RtcLBrMpv9STVdc7p-GWXvn1vhTu2Q0AEeOnY0kyX6Vv6DAtTlkhToR5ZC9TVdc7oSRG0v8wbpj?ProductSKU=MDA_CHEM-814815&DocumentType=MSD&DocumentId=%2Fmda%2Fchemicals%2Fmsds%2Fde-CH%2F814815_DE_CH.PDF&DocumentSource=GDS&Country=International&Channel=Merck-International-Site
*http://www.silbermann.de/download/SDB/06258070.pdf (German)
*http://www.judo-online.de/judo/EG-SICHERHEITSDATENBLAETTER/DE/Art-Nr_1701667_EG-Sicherheitsdatenblatt_Natrium.pdf (German)
*http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/chlorinedioxide/recognition.html

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Cancer Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:AIDS Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:Pseudomedical Therapy]]
[[category:Dietary Supplements]]

MMS2

2010-11-16T20:13:19Z

Cocoaslurper: Created page with 'Advertisment on Yatego with reference to [[Jim Humble|350px|thumb]] '''MMS2''' (''Miracle Mineral Supplement two'' bzw ''Miracle Mineral Solution 2'') is the …'

[[image:MMS-2.jpg|Advertisment on Yatego with reference to [[Jim Humble]]|350px|thumb]]
'''MMS2''' (''Miracle Mineral Supplement two'' bzw ''Miracle Mineral Solution 2'') is the name of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite]-containing product that's offered on various internet sites for [[pseudomedicine|pseudomedical]] reasons. The US-American [[Jim Humble]] is the inventor of this ''advanced vision MMS2''. [[Jim Humble|Humble]] became already known in connection with the corresponding snake oil [[Miracle Mineral Supplement]] (MMS or E 926, respectively) that in the meantime is also referred to as MMS1. In order to prevent negative side effects to the MMS sales, MMS2 is labeled as being ''as good and complimentary to MMS''. A combined application of the two products (meaning: Chlorine dioxide, Calcium chlorite and citric acid) is claimed to result in synergistic effects.

Mail order companies offer these kind of products in small quantities for a high price. For example, one company offers 0,6 gram for the price of 28 EUR. In contrast, building supply stores provide cheap bulk packs for owners of private swimming pools that cost a couple of Euros.

Suppliers operate outside of Germany. They explicitly refer to Jim Humble and offer the products for internal use. In Germany, MMS2 is also offered as "chemical" for "disinfection of swimming pools", again with references to Jim Humble.

There is no known scientific study or literature dealing with oral ingestion of MMS2 which proves it a suitable cure for any kind of illness.

MMS2 has been solicited, without any critical checking, in the German [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin].<ref>Jim Humble: ''MMS2: Ein neues Mittel und eine erweiterte Vision''[Jim Humble: ''MMS2: A new agent and an advanced vision''], NEXUS Magazin 25, Oktober-November 2009</ref>

==Calcium hypochlorite==
[[image:MMS2_Anwendung.jpg|Application notes for MMS on the internet site of the company Luxusline LTD<ref>Luxusline LTD., Schützenwiese 25, D-31137 Hildesheim. www.mineral-mms.de</ref>|300px|thumb]]
Calcium hypochlorite is the Calcium-salt of the Hypochlorous acid (Ca(OCl)2). This substance is corrosive and harmful to the environment. It is also known as Losantin or Perchloron and was used, more than 100 years ago, for disinfection of the skin. It became known in the 19th century when the Austrian gynecologist Ignaz Semmelweis used it externally for its disinfectant effect. Since it is badly tolerated by the skin it has long been replaced by other, more tolerable and more effective substances. There are no documents on the oral administration of Calcium hypochlorite for medical purposes.

Calcium chloride has a penetrating smell of chlorine and was used as bleaching agent in the paper industry. For reasons of environmental protection it is more and more replaced by other substances. Currently it is still used as a swimming pool disinfectant. 

==Legal Situation==
[[image:Vitapack.jpg|Notes on buying MMS on the web site of Vitapack (via Yatego)|300px|left|thumb]]
MMS2 is neither an approved drug nor a [[dietary supplement]].

In an apparent attempt to side-step legal obstacles some suppliers advertise MMS2 as an alleged "water disinfectant" for animals. Others operate from abroad, e.g Gerd Löning, who works from the Canary Islands<ref>Gerd Lönnig, Camino Rodrigo 45, 38760 Los Llanos de Ar., Isla de la Palma</ref>, but come right to the point and advise oral ingestion of the product since it, according to their advertisements, ''kills germs, viruses and bacteria''. This is usually combined with positive anecdotes about successful healings. Such healings would notably be reached when combining MMS with MMS2. In the meantime though the internet sale of the Spanish MMS-analogue has been forbidden.

Vitapack company<ref>Vitapak HERRLAN-PSM e.K., Dinslakener Str. 177, D-46562 Voerde</ref> sells MMS2 via Yatego as mail-order. The product is sold as a "chemical" at a price of 52,43 € / 100 g and, in accordance with European Regulation (1907/2006/EG, article 31) is delivered with a material data safety sheet. Their advertisement contains amazing claims: Customers e.g. are told that calcium hypochlorite is used for "chemical water purification in swimming-pools" and, being a bacterizide disinfectant and strong oxidant, kills microbes, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Quotation: ''ATTENTION - MMS2 is only approved for water disinfection. baua [i.e. German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] Reg.-No. N-38484... American citizen Jim Humble, Dutch biologist Ferry Staal and others acknowledge MMS2 for this purpose'', without giving any source for the latter information. Referring to Jim Humble who recommends MMS2 for internal use (so to speak for "inner disinfection") is a clear contradiction to the first statement. Vitapack also points out: ''since there is no legal security for this product, statements given after a quality check of the supplies available in public trade must be considered dubious.'' Goods will be delivered only after having received a written confirmation that the customer is over 18 years with a further assurance „no unauthorized resale or use“ will occur.

==see also==
*[[Dioxychlor]]
*[[MMS]]

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS2 German version used as base for this article]
==Weblinks==
*[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927478 Material Safety Data Sheet]

==Versions of this article in other languages==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS2 Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels]

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Pseudomedical Therapy]]

File:Vitapack.jpg

2010-11-16T20:10:15Z

Cocoaslurper:

File:MMS-2.jpg

2010-11-16T20:09:55Z

Cocoaslurper:

File:MMS2 Anwendung.jpg

2010-11-16T20:09:32Z

Cocoaslurper:

Miracle Mineral Supplement

2010-11-06T08:03:17Z

Cocoaslurper:

[[image:mms.jpg|180px|MMS on eBay|thumb]]
[[image:Jimhumble3.jpg|180px|Inventor [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]] alias "Bishop James V. Humble"|thumb]]
'''Miracle Mineral Supplement''' (MMS or ''acitvated Oxygen'' or ''Vitamin O2'' respectively, MMS1, E 926) is the trade name of a [[Dietary_supplements|dietary supplement]] containing so-called ''activated oxygen''. In fact MMS products contain sodium chlorite which under certain circumstances can release the disinfectant Chlorine dioxide. MMS was invented by the American engineer [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]]. Humble is not known for having any formal qualification in the field of health care. The self-proclaimed 'Bishop' Humble also founded his own religion and his own church called "Genesis II Church of Health and Healing" which markets PhDs and Reverend-titles of no value.

There is no known scientific study or literature dealing with ''Miracle Mineral Supplement'' which proves it a suitable cure for any kind of illness. Proponents of MMS refer to allegedly successful experiments with humans. Such experiments were purportedly conducted in a prison in the African country of Malawi where prisoners were allegedly forced to ingest the disinfectant<ref>http://www.miraclems.com</ref><ref>http://www.alleinklang.tv/themen/naturheilkunde/mms-tropfen-miracle-mineral-supplement.html</ref>. There are further claims of successful experiments with humans suffering from AIDS having been conducted in Uganda, though no quotable technical literature proving these miracle healings is mentioned. MMS, irresponsibly and without any critical checking, gets advertised in a number of German language esoteric periodicals like [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zeitenschrift Zeitenschrift]<ref>Benjamin Seiler, Zeitenschrift, Heft 59</ref> and the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Mobiwell_Verlag Mobiwell Verlag] (Thomas Kirschner) as well as [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] (by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]) and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Lnc-2010 Lnc-2010].

Since there is no evidence proving this product indeed works as some kind of "illness killer", the usual conspiracy theories dealing with suppression by authorities have been made up. In the case of MMS, the internationally operating [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bilderberger Bilderberger] are accused of conspiring to suppress this saving remedy as their contribution to a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bevölkerungsreduktionsprogramm world-wide population reduction program]. This meets another criterion of the [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/avoid.html Ten criteria for quackery].

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Dioxychlor Dioxychlor] is a product competing with MMS.

==MMS==
[[image:gefahr.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:MMS_VUF.jpg|MMS advertisement found in "vitalundfit100 SL" by Lothar Paulus including the hazard symbol Xn|thumb]]
[[image:aetzend.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:180px-MMS7.jpg|typical advertisement|left|thumb]]
MMS is supposed to contain Chlorine dioxide as an active component which is toxic and harmful to the environment. Sodium chlorite, which dissociates to Chlorine dioxide, is also named. Also, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zitronensaft lemon juice] is supposed to be included, which is said to have antibiotic properties and, according to Humble, is supposedly the most effective illness killer around. Chlorine dioxide is a yellow-reddish explosive with a pungent odour. Chlorine dioxide, being a disinfectant, undisputedly does kill germs. It is therefore used in water treatment in the so-called chlorination and is responsible for the characteristic smell of swimming pools and sometimes causes reddened eyes. Chlorine dioxide is also used in the paper industry for bleaching purposes and also acts as a preservative in foods (E 926) (American chicken contaminated with chlorine dioxide were an issue with the EU-Commission<ref>http://lifestyle.t-online.de/c/15/15/71/42/15157142.html</ref> and were accepted with some constraints after being viewed as "unappetizing" in 1997. In future it is planned to label such chickens as "chlorine-treated from the USA").

Nobody would ever imagine drinking Domestos to treat a bacterial or viral infection. As with [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kolloidales_Silber colloidal silver], small concentrations have no negative health effects, but are absolutely ineffective as a therapy. Higher concentrations can, in principle, kill germs in the body but will at the same time negatively effect one's health.

Chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and belongs to the higher-oxidized chlorine compounds. Of all oxidizing biocides, Chlorine dioxide is the most selective one. It only reacts with reduced sulfur-compounds, secondary and tertiary Amines, and other highly reduced and reactive organical substances.

[[image:Mms77.jpg|Article from GSP|350px|thumb]]
Sodium chlorite is a very reactive, oxidizing solid matter. It reacts strongly with combustible materials, under certain conditions even being able to start a fire without a source of ignition, and it can facilitate existing fires. It bears the risk of acute as well as chronic health hazards. Chlorites have stronger methemoglobinic capabilities than Chlorates and have explicitly hemotoxic effects. Since Chlorine dioxide has no role in the human metabolism and consequently no deficiency diseases are known, the so-called Vitamin O2 has to be regarded a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Pseudovitamin pseudovitamin].

Whereas [[Dietary_supplements|dietary supplements]] are usually advertised for being [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Antioxidantien antioxidants] which counter free radicals, now it's the turn of strong oxidizing agents, countering hazards and harmful bacteria in a most miraculous way, while leaving harmless bacteria as well as body cells unharmed.

The periodical GPSP (Gute Pillen - Schlechte Pillen, Good Pills - Bad Pills) evaluates MMS as a product meeting quackery criteria<ref>Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement. Herausgeber: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP)</ref>

==MMS-Gasbag==
[[image:Humble_gasbag.jpg|Inventor Jim Humble wearing "gasbag"|180px|thumb]]
In 2010, the MMS inventor presented a special form of application, the MMS gas bag. Two plastic garbage bags are put into one another, forming a closed room and are sealed with tape. An opening is then cut into the upper end. Then a small bowl containing activated MMS is put into the gas bag, allowing the formation of Chlorine dioxide. The user then enters the gas bag naked, exposing their skin to the gas.

==Marketing==
[[image:Lothar_Paulus.jpg|Lothar Paulus and Jim Humble enjoying Fast-Food|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:BewusstTVMMS2.jpg|Sponsored report on [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]|thumb]]

In Germany, MMS products are marketed by Luxusline LTD. (director: Dennis Hamann) of Hildesheim and "Julis Foundation Inc." by Norbert Miller from Neuburg a.d. Donau. MMS is also sold via [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MLM Multi-Level-Marketing] and can be found on eBay where it is advertised using health-related promises, violating the German regulations on dietary supplements (NEM-Verordnung). The product sold consists of Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and comes with an instruction manual dealing with the risks of DIY production of Chloride dioxide.

In November 2008, Humble participated in a conference on "Neuartige Heilmethoden" (new methods of healing) which was organized by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jupiter-Verlag Jupiter-Verlag] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Adolf_Schneider Adolf Schneider]. By their own account, Jupiter-Verlag sold MMS bottles at the premises. Humble had been invited to Europe by the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Heilpraktiker alternative practitioner] Sabine Linek.

In German-speaking countries, MMS is also sold by Lothar Paulus via several web sites. Paulus obviously operates his business from Ibiza and owns the Ibiza-registered company "vitalundfitmit100 S.L.".<ref>vitalundfitmit100 S.L., Geschäftsführer Lothar Paulus, Ctr. Ibiza-Sant Josep, km 11,5 Apdo. 282, E-07830 Sant Josep Spanien. Telefon: +34 971343623 / +49 1637726543 Fax +34971343623.
Lothar Paulus, C/des Calo, Cala de Bou, edificio PalmBeach 2-2d 07839 Sant Josep, Ibiza Spanien</ref> It is interesting to note that Paulus sells MMS-products bearing the "Xn" (harmful) hazard symbol. This symbol is used to label harmful substances which will cause permanent damage to one's health when being swallowed, inhaled or, by penetrating the skin, can cause acute or chronic damages. Typical products labeled like this are toilet cleaners.

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV], a project of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad], sells MMS in its web shop. Advertisements for MMS can be found on the web sites of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=AllEinKlang.tv AllEinKlang.tv], an esoteric project run by Hans Hubert Küppers of Northrhine-Westfalia.

==Users==
[[image:MMS_Rohsmann.jpg|Peter Rohsmann|380px|thumb]]
[[image:Linek_Schustereder.jpg|Sabine Linek / Klaus Schustereder|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Arcadia.jpg|MMS advertisement found in the web shop "Arcadia Eden" of Peter Rohsmann, a medical practitioner.|350px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Douwes.jpg|Advertisement for the non-approved drug MMS by the medical dirrector of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling, Friedrich R. Douwes|300px|thumb]]

Another German MMS proponent is the general practitioner Peter Rohsmann from Habach (near Munich) who also sells MMS products. 
Currently, Rohsmann is running a web shop called "Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K.".<ref>Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K., Sindelsdorferstr. 12, 82392 Habach-Dürnhausen</ref> which is registered at his home address. In this shop he also offers a variety of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel dietary supplements] and household cleaners ("ionized water") as well as MMS as a "Mach mich sauber"(make me clean) system for the treatment of drinking water. Rohsmann warns against the dangers of his product: ''..Harmful in contact with skin - Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas - Risk of serious damage to eyes - Keep away from acids, reducing agents and combustible material - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection - Keep out of the reach of children - Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point..''<ref>https://www.arcadia-eden.com/wasserbehandlung/mms-neu/</ref>

A further user of the non-approved drug MMS is the medical practitioner Friedrich R. Douwes. He is the medical director of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling. Quotation Douwes: ''MMS is not for treatment of illness and only approved for disinfection of drinking water and food. If one decides though to ingest MMS, generally one should start with one or two drops of MMS, ideally at night before going to bed. It's best to take MMS 5-10 minutes before meals or 2 hours after meals... Using a clean drinking glass, for every drop of MMS one adds the same amount of "activator" (e.g. 10% Citric acid or 9% hydrochloric acid). Then the glass is swirled shortly and one allows the substances to react with each other for three minutes. The reaction time should be 3 minutes, possibly using a egg timer. After this the glass is filled up with water and the diluted solution is drunk without interruption...''<ref>http://www.klinik-st-georg.de/pdf/dr_douwes_informiert/2010-04_MMS_Wirkung.pdf</ref> This hospital also offers further pseudo-medical therapies (especially for treatment of cancer): [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Artemisinin Artemisinin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Misteltherapie mistletoe therapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Insulinpotenzierte_Therapie Insulin Potentation] (IPT), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kaffee-Einlauf coffee-enema], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Colon-Hydro-Therapie Colon hydrotherapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hyperthermie whole-body hyperthermia], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Electro_Cancer_Therapy Electro Cancer Therapy], "organo-therapy " with thymus gland extracts ([http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Frischzellentherapie] cellular therapy), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Enzymtherapie enzyme therapy] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Entschlackung detoxification].

Another promoter of MMS in Switzerland is the Wile-based medical practitioner, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=TCM TCM]-therapist and media business man [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Ralph_Manser Ralph Manser].

According to an uncritical article on MMS published in the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin]<ref>http://www.nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/jim-humble-erstmalig-in-deutschland-beim-kongress-fuer-neuartige-heilmethoden/2?context=category&category=2</ref>, an Austrian "Dr.med. Klaus Schustereder" (born in 1973) conducted experiments on humans in the Central African Republic. [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Scenar Scenar]-user Schustereder is said to be head of the hospital of Baboua where he actually worked from 2005-2007. He supposedly tested MMS and a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Homöopathie homeopathic] remedy called "PC1" (which was created by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Chappell Peter Chappell]) on AIDS patients. A camera-man by the name of Christian Köhlert was supposedly present at these experiments in Baboua. According to the NEXUS report, he also acted as a miracle healer: (Quotation)

:''Christian Köhlert also treated people against Malaria using MMS. All of them were cured by the following day.''

An alternative practitioner who, according to her own testimony, contributed largely to MMS research is the Berlin based Sabine Linek.

==Side Effects==
According to advertisements of MMS resellers, the substance is free of side effects. But one can also find blood-curling and utterly unfounded information about MMS side effects on various web sites promoting it:

:''It is always a good sign if the intake of MMS leads to indisposition. Each change is a sure sign that MMS works and is killing harmful bacteria, virus, mould and yeast fungi and parasites. These dead organisms lead to the generation of toxic substances which trigger the so-called Herxheimer reaction.''<ref>Quelle: jimhumblemms.de</ref>

The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is indeed a phenomenon known in clinical microbiology. Such a reaction can only be proven by experts and is typically found when treating certain germs like Spirochaetaceae.

In August 2010, the professional journal "Pediatrics" published an article on children intoxicated by household cleansers in the period of 1990-2006, as they were reported by emergency rooms of hospitals. It was shown that the introduction of childproof closures lead to a reduction of such intoxications. The largest number of cases had been reported with Chlorine bleaching as it is used in MMS.<ref>Lara B. McKenzie, Nisha Ahir, Uwe Stolz, Nicolas G. Nelson: ''Household Cleaning Product-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency'', Pediatrics, 2.8.2010, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3392 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/peds.2009-3392v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=household&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Volltext]</ref>

Scientific literature on Chlorine dioxide (see references) shows possible unwanted consequences of a Chlorine dioxide intake found in laboratory animals and human beings. Most observations relate to laboratory animals though. It can cause the formation of methemoglobine. Also hemolytic anemia (caused by a breakdown of red blood cells) and reduced Glutathion-levels can be found. High Chlorine dioxide levels in the blood are also viewed as being toxic for the kidneys and reduce the average life span of rats and lead to a reduced body mass. Impacts on thyroid glands and the hemogram in apes/monkeys have been reported.

In 1982 a blinded study was conducted where healthy test persons drank a small amount of Chlorine dioxide in water. The small amount of 0,1 milligram ClO2 was tolerated by all test persons without any symptoms.<ref>*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]</ref>

==Administrations advise against MMS==
[[image:MMS_Canada.jpg|Warning of Health Canada|left|250px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_FDA.jpg|Warning of US-FDA|260px|thumb]]
[[image:INVS.jpg|Warning of the French INVS|260px|thumb]]
[[image:Swissmedic.jpg|Warning of the Swiss Swissmedic|300px|thumb]]
[[image:BAG.jpg|Warning of the Swiss BAG|300px|thumb]]
Since 2010 several administrations caution against buying and administering MMS.

* On July 30, 2010, the FDA (USA) issued a warning against applying MMS since it contained industrial bleaching agents and could lead to severe health damages. According to this statement, several reports on health damages found with MMS customers had reached the FDA. Nausea, vomiting, and life-threatening cases of dehydration had been reported. Customers still in possession of MMS were advised to destroy their supplies. Furthermore, the FDA had no research results indicating any benefit from applying MMS to HIV infections, hepatitis, flu, acne, cancer or common cold. Currently, the FDA also considers pressing charges against suppliers.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm220747.htm</ref><ref>http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430</ref> Humble reacted to this FDA ban with a warning to international MMS distributors:

:''Sorry, but my name and my picture must be removed from all sites selling mms in any form. All of the jim humble approval stamps must be removed from every site selling mms. This must happen immediately. Any time the attack comes if my approval is on any sales site that can be used to put me in jail. This is true in most countries as well as the united states, especially in Europe. Please comply with this. It is important. This must be done immediately. Taking my name off of your site will also keep you out of jail. Now is the time to change mms to nothing but water purification drops....When the time comes the authorities must see nothing but mms water purification drops. We will have to depend upon my book, radio, TV, you tube, and other internet articles to tell what mms really is. One other point, anywhere on your site where the word supplement is used it should be changed to the word "solution", the reason for that is the FDA objects to the word supplement, that begins to neutralize our sites. Is for your protection.''

*On October, 13. 2010, the Swiss Swissmedic issued a warning against MMS titled "Warning against the so-called miracle drug 'Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)'". According to Swissmedic, several reports on side-effects in connection with the use of "Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)" had been published in different countries. Oral ingestion, according to Swissmedic, caused ''gastrointestinal disorders of varying severity, including hospitalization due to life-threatening conditions''.<ref>http://www.swissmedic.ch/aktuell/00003/01409/index.html?lang=de</ref> Swissmedic refers to a warning against MMS issued by the Swiss "Bundesamt für Gesundheit" (BAG, Federal Office of Public Health) dating October 8., 2010. According to BAG, the "Schweizerische Toxikologische Informationszentrum" (STIZ, Swiss Toxicological Information Centre) had received several reports on health disorders after ingestion of MMS<ref>http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/lebensmittel/04861/11249/index.html?lang=de</ref>

*On October 5, 2010, French authorities "Institut de veille sanitaire" (InVS) and "Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé" (Afssaps) published a warning against MMS as the product "Solution minérale miracle" could cause health damages and had been the cause of several cases of intoxication in France (Ce produit est à l’origine de cas d’intoxication). Persons who had purchased MMS were warned against using it and persons already having ingested MMS were urged to see a doctor.<ref>http://www.invs.sante.fr/recherche/index2.asp?txtQuery=mms&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0</ref>

*In Canada MMS was already banned in May 2010 by "Health Canada"<ref>http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_74-eng.php</ref>

*In the meantime, Australia banned the selling of MMS and ordered suppliers to take back MMS bottles already sold, without further costs for customers.

==User Testimonials==
*''[...] all of this is tolerable (I hope my sexual dysfunction is only temporary) but the nausea and especially the pain in the stomach together with constant belching that also hampers sleeping are really bad. I don't know whether I can handle this [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=5</ref>
*''[...] I have registered just now to warn everybody against this tincture. Yesterday I made a tincture consisting of 50 drops of MMS and 250 drops of wine vinegar and I applied it, after waiting for 10 minutes, without encountering any skin problems. It was said that such a tincture could be stored for three days without any problems. This morning I opened the flask containing the tincture and I almost fell off my chair. The fumes were so strong that I almost dropped it and I spilled some of it. It was deep yellow! My eyes watered, my nose started running...Luckily after 15 minutes everything was OK again. I poured all of it away immediately [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=167</ref>
*''[...] So, I'm using MMS for 5 days now and I have very strong reactions of my body (15 drops in the morning on empty stomach, 15 drops in the evening after dinner), including diarrhea - headache - and, to my big surprise, a heavy head cold, the nose is running all the time [...].''<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=3</ref>
* ''..the side effects are really severe. Dizziness, deafness on both ears, I can't focus my eyes, blurred thoughts that prevent me from articulating myself clearly, listlessness, weariness and (a special nuisance to my wife) erectional dysfunction...The nausea and especially the pain in the stomach and belly, together with constant belching that also hamper my sleep are really bad. So I don't know how I gonna handle this.''<ref>Quotation of a user "Uwe" in the "MMS Selbsthilfeforum" (MMS self-help forum)</ref>
 
==MMS-Quackery and cancer patients==
[[image:newlands4.jpg|Jillian Margaret Newlands|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:newlands5.jpg|180px|thumb]]
In 2009, an Australian quack named Jillian Margaret Newlands from Mackay (Queensland) who had no license for conducting medical treatments was sentenced to a fine of 12.000 AUD and her equipment was seized<ref>http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=63436</ref><ref>http://scepticsbook.com/2009/04/23/quack-fined-12000-ordered-to-stop-selling-fake-cancer-treatment/</ref> for treating patients suffering from breast cancer under non-sterile conditions with MMS infusions in her so-called ''treatment centre''. To avoid any attention she conducted these treatments in her own garage and urged patients to keep silent about it. Furthermore she advised against chemotherapy. This case could be fully reconstructed because undercover-agent Loretta Marron, who was successfully cured of breast cancer with accepted therapies, managed to videotape such a treatment, using a hidden camera<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_R8S1sp2YvQ</ref>. The patient treated, named Maria Worth, suffered a life-threatening blood clut after application of the MMS-infusion and had to be treated in the Toowoomba Hospital. She had paid 2,000 AUD for this useless and dangerous treatment - whereas the source material had a value of approx. 25 AUD.<ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=829</ref><ref>http://archive.i2p.com.au/?page=site/article&id=1270</ref><ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=901</ref>

==MMS2==
In the meantime, MMS-inventor Humble launched another product: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS2 MMS2]. This is the corrosive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite] (Ca(OCl)2). This compound was used more than a hundred years ago as a skin disinfectant. Since it is only badly tolerated, it had been replaced by more tolerable and effective substances. There are no reports on oral administration of this substance.

Calcium hypochlorite is also used as bleaching agent in the paper industry, but is more and more replaced, for reasons of environmental protection, by other substances. It is widely used as swimming pool disinfectant. Building supply stores provide cheap bulk packs for owners of private swimming pools.

In order to prevent negative side effects to the MMS sales, MMS2 is labeled as being ''as good and complimentary to'' MMS. It is also claimed that the combined application of the two substances lead to some kind of synergistic effects.

==Literature==
*Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): ''Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement''. Publisher: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP).
------------------------------------
*Lin JL, Lim PS. Acute sodium chlorite poisoning associated with renal failure. Ren Fail. 1993;15(5):645-8.
*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]
*Lubbers, J. R., Chauhan, S., Miller, J. K., and Bianchine, J. R. The effects of chronic administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate to normal healthy adult male volunteers. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 5 (2, 3): 879-888 (1982)
*Heffernan, W. P., Guion, C., and Bull, R. J. ''Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite in vitro''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(6): 1487-1499 (1979).
*Musil, J., Kontek, Z., Chalupa, J., and Schmidt, P. ''Toxicological aspects of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenol''. Chem. Technol. Praze. 8: 327-345 (1964)
*Moore, G. S., and Calabrese, E. J. ''The effects of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite on erythrocytes of A-J and C-57L-J mice''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 513-524 (1980)
*Moore, G. S. and Calabrese, E. J. ''G-6-PD-deficiency - a potential high-risk group to copper and chlorite ingestion.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 271-279 (1980)
*Moore, G. S., Calabrese, E. J. and Ho, S. C. ''Groups at potentially high-risk from chlorine dioxide treated water.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 465-470 (1980)
*Couri, D., Miller, C. H., Bull, R. J., Delphia, J. M., Ammar, E. M. ''Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats.'', Environ. Health Perspect. 46: 25-29 (1982)

==English Weblinks==
*http://www.scienceblogs.de/mutterwitz/2010/09/chlorbleiche-trinken-ist-ungesund.php
*[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430 David J Kroll: ''Can it get any worse?: industrial bleach as cancer and HIV cure'', Blog "Science-Based Medicine", 6.8.2010]
*http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach?

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.gesundheit.ch/mms
*[http://nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/mms-ein-wundermittel-fuer-afrika-und-auch-den-rest-der-welt-teil-1 Werbung für MMS im Nexus-Magazin]
*[http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=149 Misserfolge bei der AIDS-Anwendung]
* http://atheistage.org/?p=901

==Links to Material Safety Data Sheets and Fact Sheets==
*[http://biade.itrust.de/biade/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main-hit-h.htm&2.0 GESTIS-database of the BGIA for Natriumchlorit] (German)
*http://www.merck-chemicals.com/chemdat/en_US/Merck-International-Site/USD/ViewProductDocuments-File;sid=nlTZ8VeScFLY8RtcLBrMpv9STVdc7p-GWXvn1vhTu2Q0AEeOnY0kyX6Vv6DAtTlkhToR5ZC9TVdc7oSRG0v8wbpj?ProductSKU=MDA_CHEM-814815&DocumentType=MSD&DocumentId=%2Fmda%2Fchemicals%2Fmsds%2Fde-CH%2F814815_DE_CH.PDF&DocumentSource=GDS&Country=International&Channel=Merck-International-Site
*http://www.silbermann.de/download/SDB/06258070.pdf (German)
*http://www.judo-online.de/judo/EG-SICHERHEITSDATENBLAETTER/DE/Art-Nr_1701667_EG-Sicherheitsdatenblatt_Natrium.pdf (German)
*http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/chlorinedioxide/recognition.html

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Cancer Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:AIDS Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:Pseudomedical Therapy]]
[[category:Dietary Supplements]]

Dietary Supplements

2010-11-05T15:40:36Z

Cocoaslurper: Created page with 'thumb '''Dietary supplements''' are products legally considered as food. In Germany they are subject to the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Na…'

[[image:Nem.jpg|300px|thumb]]
'''Dietary supplements''' are products legally considered as food. In Germany they are subject to the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittelverordnung Dietary supplement Regulation] (Nahrungsergänzungsmittelverordnung, NemV) and with this are always governed by the laws regulating food [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=LFGB LFGB] and are therefore not meant to have medical effect, work as remedies or prevent illnesses. In the EU they must correspond to guideline 2002/46/EG. In Germany it is not allowed that dietary supplements develop a pharmaceutical effect or claim that they have one and have no major role in human biological [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bioenergetik bioenergetics]. Their usage does not counter the effects of long-term malnutrition. Dietary supplements overlap with functional food.

In the USA dietary supplements are over-the-counter(OTC)-products, meaning that they can be sold in regular shops without having to have a prescription. However, the US-American regulations are more liberal than the German ones: A lot of products sellable as OTC in the states are regarded as pharmaceutical drugs liable to registration. In the USA approval of drugs is in the responsibility of the "Food & Drugs Administration".

Dietary supplements are in most cases packaged mimicking pharmaceutical drugs so that most times a layperson can't clearly differ them from drugs. This can lead to confusion. In particular cases even experts can have difficulties to differ them from pharmaceutical drugs, judging the substances and their concentration contained in such products.

Dietary supplements are a typical domain of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MLM Multi-Level-Marketing] (MLM) and the specific advertisement and marketing methods used there. Also, drastic differences in price for the same substance are not uncommon with dietary supplement. They are most of the time used in the body building area and respective gyms but can also be found in competitive sports. Dietary supplements are also a corner stone of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Orthomolekulare_Medizin orthomolecular medicine].

In Germany, in general older people buy dietary supplements: 50% of Germans aged 55 and older use them daily.

In Germany the dietary supplements industry has a lobby group called "NEM Verband mittelständischer europäischer Hersteller und Distributoren von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln & Gesundheitsprodukten" to represent their interests. It is currently headed by Manfred Scheffler, who is also managing partner of Plantafood. In the internet, this group uses "Freiheit für gesunde Nahrung" (freedom for healthy food) as rallying cry. One of their aims is the "abolishment of 'Abmahnvereine' [associations founded to observe compliance with anticompetion regulations], and the consumer protection should be put in the responsibility of an institute with equal representation of entrepreneur, scientist and consumers (political parties are excluded)".

==Definition (Germany)==
In Germany dietary supplements are de jure food that are subject to the LFGB (Lebensmittel- und Futtergesetzbuch, Food and animal feed code). In detail, dietary supplements are food having nutritional or physiological effects that are meant to complement the regular diet. They are sold in the form of capsules, pastilles, tablets, pills, ampoules containing liquids or bottles containing small amounts. Allowed substances are listed in the addendum 1 of Nahrungsergänzungsmittelverordnung (NemV, Dietary supplement Regulation).

==Legal situation==
===Germany/EU===
Dietary supplements only have to be registered with the Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety). Supervision of the dietary supplements offered in shops is in the duty of the food surveillance authorities of the states. Dietary supplements that had been marketed within the EU in insignificantly amounts before the [[Novel-Food]]-Regulation became effective are subject to the EC-regulation No 258/97 concerning novel food and novel food ingredients of the European Parliament and of the Council of January 27th, 1997<ref>http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997R0258:de:HTML</ref>. This is e.g. the case with [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Superfrucht exotic fruits] and products made out of them.
This regulation states that such food has to undergo an approval procedure before it can be marketed. This approval is granted only when in the course of this procedure the product is proven not to pose a health risk.
Also, there are labeling obligations regarding:
*all characteristics or nutritional properties like composition, caloric value or nutritional effects, intended use of the food resulting in a novel food or novel food ingredient that is not comparable to an existing food or food ingredient. A novel food is considered to be non-comparable when scientific analyzes has shown that the properties tested show differences to conventional food.
*the properties modified as well as the procedure used to achieve this modification are to be listed as well as
*substances contained that are not found in comparable existing food and that can influence the health of certain population group;
*substances contained that are not part of comparable existing food that meet ethical reservations. If no comparable food exists then regulations on proper consumer information have to be enacted.

The EC-Regulation No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of Decembre, 20th, 2006 is put into force by the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Health_Claims Health-Claims-Regulation] coming into effect. This rules that nutritional- and health- relevant claims are only to be used in advertisement and labeling when they are explicitly allowed by the "Health-Claims-Regulation" and correspond to nutrient profiles issued by the European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA)<ref>http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/644.htm</ref>. If a declaration (e.g. an advertisement claim) is not allowed then it can not be used. There is a prohibition principle with reservation on the granting of a permission: „What is not allowed is forbidden.". There is also a strict principle of scientific prove: Allowed is what can be proven using accepted scientific findings.

In Germany, according to §12 LFGB it was already prohibited to use health-related claims in relation to food<ref>http://bundesrecht.juris.de/lfgb/__12.html</ref>.

The German Dietary supplement Regulation are willingly avoided by importing such food from countries having more liberal regulations. Products containing prohibited dietary supplements can be obtained without any problems through sources in the USA, Russia or The Netherlands, the customs being able to block only single cases. Again, in such cases it is totally unclear what the ordered product contains.

==Allowed ingredients==
Typical ingredients are minerals, vitamins, pseudo-vitamins and antioxidants. In Germany, the NemV regulates in appendix 1 the ingredients allowed in dietary supplements[http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/nemv/anlage_1_8.html].

==Advertising messages used with dietary supplements==
Since January 1st2007 advertising messages used with dietary supplements are regulated by the new Health-Claims-Regulation. Same like other food, illness-related statements and indications are not allowed and their use can be fined. In practice, this prohibition is disregarded, both regularly and to a great extent. This is particularly true in the internet. Specifically so-called [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Guerilla-Marketing guerrilla marketing] methods (e.g. marketing on internet boards) are applied to avoid being fined for violating this ban on advertisement. Often, several of such advisers -disguised as regular users- appear who work together and 'complement' each other or a single person starts monologues with her own socket puppets. Usually new board users start threads on health questions and ask for advise. Shortly after that another new board user can offer such advise suprisingly fast and advertises a product she praises for having helped her or some acquaintances. Also, such marketers use private massages or E-mails targeting other users who ask questions.

The consumer advice center of Northrhine-Westfalia, after having performed random testing of internet boards, points out that such boards are used ''to stir attention'' for questionable dietary supplements. Such postings, most often written by resellers themselves, would be simply absurd most of the time. Some 30 of such reports on aloe-vera-gels,vitamin- and mineral preparations raised special attention. Half of the authors of these postings came out openly as resellers (5 reports) or offered at least additional information regarding the product or ways to order (10 reports). It should not surprise that 26 of the 30 reports checked claimed irregular and absurd advertisement messages.
While commercial producers and resellers would violate the prohibition of using health-related advertisement using such claims, the posters in internet boards are obviously of the opinion that they can operate freely. The food expert Angela Clausen of consumer advise centre Northrhine-Westfalia criticizes:”They act in a grey area, largely defying control of the food surveillance and are so far left undisturbed.”. The Higher Regional Court of Cologne decided in February 2008 that dietary supplement producers are also liable for exaggerated or wrong advertisements found on the home pages of their distribution partners(file reference: 6 U 149/07).<ref>http://www.vz-nrw.de/UNIQ122313037328397/link502181A.html</ref>

Advertisements of the dietary supplement industry almost always suggest a deficiency of certain substances or active agents. This is usually backed by dubious or biased sources or sources are quote-mined. Also, frequently small-scaled, producer-financed studies are presented as neutral sources.

==Alleged vitamin deficiency used as marketing argument==
Often dietary supplements are advertised to overcome an allegedly spreading vitamin deficiency. Vitamin in dietary supplements are not needed for healthy person living on a balanced diet. According to studies on the common dietary situation in Germany, dietary supplements are unnecessary except for special cases like pregnancy (folic acid), alcoholism (vitamin B12), or illnesses requiring a special diet. Such person must seek doctor's advise and should not rely on the recommendations of laypersons. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE, German Nutrition Society) compared the nutritional value of three kinds of food over the last 50 years. According to their findings, oranges have the same amount vitamin C as 50 years ago, same like potatoes. Only apples showed a oscillation over the years. But scientists think this to be due to the influence of the seasons and don't regard this to be an indication of a general loss of nutrients. Food chemists of the University of Kaiserslautern investigated the hypothesis of alleged loss of nutrients. They could not find any evidence indicating vitamin or mineral deficiency in persons living on a balanced diet. Gerhard Eisenbrand, head of the research group conducting this investigation, calls this nutrient deficiency a "myth". Beat Bächli discusses the history of marketing strategies for vitamin C deficiency in his book <ref>Beat Bächi: Vitamin C für alle! Pharmazeutische Produktion, Vermarktung und Gesundheitspolitik (1933-1953). Chronos Verlag</ref> [http://www.zeit.de/2009/21/A-Vitamin-C] [http://orf.at/090625-39701/?href=http%3A%2F%2Forf.at%2F090625-39701%2F38682txt_story.html].

==Dietary supplement business and volume in Germany==
Dietary supplements often have low production and high retail prices, meaning: they have a high profit margin. Fruit- and vegetable powders are cheap, but packaging very small amounts of it in gelatine capsules makes them quite expensive. Crab shells and grapefruit seeds are waste-products of the food-industry. Packaged in capsules and labeled as dietary supplement they can be sold at quite a high price.
Each year dietary supplements worth one billion <ref>Angaben des Bayerischen Rundfunk, 2008 [http://www.br-online.de/bayerisches-fernsehen/faszination-wissen/faszination-wissen-vitamine-nutrigenomik-ID1204988186794.xml]</ref> to 1.3 billion<ref>http://www.vz-nrw.de/UNIQ124099406705519/link556511A.html</ref> Euro are sold in Germany alone.

==Criticism==
The Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR, Federal Institute for Risk Assesment) deems dietary supplements unnecessary for healthy persons living on a regular diet<ref>http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/945</ref>. With such a diet the body would get everything it needs. An additional intake of single nutrients would therefore not be necessary. An unbalanced, one-sided diet wouldn't be balanced by the use of dietary supplements. Only specific situations uncommon in Germany would make a targeted supplementation of one's diet with specific nutrients reasonable. According to the German Nutrition Society supplementation of one's diet is reasonable only regarding iodine (in the form or iodated salt) and folic acid (for pregnant women).

An analyzes of different meta and randomized studies on the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of vitamins A, C and E (which are also promoted as [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Antioxidantien antioxidants]) as well as beta-carotene for treatment or prevention of coronary diseases, cancer, eye illnesses and common cold was distilled. It concluded that the existing randomized studies do not allow to deduce a clear clinical value. Additionally, beta-carotene increases the probability of acquiring lung cancer and the overall mortality rate, especially in smokers.<ref>Arzneimitteltelegramm, 2003; 34: 100-2, 111-3</ref>

Often, anti-oxidants are used by cancer patients to counter unwanted effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. Experimental as well as clinical data though support the fear that they, to a certain extent, can even protect tumor cells. According to several randomized studies, especially the concurrent intake of high dosages of anti-oxidants together with radiation therapy impairs response and decreases survival time.<ref>"Prävention mit Antioxidanzien: Schaden überwiegt", Arzneimitteltelegramm, 12/2008</ref>

==Dietary supplements and Doping==
An international study of the Institute of Biochemistry at the German Sport University Cologne, promoted by the IOC, found that approximately 15% of dietary supplements bought in 13 different countries contained anabolics (mainly prohormones) that were not declared on the package. In Germany app. 11% of samples contained prohibited anabolics. These anabolics are probably impurities stemming from the production process and have no doping effect, but they can lead to positive doping result. This poses a problem both to competitive athletes as well as to producers of dietary supplements. The so-called 'Kölner Liste' of the olympic training center in Cologne-Bonn-Leverkusen offers some guidance regarding doping contamination.

==Health Risks==
Freely available dietary supplements can severely damage the liver, especially those sold via the internet. They often contain pollution that damage the liver or contain substances prohibited in Germany because of this danger. This applies especially, next to curcumin extracts, St. Johns wort and slimming agents, to products of the company Herbalife.<ref>Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften, 14.09.2010 - NPO</ref><ref>http://www.scinexx.de/wissen-aktuell-12256-2010-09-14.html</ref><ref>http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/945</ref>

==Examples==
===German===
Some examples of [http://www.psiram.com/index.php?title=Kategorie:Nahrungserg%C3%A4nzungsmittel dietary supplements]:
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=11-Pflanzen-Schlank-Kur 11-Pflanzen-Schlank-Kur (11-herbs slimming agent)]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Anthocyane Anthocyane]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Avemar Avemar]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chlorophyll Chlorophyll]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Ginkgo_biloba Ginkgo biloba]]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Ginseng Ginseng]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Goji Goji]-berries
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Haifit Haifit shark cartilage]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Maca Maca]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Mangostan Mangostan]
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Mexican_Wild_Yam Mexican Wild Yam]

==Literature==
*Udo Pollmer, Susanne Warmuth. Pillen, Pulver, Powerstoffe: Die falschen Versprechen der Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. Verlag: Eichborn; (April 2008) ISBN-10: 382185622X ISBN-13: 978-3821856223
*Cohen PA. American roulette? contaminated dietary supplements. New England Journal of Medicine, 8. Oktober 2009 [http://healthcarereform.nejm.org/?p=2017&query=home]

==Weblinks(German)==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Diätetisches_Lebensmittel
*[http://www.vz-nrw.de/UNIQ122313051228656/link21080A.html Nahrungsergänzungsmittel - Revier der Scharlatane]
*[http://www.vz-nrw.de/UNIQ124099406705519/link556511A.html Nahrungsergänzungsmittel: Verbraucherzentrale NRW warnt vor oftmals gefährlichen Nebenwirkungen]
* http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/945
* http://www.dge.de/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=180
* http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/nemv/index.html
* http://www.krebsinformationsdienst.de/themen/behandlung/nahrungsergaenzungsmittel.php
* http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,624117,00.html
* [http://www.zeit.de/2010/22/E-Vitamine Eva-Maria Schnurr: ''Gesunde Ernährung - Leere Versprechen. Fast jeder dritte Deutsche nimmt Vitamintabletten. Doch neue Studien zeigen: Nur die Vitamine in echtem Obst und Gemüse sind gesund, Pillen können sogar schaden'', Zeit-Online, 14.6.2010]

==Weblinks(English)==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/sep/12/matthiasrath.aids Abuse of dietary supplemtn: Example of Matthias Rath]
*[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/361/16/1523.pdf Report on contamination in US-dietary supplements]
*http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/297/8/842.pdf

==Sources==
<references/>

[[category:Dietary Supplements]]

File:Nem.jpg

2010-11-05T15:19:18Z

Cocoaslurper:

Miracle Mineral Supplement

2010-11-02T15:31:03Z

Cocoaslurper:

[[image:mms.jpg|180px|MMS on eBay|thumb]]
[[image:Jimhumble3.jpg|180px|Inventor [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]] alias "Bishop James V. Humble"|thumb]]
'''Miracle Mineral Supplement''' (MMS or ''acitvated Oxygen'' or ''Vitamin O2'' respectively, MMS1, E 926) is the trade name of a dietary supplement containing so-called ''activated oxygen''. In fact MMS products contain sodium chlorite which under certain circumstances can release the disinfectant Chlorine dioxide. MMS was invented by the American engineer [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]]. Humble is not known for having any formal qualificaition in the field of health care. The self-proclaimed 'Bishop' Humble also founded his own religion and his own church called "Genesis II Church of Health and Healing" which markets PhDs and Reverend-titles of no value.

There is no known scientific study or literature dealing with ''Miracle Mineral Supplement'' which proves it a suitable cure for any kind of illness. Proponents of MMS refer to allegedly successful experiments with humans. Such experiments were purportedly conducted in a prison in the African country of Malawi where prisoners were allegedly forced to ingest the disinfectant<ref>http://www.miraclems.com</ref><ref>http://www.alleinklang.tv/themen/naturheilkunde/mms-tropfen-miracle-mineral-supplement.html</ref>. There are further claims of successful experiments with humans suffering from AIDS having been conducted in Uganda, though no quotable technical literature proving these miracle healings is mentioned. MMS, irresponsibly and without any critical checking, gets advertised in a number of German language esoteric periodicals like [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zeitenschrift Zeitenschrift]<ref>Benjamin Seiler, Zeitenschrift, Heft 59</ref> and the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Mobiwell_Verlag Mobiwell Verlag] (Thomas Kirschner) as well as [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] (by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]) and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Lnc-2010 Lnc-2010].

Since there is no evidence proving this product indeed works as some kind of "illness killer", the usual conspiracy theories dealing with suppression by authorities have been made up. In the case of MMS, the internationally operating [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bilderberger Bilderberger] are accused of conspiring to suppress this saving remedy as their contribution to a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bevölkerungsreduktionsprogramm world-wide population reduction program]. This meets another criterion of the [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/avoid.html Ten criteria for quackery].

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Dioxychlor Dioxychlor] is a product competing with MMS.

==MMS==
[[image:gefahr.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:MMS_VUF.jpg|MMS advertisement found in "vitalundfit100 SL" by Lothar Paulus including the hazard symbol Xn|thumb]]
[[image:aetzend.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:180px-MMS7.jpg|typical advertisement|left|thumb]]
MMS is supposed to contain Chlorine dioxide as an active component which is toxic and harmful to the environment. Sodium chlorite, which dissociates to Chlorine dioxide, is also named. Also, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zitronensaft lemon juice] is supposed to be included, which is said to have antibiotic properties and, according to Humble, is supposedly the most effective illness killer around. Chlorine dioxide is a yellow-reddish explosive with a pungent odour. Chlorine dioxide, being a disinfectant, undisputedly does kill germs. It is therefore used in water treatment in the so-called chlorination and is responsible for the characteristic smell of swimming pools and sometimes causes reddened eyes. Chlorine dioxide is also used in the paper industry for bleaching purposes and also acts as a preservative in foods (E 926) (American chicken contaminated with chlorine dioxide were an issue with the EU-Commission<ref>http://lifestyle.t-online.de/c/15/15/71/42/15157142.html</ref> and were accepted with some constraints after being viewed as "unappetizing" in 1997. In future it is planned to label such chickens as "chlorine-treated from the USA").

Nobody would ever imagine drinking Domestos to treat a bacterial or viral infection. As with [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kolloidales_Silber colloidal silver], small concentrations have no negative health effects, but are absolutely ineffective as a therapy. Higher concentrations can, in principle, kill germs in the body but will at the same time negatively effect one's health.

Chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and belongs to the higher-oxidized chlorine compounds. Of all oxidizing biocides, Chlorine dioxide is the most selective one. It only reacts with reduced sulfur-compounds, secondary and tertiary Amines, and other highly reduced and reactive organical substances.

[[image:Mms77.jpg|Article from GSP|350px|thumb]]
Sodium chlorite is a very reactive, oxidizing solid matter. It reacts strongly with combustible materials, under certain conditions even being able to start a fire without a source of ignition, and it can facilitate existing fires. It bears the risk of acute as well as chronic health hazards. Chlorites have stronger methemoglobinic capabilities than Chlorates and have explicitly hemotoxic effects. Since Chlorine dioxide has no role in the human metabolism and consequently no deficiency diseases are known, the so-called Vitamin O2 has to be regarded a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Pseudovitamin pseudovitamin].

Whereas dietary supplements are usually advertised for being [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Antioxidantien antioxidants] which counter free radicals, now it's the turn of strong oxidizing agents, countering hazards and harmful bacteria in a most miraculous way, while leaving harmless bacteria as well as body cells unharmed.

The periodical GPSP (Gute Pillen - Schlechte Pillen, Good Pills - Bad Pills) evaluates MMS as a product meeting quackery criteria<ref>Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement. Herausgeber: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP)</ref>

==MMS-Gasbag==
[[image:Humble_gasbag.jpg|Inventor Jim Humble wearing "gasbag"|180px|thumb]]
In 2010, the MMS inventor presented a special form of application, the MMS gas bag. Two plastic garbage bags are put into one another, forming a closed room and are sealed with tape. An opening is then cut into the upper end. Then a small bowl containing activated MMS is put into the gas bag, allowing the formation of Chlorine dioxide. The user then enters the gas bag naked, exposing their skin to the gas.

==Marketing==
[[image:Lothar_Paulus.jpg|Lothar Paulus and Jim Humble enjoying Fast-Food|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:BewusstTVMMS2.jpg|Sponsored report on [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]|thumb]]

In Germany, MMS products are marketed by Luxusline LTD. (director: Dennis Hamann) of Hildesheim and "Julis Foundation Inc." by Norbert Miller from Neuburg a.d. Donau. MMS is also sold via [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MLM Multi-Level-Marketing] and can be found on eBay where it is advertised using health-related promises, violating the German regulations on dietary supplements (NEM-Verordnung). The product sold consists of Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and comes with an instruction manual dealing with the risks of DIY production of Chloride dioxide.

In November 2008, Humble participated in a conference on "Neuartige Heilmethoden" (new methods of healing) which was organized by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jupiter-Verlag Jupiter-Verlag] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Adolf_Schneider Adolf Schneider]. By their own account, Jupiter-Verlag sold MMS bottles at the premises. Humble had been invited to Europe by the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Heilpraktiker alternative practitioner] Sabine Linek.

In German-speaking countries, MMS is also sold by Lothar Paulus via several web sites. Paulus obviously operates his business from Ibiza and owns the Ibiza-registered company "vitalundfitmit100 S.L.".<ref>vitalundfitmit100 S.L., Geschäftsführer Lothar Paulus, Ctr. Ibiza-Sant Josep, km 11,5 Apdo. 282, E-07830 Sant Josep Spanien. Telefon: +34 971343623 / +49 1637726543 Fax +34971343623.
Lothar Paulus, C/des Calo, Cala de Bou, edificio PalmBeach 2-2d 07839 Sant Josep, Ibiza Spanien</ref> It is interesting to note that Paulus sells MMS-products bearing the "Xn" (harmful) hazard symbol. This symbol is used to label harmful substances which will cause permanent damage to one's health when being swallowed, inhaled or, by penetrating the skin, can cause acute or chronic damages. Typical products labeled like this are toilet cleaners.

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV], a project of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad], sells MMS in its web shop. Advertisements for MMS can be found on the web sites of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=AllEinKlang.tv AllEinKlang.tv], an esoteric project run by Hans Hubert Küppers of Northrhine-Westfalia.

==Users==
[[image:MMS_Rohsmann.jpg|Peter Rohsmann|380px|thumb]]
[[image:Linek_Schustereder.jpg|Sabine Linek / Klaus Schustereder|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Arcadia.jpg|MMS advertisement found in the web shop "Arcadia Eden" of Peter Rohsmann, a medical practitioner.|350px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Douwes.jpg|Advertisement for the non-approved drug MMS by the medical dirrector of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling, Friedrich R. Douwes|300px|thumb]]

Another German MMS proponent is the general practitioner Peter Rohsmann from Habach (near Munich) who also sells MMS products. 
Currently, Rohsmann is running a web shop called "Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K.".<ref>Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K., Sindelsdorferstr. 12, 82392 Habach-Dürnhausen</ref> which is registered at his home address. In this shop he also offers a variety of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel dietary supplements] and household cleaners ("ionized water") as well as MMS as a "Mach mich sauber"(make me clean) system for the treatment of drinking water. Rohsmann warns against the dangers of his product: ''..Harmful in contact with skin - Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas - Risk of serious damage to eyes - Keep away from acids, reducing agents and combustible material - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection - Keep out of the reach of children - Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point..''<ref>https://www.arcadia-eden.com/wasserbehandlung/mms-neu/</ref>

A further user of the non-approved drug MMS is the medical practitioner Friedrich R. Douwes. He is the medical director of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling. Quotation Douwes: ''MMS is not for treatment of illness and only approved for disinfection of drinking water and food. If one decides though to ingest MMS, generally one should start with one or two drops of MMS, ideally at night before going to bed. It's best to take MMS 5-10 minutes before meals or 2 hours after meals... Using a clean drinking glass, for every drop of MMS one adds the same amount of "activator" (e.g. 10% Citric acid or 9% hydrochloric acid). Then the glass is swirled shortly and one allows the substances to react with each other for three minutes. The reaction time should be 3 minutes, possibly using a egg timer. After this the glass is filled up with water and the diluted solution is drunk without interruption...''<ref>http://www.klinik-st-georg.de/pdf/dr_douwes_informiert/2010-04_MMS_Wirkung.pdf</ref> This hospital also offers further pseudo-medical therapies (especially for treatment of cancer): [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Artemisinin Artemisinin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Misteltherapie mistletoe therapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Insulinpotenzierte_Therapie Insulin Potentation] (IPT), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kaffee-Einlauf coffee-enema], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Colon-Hydro-Therapie Colon hydrotherapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hyperthermie whole-body hyperthermia], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Electro_Cancer_Therapy Electro Cancer Therapy], "organo-therapy " with thymus gland extracts ([http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Frischzellentherapie] cellular therapy), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Enzymtherapie enzyme therapy] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Entschlackung detoxification].

Another promoter of MMS in Switzerland is the Wile-based medical practitioner, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=TCM TCM]-therapist and media business man [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Ralph_Manser Ralph Manser].

According to an uncritical article on MMS published in the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin]<ref>http://www.nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/jim-humble-erstmalig-in-deutschland-beim-kongress-fuer-neuartige-heilmethoden/2?context=category&category=2</ref>, an Austrian "Dr.med. Klaus Schustereder" (born in 1973) conducted experiments on humans in the Central African Republic. [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Scenar Scenar]-user Schustereder is said to be head of the hospital of Baboua where he actually worked from 2005-2007. He supposedly tested MMS and a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Homöopathie homeopathic] remedy called "PC1" (which was created by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Chappell Peter Chappell]) on AIDS patients. A camera-man by the name of Christian Köhlert was supposedly present at these experiments in Baboua. According to the NEXUS report, he also acted as a miracle healer: (Quotation)

:''Christian Köhlert also treated people against Malaria using MMS. All of them were cured by the following day.''

An alternative practitioner who, according to her own testimony, contributed largely to MMS research is the Berlin based Sabine Linek.

==Side Effects==
According to advertisements of MMS resellers, the substance is free of side effects. But one can also find blood-curling and utterly unfounded information about MMS side effects on various web sites promoting it:

:''It is always a good sign if the intake of MMS leads to indisposition. Each change is a sure sign that MMS works and is killing harmful bacteria, virus, mould and yeast fungi and parasites. These dead organisms lead to the generation of toxic substances which trigger the so-called Herxheimer reaction.''<ref>Quelle: jimhumblemms.de</ref>

The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is indeed a phenomenon known in clinical microbiology. Such a reaction can only be proven by experts and is typically found when treating certain germs like Spirochaetaceae.

In August 2010, the professional journal "Pediatrics" published an article on children intoxicated by household cleansers in the period of 1990-2006, as they were reported by emergency rooms of hospitals. It was shown that the introduction of childproof closures lead to a reduction of such intoxications. The largest number of cases had been reported with Chlorine bleaching as it is used in MMS.<ref>Lara B. McKenzie, Nisha Ahir, Uwe Stolz, Nicolas G. Nelson: ''Household Cleaning Product-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency'', Pediatrics, 2.8.2010, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3392 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/peds.2009-3392v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=household&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Volltext]</ref>

Scientific literature on Chlorine dioxide (see references) shows possible unwanted consequences of a Chlorine dioxide intake found in laboratory animals and human beings. Most observations relate to laboratory animals though. It can cause the formation of methemoglobine. Also hemolytic anemia (caused by a breakdown of red blood cells) and reduced Glutathion-levels can be found. High Chlorine dioxide levels in the blood are also viewed as being toxic for the kidneys and reduce the average life span of rats and lead to a reduced body mass. Impacts on thyroid glands and the hemogram in apes/monkeys have been reported.

In 1982 a blinded study was conducted where healthy test persons drank a small amount of Chlorine dioxide in water. The small amount of 0,1 milligram ClO2 was tolerated by all test persons without any symptoms.<ref>*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]</ref>

==Administrations advise against MMS==
[[image:MMS_Canada.jpg|Warning of Health Canada|left|250px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_FDA.jpg|Warning of US-FDA|260px|thumb]]
[[image:INVS.jpg|Warning of the French INVS|260px|thumb]]
[[image:Swissmedic.jpg|Warning of the Swiss Swissmedic|300px|thumb]]
[[image:BAG.jpg|Warning of the Swiss BAG|300px|thumb]]
Since 2010 several administrations caution against buying and administering MMS.

* On July 30, 2010, the FDA (USA) issued a warning against applying MMS since it contained industrial bleaching agents and could lead to severe health damages. According to this statement, several reports on health damages found with MMS customers had reached the FDA. Nausea, vomiting, and life-threatening cases of dehydration had been reported. Customers still in possession of MMS were advised to destroy their supplies. Furthermore, the FDA had no research results indicating any benefit from applying MMS to HIV infections, hepatitis, flu, acne, cancer or common cold. Currently, the FDA also considers pressing charges against suppliers.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm220747.htm</ref><ref>http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430</ref> Humble reacted to this FDA ban with a warning to international MMS distributors:

:''Sorry, but my name and my picture must be removed from all sites selling mms in any form. All of the jim humble approval stamps must be removed from every site selling mms. This must happen immediately. Any time the attack comes if my approval is on any sales site that can be used to put me in jail. This is true in most countries as well as the united states, especially in Europe. Please comply with this. It is important. This must be done immediately. Taking my name off of your site will also keep you out of jail. Now is the time to change mms to nothing but water purification drops....When the time comes the authorities must see nothing but mms water purification drops. We will have to depend upon my book, radio, TV, you tube, and other internet articles to tell what mms really is. One other point, anywhere on your site where the word supplement is used it should be changed to the word "solution", the reason for that is the FDA objects to the word supplement, that begins to neutralize our sites. Is for your protection.''

*On October, 13. 2010, the Swiss Swissmedic issued a warning against MMS titled "Warning against the so-called miracle drug 'Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)'". According to Swissmedic, several reports on side-effects in connection with the use of "Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)" had been published in different countries. Oral ingestion, according to Swissmedic, caused ''gastrointestinal disorders of varying severity, including hospitalization due to life-threatening conditions''.<ref>http://www.swissmedic.ch/aktuell/00003/01409/index.html?lang=de</ref> Swissmedic refers to a warning against MMS issued by the Swiss "Bundesamt für Gesundheit" (BAG, Federal Office of Public Health) dating October 8., 2010. According to BAG, the "Schweizerische Toxikologische Informationszentrum" (STIZ, Swiss Toxicological Information Centre) had received several reports on health disorders after ingestion of MMS<ref>http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/lebensmittel/04861/11249/index.html?lang=de</ref>

*On October 5, 2010, French authorities "Institut de veille sanitaire" (InVS) and "Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé" (Afssaps) published a warning against MMS as the product "Solution minérale miracle" could cause health damages and had been the cause of several cases of intoxication in France (Ce produit est à l’origine de cas d’intoxication). Persons who had purchased MMS were warned against using it and persons already having ingested MMS were urged to see a doctor.<ref>http://www.invs.sante.fr/recherche/index2.asp?txtQuery=mms&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0</ref>

*In Canada MMS was already banned in May 2010 by "Health Canada"<ref>http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_74-eng.php</ref>

*In the meantime, Australia banned the selling of MMS and ordered suppliers to take back MMS bottles already sold, without further costs for customers.

==User Testimonials==
*''[...] all of this is tolerable (I hope my sexual dysfunction is only temporary) but the nausea and especially the pain in the stomach together with constant belching that also hampers sleeping are really bad. I don't know whether I can handle this [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=5</ref>
*''[...] I have registered just now to warn everybody against this tincture. Yesterday I made a tincture consisting of 50 drops of MMS and 250 drops of wine vinegar and I applied it, after waiting for 10 minutes, without encountering any skin problems. It was said that such a tincture could be stored for three days without any problems. This morning I opened the flask containing the tincture and I almost fell off my chair. The fumes were so strong that I almost dropped it and I spilled some of it. It was deep yellow! My eyes watered, my nose started running...Luckily after 15 minutes everything was OK again. I poured all of it away immediately [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=167</ref>
*''[...] So, I'm using MMS for 5 days now and I have very strong reactions of my body (15 drops in the morning on empty stomach, 15 drops in the evening after dinner), including diarrhea - headache - and, to my big surprise, a heavy head cold, the nose is running all the time [...].''<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=3</ref>
* ''..the side effects are really severe. Dizziness, deafness on both ears, I can't focus my eyes, blurred thoughts that prevent me from articulating myself clearly, listlessness, weariness and (a special nuisance to my wife) erectional dysfunction...The nausea and especially the pain in the stomach and belly, together with constant belching that also hamper my sleep are really bad. So I don't know how I gonna handle this.''<ref>Quotation of a user "Uwe" in the "MMS Selbsthilfeforum" (MMS self-help forum)</ref>
 
==MMS-Quackery and cancer patients==
[[image:newlands4.jpg|Jillian Margaret Newlands|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:newlands5.jpg|180px|thumb]]
In 2009, an Australian quack named Jillian Margaret Newlands from Mackay (Queensland) who had no license for conducting medical treatments was sentenced to a fine of 12.000 AUD and her equipment was seized<ref>http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=63436</ref><ref>http://scepticsbook.com/2009/04/23/quack-fined-12000-ordered-to-stop-selling-fake-cancer-treatment/</ref> for treating patients suffering from breast cancer under non-sterile conditions with MMS infusions in her so-called ''treatment centre''. To avoid any attention she conducted these treatments in her own garage and urged patients to keep silent about it. Furthermore she advised against chemotherapy. This case could be fully reconstructed because undercover-agent Loretta Marron, who was successfully cured of breast cancer with accepted therapies, managed to videotape such a treatment, using a hidden camera<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_R8S1sp2YvQ</ref>. The patient treated, named Maria Worth, suffered a life-threatening blood clut after application of the MMS-infusion and had to be treated in the Toowoomba Hospital. She had paid 2,000 AUD for this useless and dangerous treatment - whereas the source material had a value of approx. 25 AUD.<ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=829</ref><ref>http://archive.i2p.com.au/?page=site/article&id=1270</ref><ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=901</ref>

==MMS2==
In the meantime, MMS-inventor Humble launched another product: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS2 MMS2]. This is the corrosive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite] (Ca(OCl)2). This compound was used more than a hundred years ago as a skin disinfectant. Since it is only badly tolerated, it had been replaced by more tolerable and effective substances. There are no reports on oral administration of this substance.

Calcium hypochlorite is also used as bleaching agent in the paper industry, but is more and more replaced, for reasons of environmental protection, by other substances. It is widely used as swimming pool disinfectant. Building supply stores provide cheap bulk packs for owners of private swimming pools.

In order to prevent negative side effects to the MMS sales, MMS2 is labeled as being ''as good and complimentary to'' MMS. It is also claimed that the combined application of the two substances lead to some kind of synergistic effects.

==Literature==
*Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): ''Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement''. Publisher: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP).
------------------------------------
*Lin JL, Lim PS. Acute sodium chlorite poisoning associated with renal failure. Ren Fail. 1993;15(5):645-8.
*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]
*Lubbers, J. R., Chauhan, S., Miller, J. K., and Bianchine, J. R. The effects of chronic administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate to normal healthy adult male volunteers. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 5 (2, 3): 879-888 (1982)
*Heffernan, W. P., Guion, C., and Bull, R. J. ''Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite in vitro''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(6): 1487-1499 (1979).
*Musil, J., Kontek, Z., Chalupa, J., and Schmidt, P. ''Toxicological aspects of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenol''. Chem. Technol. Praze. 8: 327-345 (1964)
*Moore, G. S., and Calabrese, E. J. ''The effects of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite on erythrocytes of A-J and C-57L-J mice''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 513-524 (1980)
*Moore, G. S. and Calabrese, E. J. ''G-6-PD-deficiency - a potential high-risk group to copper and chlorite ingestion.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 271-279 (1980)
*Moore, G. S., Calabrese, E. J. and Ho, S. C. ''Groups at potentially high-risk from chlorine dioxide treated water.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 465-470 (1980)
*Couri, D., Miller, C. H., Bull, R. J., Delphia, J. M., Ammar, E. M. ''Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats.'', Environ. Health Perspect. 46: 25-29 (1982)

==English Weblinks==
*http://www.scienceblogs.de/mutterwitz/2010/09/chlorbleiche-trinken-ist-ungesund.php
*[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430 David J Kroll: ''Can it get any worse?: industrial bleach as cancer and HIV cure'', Blog "Science-Based Medicine", 6.8.2010]
*http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach?

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.gesundheit.ch/mms
*[http://nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/mms-ein-wundermittel-fuer-afrika-und-auch-den-rest-der-welt-teil-1 Werbung für MMS im Nexus-Magazin]
*[http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=149 Misserfolge bei der AIDS-Anwendung]
* http://atheistage.org/?p=901

==Links to Material Safety Data Sheets and Fact Sheets==
*[http://biade.itrust.de/biade/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main-hit-h.htm&2.0 GESTIS-database of the BGIA for Natriumchlorit] (German)
*http://www.merck-chemicals.com/chemdat/en_US/Merck-International-Site/USD/ViewProductDocuments-File;sid=nlTZ8VeScFLY8RtcLBrMpv9STVdc7p-GWXvn1vhTu2Q0AEeOnY0kyX6Vv6DAtTlkhToR5ZC9TVdc7oSRG0v8wbpj?ProductSKU=MDA_CHEM-814815&DocumentType=MSD&DocumentId=%2Fmda%2Fchemicals%2Fmsds%2Fde-CH%2F814815_DE_CH.PDF&DocumentSource=GDS&Country=International&Channel=Merck-International-Site
*http://www.silbermann.de/download/SDB/06258070.pdf (German)
*http://www.judo-online.de/judo/EG-SICHERHEITSDATENBLAETTER/DE/Art-Nr_1701667_EG-Sicherheitsdatenblatt_Natrium.pdf (German)
*http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/chlorinedioxide/recognition.html

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Cancer Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:AIDS Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:Pseudomedical Therapy]]
[[category:Dietary Supplements]]

Jim Humble

2010-11-02T07:24:53Z

Cocoaslurper:

[[image:jimhumble.jpg|Jim Humble|thumb]]
'''Jim Humble''' (aka ''Bishop James V. Humble'') is a US-American engineer, author of (pre-transistor times) computer and mining technology manuals as well as inventor of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel dietary supplements] containing disinfectants that are by now banned in several countries. For several years the medical layperson is trying to sell dietary supplements. Since then the self-proclaimed "bishop" calls himself also "James V. Humble". Humble is some kind of founder of his own religion and also founded a church called "Genesis II Church of Health and Healing".

His whereabouts are currently not known for sure, most probably he's living in Mexico.

Humble claims that his invention, called [[Miracle_Mineral_Supplement|Miracle Mineral Supplement]] (MMS or MMS1), would be the most effective illness killer around, being the ideal treatment for AIDS, hepatitis A, B and C, malaria, herpes, tuberculosis, most kinds of cancer and many, many more.

By now he also offers [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS2 MMS2], a product containing Calcium hydrochlorite. German mail order companies offer it as a "chemical for swimming pool disinfection". According to MMS2 advertisement it should be administered internally in order to kill germs, viruses and parasites. MMS2 is, same like MMS, no approved drug

Judging from current announcements and talks it looks like Humble wants to have MMS tested in Haiti. Most recent announcement make one expecting the worst for non-informed patients: Currently he claims to "research" the administration of MMS with cancer-, hepatitis-C- and AIDS patients. Quotation Humble:

:''We’ve started doing clinical trials for AIDS, Hepatitis C and Cancer and those trials have been going pretty good and we have a guy who’s head of the prison system there – he’s also helping us. And the local hospital has agreed to give us 300 blood tests for free.
Interviewer: Are you allowed to say here on camera that MMS will cure cancer? Sure! I can say it – MMS will cure cancer.''<ref>http://noodlemaz.wordpress.com/2010/08/12/bleachgate-the-plot-thickens/</ref>

==Anecdotes==
Jim Humble makes others spread the word that he has cured 100.000 malaria victims using his self-invented MMS-mixture. He also claims to have "advised" more than 2000 people via phone and more than 4000 people via internet.

Humble himself spreads the rumor that he has worked on a mysterious "magnetohydrodynamic drive", next to a more banal garage door openers.

==Genesis II Church of Health and Healing==
[[image:Humble4.jpg|Bischop Humble|left|thumb]][[image:Humble_Ernennung.jpg|"Letter of appointment"|300px|thumb]]
[[image:Leadbeater_Wedgwood.jpg|Scandal-ridden bishops and Humble-predecessors Leadbeater and Wedgwood|thumb]]
Since 2010 Jime Humble has himself being addressed as "Bishop James V. Humble". Rev. Dr. Humble was "appointed" by an alleged archbishop Laurence (Larry) Jensen and his wife, the alleged bishop Glenda Green of a "One Holy True Original Church" from Arizona
<ref>http://www.originalchurch.org</ref>, which is also active as "Spiritis church", "Order of the Friends of Jeshua", "the Byzantine Catholic Church, Inc.", "the Liberal Catholic Church", "the Old Roman Catholic Church", "the American Orthodox Catholic Church" and so on.<ref>http://www.sott.net/articles/show/207643</ref>. The Original Churchs offers different pseudo-titles for the amount of 750 Dollar.<ref>http://www.originalchurch.org/PDF/spiritis-application-ministry-course.pdf</ref> They claim a 2000 year old lineage of bishops. In anecdotes, a kind of schism from the Roman Catholic Church is also claimed. Indeed one of the predecessors of the bishop, a Bishop James Ingall Wedgwood, left the catholic church. There had been clues for pedophile-inspired advances to boys that were that pressing that police had started investigating them. This was also the case with the direct Humble-predecessor and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Theosophie theosophist] C. W. Leadbeater who left the "Theosophical Society" after a pedophilia scandal became public. The list of the bishop predecessors:[http://www.originalchurch.org/apostolic-succession/apostolic-succession.htm]

The main activity of this new-religious MMS-sect, which was founded in 2010, is less religious but more "health and healing" as well as protection from vaccination. Humble:
:''..we are forming a church of health and healing. Now that's not religion, that's health and healing. It's called Genesis II Church of Health and Healing. (“Genesis” means the beginning, and “II” means the second beginning and this is the beginning of a new world without disease.)..''

To become member of the church, one has to pay 10 Dollar admission fee (shipment excluded) and has to assert that she will not be vaccinated:

:''If you wish to have a church membership identification card with your picture that states that you must not be vaccinated, the cost is $10 to join.''<ref>http://theforceiswithinyou.twilightlegend.com/off-topic-f11/bishop-jim-humble-t3117.htm</ref>

The money is transferred, via Paypal, to the Dominican Republic and Humble promises to put it on a church-owned account that only he and his successor know:

:''This is my personal PayPal account that is dedicated to the church. I will take the money out of this account periodically and deposit it in an account that no one knows that is known only to me and my successor and it will soon be recorded as church property and known to the church.

On his self-appointment:

:''I was ordained in the lineage of Bishops traced all the way back to Christ. Actually, the apostles were Bishops, and they were given the power to create Churches and other Bishops by Christ. All Bishops have had the power to create new Churches if they wished and to write the Articles of Association and Articles of Faith, and Creed of the Church. My name has been placed in the lineage.''

On the name of his "church" Humble says:

:''..Now, let me tell you the name of the Church. The name will be the Genesis II Church of Health and Healing. Genesis means the beginning. Two means the second beginning. And we are talking of the second beginning of the World and we are creating a world this second time without disease..''

The Genesis II "church" states that it has connections to good lawyers. Becoming a member would result in quite some advantages: for example, one could have the "church" appoint one as priest. With this one could bear the title "Reverend" in front of one's name and even hope for tax exemption and monetary income. As a "pastor" one should hand out MMS-bottles for free but at the same time ask for donations. The income stemming from donations would be higher than those coming from regular sales: ''..We already have tremendous lawyers who will help us....If you wish, you will receive a pastor’s certificate and you will have the legal right to use Reverend in front of your name. It will be legal for you to not pay income tax. You can also receive a certificate to start a chapter of our church right there in your area. You can hand out tracts telling about MMS and our healing and you will no doubt have people come to you for healing. It will be best not to charge for your service, instead ask for donations after they get well, and that usually takes only a few days. Most people will want to donate something when they get well. You will make more money that way than selling the bottles of MMS. If you keep at it you should soon have enough to start building a Church. Our course teaches you how to handle all diseases and health problems except those needing surgery which is a small number...We expect a reasonable donation but not great big either, but of course, great big is OK.''

==Trade with useless fantasy titles==
[[image:MMS_Titelhandel.jpg|Trading worthless fantasy titles|400px|thumb]]
By now Humble offers MMS-courses and fantasy titles in the Dominican Republic. Within a week and by paying 750 Dollar one can become a "Minister of Health" and put a "MH" behind one's name. A church member can also put a "rev" in front of the name. For additional 250 Dollars one can also learn to treat sick persons with MMS. These courses are held in the earthquake-struck and heavily damaged Haiti, which neighbours the Dominican Republic, and are part of a Genesis II Mission to Haiti. After a minimum of 3 days servicing the people on-site and after paying 1500 Dollar the course-graduates receive a pseudo doctor's degree with a useless "MMS certificate", promising that this allows to legally bear a "Rev. Dr.", which is wrong.

Special members even had the chance to become "bishop" of the "G2-church" themselves.

==Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jim_Humble German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach?

==References==
Quotations from:
*http://genesis2church.com/2010/04/26/an-open-letter-from-bishop-jim-humble-to-all-interested-in-the-genesis-ii-church/
---------------
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Humble, Jim}}
[[category:Inventor]]
[[category:Pseudomedic]]
[[category:Anti-vaccinationist]]
[[category:Sect leader]]
[[category:Sect]]
[[category:Engineer]]

Miracle Mineral Supplement

2010-11-02T07:21:33Z

Cocoaslurper:

[[image:mms.jpg|180px|MMS on eBay|thumb]]
[[image:Jimhumble3.jpg|180px|Inventor [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]] alias "Bishop James V. Humble"|thumb]]
'''Miracle Mineral Supplement''' (MMS or ''acitvated Oxygen'' or ''Vitamin O2'' respectively, MMS1, E 926) is the trade name of a dietary supplement containing so-called ''activated oxygen''. In fact MMS-products contain sodium chlorite that under certain circumstances can release the disinfectant Chlorine dioxide. MMS was invented by the American engineer [[Jim_Humble|Jim Humble]]. Humble is not known for having any formal qualificaition in the field of health care. The self-proclaimed 'Bishop' Humble is also some kind of founder of his own religion and his own church called "Genesis II Church of Health and Healing", that markets PhDs and Reverend-titles of no value.

There is no known scientific study or literature dealing with ''Miracle Mineral Supplement'' that would prove it to be a suitable cure for any kind of illness. Proponents of MMS refer to allegedly successful experiments with humans. Such experiments were purportedly conducted in a prison in the African country of Malawi where prisoners were supposedly forced to ingest the disinfectant<ref>http://www.miraclems.com</ref><ref>http://www.alleinklang.tv/themen/naturheilkunde/mms-tropfen-miracle-mineral-supplement.html</ref>. Also, it is claimed that successful experiments with humans suffering from AIDS have been conducted in Uganda, though no quotable technical literature that would prove these miracle healings is given. MMS is irresponsibly and without any critical checking advertised in a number of German-speaking esoteric periodicals like [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zeitenschrift Zeitenschrift]<ref>Benjamin Seiler, Zeitenschrift, Heft 59</ref> and the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Mobiwell_Verlag Mobiwell Verlag] (Thomas Kirschner) as well as [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] (by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]) and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Lnc-2010 Lnc-2010].

Since there is no evidence proving this product to work as some kind of "illness killer", the usual conspiracy theories dealing with suppression by the state are made up. In the case of MMS, the international operating [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bilderberger Bilderberger] are accused of conspiring to suppress this saving remedy as their contribution in a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bevölkerungsreduktionsprogramm world-wide population reduction program]. This fulfills another criterion of the [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/avoid.html Ten criteria for quackery].

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Dioxychlor Dioxychlor] is a product competing with MMS.

==MMS==
[[image:gefahr.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:MMS_VUF.jpg|MMS advertisement found in "vitalundfit100 SL" by Lothar Paulus including the hazard symbol Xn|thumb]]
[[image:aetzend.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[image:180px-MMS7.jpg|typical advertisement|left|thumb]]
MMS is supposed to contain Chlorine dioxide as active component, which is toxic and harmful to the environment. Sodium chlorite, which dissociates to Chlorine dioxide, is also named. Also, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Zitronensaft lemon juice] is supposed to be included, which is claimed to have antibiotic properties and, according to Humble, is supposedly the most effective illness killer of all. Chlorine dioxide is a yellow-reddish explosive with a pungent odour. It is undisputed that Chlorine dioxide, being a disinfectant, kills germs. It is therefore used in the water treatment in the so-called chlorination and is responsible for the characteristic smell of swimming pools and sometimes leads to reddened eyes. Chlorine dioxide is also used in the paper industry for bleaching purposes and acts also as preservative in foods (E 926) (American chicken being contaminated with chlorine dioxide had been an issue with the EU-Commission<ref>http://lifestyle.t-online.de/c/15/15/71/42/15157142.html</ref> and were allowed with some constraints after being viewed as "unappetizing" in 1997. In future it is planned to mark such chickens as "chlorine-treated from the USA").

Nobody would ever imagine drinking Domestos to treat a bacterial or viral infect. Same like [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kolloidales_Silber colloidal silver], small concentration have no negative effect on the health, but are absolutely effectless as a therapy. Higher concentrations can, in principle, kill germs in the body but will at the same time negatively effect one's health.

Chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and belongs to the higher-oxidized chlorine compounds. Of all oxidizing biocides Chlorine dioxide is the most selective one. It only reacts with reduced sulfur-compound, secondary and tertiary Amines and other highly reduced and reactive organical substances.

[[image:Mms77.jpg|Article from GSP|350px|thumb]]
Sodium chlorite is a very reactive, oxidizing solid matter. It reacts strongly with combustible materials, under certain conditions even being able to start a fire without a source of ignition and it can facilitate existing fires. It bears the risk of acute as well as chronic health hazards. Chlorites have stronger methemoglobinic capabilities than Chlorates and have explicit hemotoxic effects. Since Chlorine dioxide has no role in the human metabolism and consequently no deficiency diseases are know, the so-called Vitamin O2 has to be regarded as being a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Pseudovitamin pseudovitamin].

Whereas usually dietary supplements are advertised for being [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Antioxidantien antioxidants] that counter free radicals, now it's the turn of strong oxidizing agents, countering hazards and harmful bacteria most miraculously, while leaving harmless bacteria as well as body cells unharmed.

The periodical GPSP (Gute Pillen - Schlechte Pillen, Good Pills-Bad Pills) evaluates MMS as a product meeting quackery criteria<ref>Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement. Herausgeber: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP)</ref>

==MMS-Gasbag==
[[image:Humble_gasbag.jpg|Inventor Jim Humble wearing "gasbag"|180px|thumb]]
In 2010 the MMS-inventor presented a special form of application, the MMS gas bag. 2 plastic garbage bags are being put into one another, forming a closed room and sealed using tape. An opening is then cut into the upper end. Then a small bowl containing activated MMS is put into the gas bag, allowing the formation of Chlorine dioxide. The user then enters the gas bag naked, exposing her skin to the gas.

==Marketing==
[[image:Lothar_Paulus.jpg|Lothar Paulus and Jim Humble enjoying Fast-Food|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:BewusstTVMMS2.jpg|Sponsored report on [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV] by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]|thumb]]

In Germany MMS-products are marketed by Luxusline LTD. (director: Dennis Hamann) of Hildesheim and "Julis Foundation Inc." by Norbert Miller from Neuburg a.d. Donau. MMS is also sold via [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MLM] Multi-Level-Marketing] and can be found on eBay, where it is advertised using health-related promises, violating the German regulations on dietary supplemnts (NEM-Verordnung). The product sold consists of Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) and an instruction manual dealing with the risky making of Chloride dioxide in DIY-manner.

In November 2008 Humble took part in a conference on "Neuartige Heilmethoden" (new methods of healing) that had been organized by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jupiter-Verlag Jupiter-Verlag] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Adolf_Schneider Adolf Schneider]. By it's own account the Jupiter-Verlag sold MMS-bottles there. Humble had been invited to Europe by the the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Heilpraktiker alternative practitioner] Sabine Linek.

In the German-speaking world MMS is also sold by Lothar Paulus via several web sites. Paulus is obviously operating his business from Ibiza and owns the Ibiza-registered company "vitalundfitmit100 S.L.".<ref>vitalundfitmit100 S.L., Geschäftsführer Lothar Paulus, Ctr. Ibiza-Sant Josep, km 11,5 Apdo. 282, E-07830 Sant Josep Spanien. Telefon: +34 971343623 / +49 1637726543 Fax +34971343623.
Lothar Paulus, C/des Calo, Cala de Bou, edificio PalmBeach 2-2d 07839 Sant Josep, Ibiza Spanien</ref> It is interesting to note that Paulus sells MMS-products bearing the "Xn" (harmful) hazard symbol. This symbol is used to mark harmful substances that can chronically damage one's health when being swallowed, inhaled or, by penetrating the skin, can cause acute or chronic damages. Typical products marked like this are toilet cleaners.

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Bewusst.TV Bewusst.TV], a project of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad], sells MMS in it's web shop. Advertisement for MMS can be found on the web sites of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=AllEinKlang.tv AllEinKlang.tv], an esoteric project run by Hans Hubert Küppers of Northrine-Westfalia.

==Users==
[[image:MMS_Rohsmann.jpg|Peter Rohsmann|380px|thumb]]
[[image:Linek_Schustereder.jpg|Sabine Linek / Klaus Schustereder|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Arcadia.jpg|MMS-advertisement found in the web shop "Arcadia Eden" of Peter Rohsmann, a medical practitioner.|350px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_Douwes.jpg|Advertisement for the non-approved drug MMS by the medical dirrector of the hospital "Klinik St. Georg" in Bad Aibling, Friedrich R. Douwes|300px|thumb]]

Another German MMS proponent is the general practitioner Peter Rohsmann from Habach (near Munich), who also sells MMS-products. 
Currently Rohsmann is running a web shop called "Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K.".<ref>Arcadia Eden - Peter Rohsmann e.K., Sindelsdorferstr. 12, 82392 Habach-Dürnhausen</ref>, which is registered at his home address. In this shop he also offers a variety of [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Nahrungsergänzungsmittel dietary supplements] and household cleaners ("ionized water") as well as MMS as "Mach mich sauber"(make me clean)-system for drinking water treatment. Rohsmann warns against the dangers of his product: ''..Harmful in contact with skin - Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas - Risk of serious damage to eyes - Keep away from acids, reducing agents and combustible material - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection - Keep out of the reach of children - Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point..''<ref>https://www.arcadia-eden.com/wasserbehandlung/mms-neu/</ref>

A further user of the non-approved drug MMS is the medical practitioner Friedrich R. Douwes. He is the medical director of the "Klinik St. Georg"-hospital in Bad Aibling. Quotation Douwes: ''MMS is not for treatment of illnesses and only approved for disinfection of drinking water and food. If one decides though to ingest MMS, generally one should start with one or two drops of MMS, ideally at night before going to bed. It's best to take MMS 5-10 minutes before the meals or 2 hours ager the meals...Using a clean drinking glass, for every drop of MMS one adds the same amount of "activator" (e.g. 10% Citric acid or 9% hydrochloric acid). Then the glass is swirled shortly and one allows the substances for 3 minutes to react with each other. The reaction time should be 3 minutes, possibly using a egg timer. After this the glass is filled up with water und the diluted solution is drunk without interruption...''<ref>http://www.klinik-st-georg.de/pdf/dr_douwes_informiert/2010-04_MMS_Wirkung.pdf</ref> This hospital also offers further pseudo-medical therapies (especially for treating cancer): [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Artemisinin Artemisinin], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Misteltherapie mistletoe therapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Insulinpotenzierte_Therapie Insulin Potentation] (IPT), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Kaffee-Einlauf coffee-enema], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Colon-Hydro-Therapie Colon hydrotherapy], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hyperthermie whole-body hyperthermia], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Electro_Cancer_Therapy Electro Cancer Therapy], "organo-therapy " with thymus gland extracts ([http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Frischzellentherapie] cellular therapy), [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Enzymtherapie enzyme therapy] and [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Entschlackung detoxification].

Another promoter of MMS in Switzerland is the Wile-based medical practitioner, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=TCM TCM]-therapist and media business man [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Ralph_Manser Ralph Manser].

According to an uncritical article about MMS published in the [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=NEXUS_Magazin NEXUS Magazin]<ref>http://www.nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/jim-humble-erstmalig-in-deutschland-beim-kongress-fuer-neuartige-heilmethoden/2?context=category&category=2</ref>, an Austrian "Dr.med. Klaus Schustereder" (born in 1973) conducted experiments on humans in the Central African Republic. [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Scenar Scenar]-User Schustereder is stated to be head of the hospital of Baboua, where he actually was working from 2005-2007. He supposedly tested MMS and a [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Homöopathie homeopathic] remedy called "PC1" (which was created by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Chappell Peter Chappell]) on AIDS-patients. A camera man called Christian Köhlert was supposedly present at these experiments in Baboua. According to the NEXUS-report he also acted as a miracle healer: (Quotation)

:''Christian Köhlert also treated people against Malaria using MMS. All of them where healthy the following day.''

A alternative practitioner who, according to her own testimony, made a lot for the MMS research is the Berlin based Sabine Linek.

==Side Effects==
According to the advertisements of MMS resellers it is side-effect-free. But one can also find blood-curling and utterly unproved information about MMS-side-effects on different web sites:

:''It is always a good sign if the intake of MMS leads to indisposition. Each change is a sure sign that MMS is working and killing harmful bacteria, virus, mould- and yeast fungi and parasites. These dead organisms lead to the formation of toxic substances which trigger the so-called Herxheimer-reaction.''<ref>Quelle: jimhumblemms.de</ref>

The Jarisch-Herxheimer-reaction is indeed a phenomena known in clinical microbiology. Such a reaction can only be proven by experts and can typically be found when treating certain germs like Spirochaetaceae.

In August 2010 the professional journal "Pediatrics" published an article about poisonings of children with household cleanser in the period of 1990-2006, as they were reported by the emergency rooms of hospitals. It was shown that the introduction of childproof closure lead to a reduction of such poisonings. The most cases had been reported with Chlorine bleaching as it is used in MMS.<ref>Lara B. McKenzie, Nisha Ahir, Uwe Stolz, Nicolas G. Nelson: ''Household Cleaning Product-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency'', Pediatrics, 2.8.2010, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3392 [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/peds.2009-3392v1?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=household&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT Volltext]</ref>

Scientific literature about Chlorine dioxide (see references) shows possible unwanted consequences of a Chlorine dioxide intake found in laboratory animals and human beings. Most observations relate to laboratory animals though. It can cause the formation of methemoglobine. Also hemolytic anemia (caused by a breakdown of red blood cells) and reduced Glutathion-levels can be found. High Chlorine dioxide levels in the blood are also viewed as being toxic for the kidneys and reduce the average life span of rats and lead to reduced body mass. Impacts on thyroid glands and the hemogram in apes/monkeys have been reported.

In 1982 a blinded study was conducted where healthy test persons drank a small amount of Chlorine dioxide in water. The small amount of 0,1 milligram ClO2 was tolerated by all test persons without any symptoms.<ref>*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]</ref>

==Administrations advise against MMS==
[[image:MMS_Canada.jpg|Warning of Health Canada|left|250px|thumb]]
[[image:MMS_FDA.jpg|Warning of US-FDA|260px|thumb]]
[[image:INVS.jpg|Warning of the French INVS|260px|thumb]]
[[image:Swissmedic.jpg|Warning of the Swiss Swissmedic|300px|thumb]]
[[image:BAG.jpg|Warning of the Swiss BAG|300px|thumb]]
Since 2010 several administrations warn of buying and administering MMS.

* On July, 30, 2010 the FDA (USA) issued a warning of applying MMS since it contained industrial bleaching agents and could lead to severe health damages. According to this statement, several reports on health damages found with MMS-customers had reached the FDA. Nausea, vomiting and life-threatening cases of dehydration had been reported. Customers still having MMS were advised to destroy it. Furthermore, the FDA had no research results indicating any benefit from applying MMS to HIV-infection, hepatitis, flu, acne, cancer or common cold. Currently the FDA would also consider pressing charges against suppliers.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm220747.htm</ref><ref>http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430</ref>Humlbe reacted to this FDA ban with a warning to the international MMS distributors:

:''Sorry, but my name and my picture must be removed from all sites selling mms in any form. All of the jim humble approval stamps must be removed from every site selling mms. This must happen immediately. Any time the attack comes if my approval is on any sales site that can be used to put me in jail. This is true in most countries as well as the united states, especially in Europe. Please comply with this. It is important. This must be done immediately. Taking my name off of your site will also keep you out of jail. Now is the time to change mms to nothing but water purification drops....When the time comes the authorities must see nothing but mms water purification drops. We will have to depend upon my book, radio, TV, you tube, and other internet articles to tell what mms really is. One other point, anywhere on your site where the word supplement is used it should be changed to the word "solution", the reason for that is the FDA objects to the word supplement, that begins to neutralize our sites. Is for your protection.''

*On October, 13. 2010, the Swiss Swissmedic issued a warning of MMS head-lined "Warning of the so-called miracle drug 'Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)'". According to Swissmedic there had been several reports in different countries about side-effects in connection with the use of "Miracle Mineral Supplements (MMS)". After oral ingestion there was, according to Swissmecid, ''gastrointestinal disorders of varying severity, to hospitalization for life-threatening conditions''.<ref>http://www.swissmedic.ch/aktuell/00003/01409/index.html?lang=de</ref> Swissmedic refers to a warning of MMS issued by the Swiss "Bundesamt für Gesundheit" (BAG, Federal Office of Public Health) dating October 8., 2010. According to this the "Schweizerische Toxikologische Informationszentrum" (STIZ, Swiss Toxicological Information Centre) had received several reports on health disorders after ingestion of MMS<ref>http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/lebensmittel/04861/11249/index.html?lang=de</ref>

*On October 5., 2010, the French authority "Institut de veille sanitaire" (InVS) and "Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé" (Afssaps) published a warning of MMS since the product "Solution minérale miracle" could lead to health damages and had been the cause for several cases of intoxication in France (Ce produit est à l’origine de cas d’intoxication). Persons who had purchased MMS should not use it and persons already having ingested MMS were urged to see a doctor.<ref>http://www.invs.sante.fr/recherche/index2.asp?txtQuery=mms&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0</ref>

*In Canada MMS has already been banned in May 2010 by "Health Canada"<ref>http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_74-eng.php</ref>

*In the meantime Australia banned the selling of MMS and forced suppliers to take MMS bottles already sold back, without any further costs for the customer.

==User Testimonials==
*''[...] all of this is bearable (I hope that my sexual dysfunction is only temporary) but the nausea and especially the pain in the stomach and in the belly together with constant belching that also hampers sleeping are really bad. I don't know how I will handle this [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=5</ref>
*''[...] I have registered just now to warn everybody of this tincture. Yesterday I made a tincture consisting of 50 drops of MMS and 250 drops of wine vinegar and I applied it, after waiting for 10 minutes, without encountering any skin problems. It was said that such a tincture could be stored for three days without any problems. This morning I opened the flask containing the tincture and I almost fell off my chair. The fumes were so strong that I almost dropped it and I spilled some of it. It was deep yellow! My eyes watered, nose was running...Luckily after a quarter of an hour everything was OK again. I poured all of it away immediately [...]''.<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=167</ref>
*''[...] So, I'm using MMS now for 5 days and I have very strong reactions of my body (15 drops in the morning on empty stomach, 15 drops in the evening after dinner), including diarrhea - headache - and, to my big surprise, a heavy head cold, the nose is running all the time [...].''<ref>http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=2&page=3</ref>
* ''..the side effects are really severe. Dizziness, deafness on both ears, I can't focus my eyes, blurred thoughts that prevent me from articulating myself clearly, listlessness, weariness and (a special nuisance to my wife) erectional dysfunction...The nausea and especially the pain in the stomach and belly, together with constant belching that also hamper my sleep are really bad. So I don't know how I gonna handle this.''<ref>Quotation of a user "Uwe" in the "MMS Selbsthilfeforum" (MMS self-help forum)</ref>
 
==MMS-Quackery and cancer patients==
[[image:newlands4.jpg|Jillian Margaret Newlands|left|180px|thumb]]
[[image:newlands5.jpg|180px|thumb]]
In 2009 an Australian quacker named Jillian Margaret Newlands from Mackay (Queensland), who had no license for conducting medical treatments, was sentenced to a fine of 12.000 AUD and her treatment material was seized<ref>http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=63436</ref><ref>http://scepticsbook.com/2009/04/23/quack-fined-12000-ordered-to-stop-selling-fake-cancer-treatment/</ref> for treating breast-cancer patients under no-sterile conditions with MMS-infusions in her so-called ''treatment centre''. To avoid any attention she conducted these treatments in her own garage and urged the patients to keep silent about it. Furthermore she advised against chemotherapy. This case could be fully reconstructed though because the undercover-agent Loretta Marron, who herself had her breast-cancer successfully treated with accepted therapies, managed to videotape such a treatment, using a hidden camera<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_R8S1sp2YvQ</ref>. The patient treated, named Maria Worth, suffered a life-threatening blood clut after application of the MMS-infusion and had to be treated in the Toowoomba Hospital. She had paid 2000 AUD for this useless and dangerous treatment - whereas the source material had a value of app. 25 AUD.<ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=829</ref><ref>http://archive.i2p.com.au/?page=site/article&id=1270</ref><ref>http://atheistage.org/?p=901</ref>

==MMS2==
In the meantime MMS-inventor Humble launched another product: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS2 MMS2]. This is the corrosive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite] (Ca(OCl)2). This compound was used more than a hundred years ago as skin disinfectant. Since it is only badly tolerated it had been replaced by more tolerable and effective substances.There are no reports on oral administration of this substance.

Calcium hypochlorite is also used as bleaching agent in the paper industry, but is more and more replaced, for reason of environmental protection, by other substances. It is heavily used as swimming pool disinfectant. Building supply stores provide cheap bulk packs for owners of private swimming pools

In order to prevent negative side effects on the MMS sales, MMS2 is labeled as being ''as good and complimentary to'' MMS. It is also claimed that the combined application of the two substances lead to some kind of synergistic effects.

==Literature==
*Gute Pillen - schlechte Pillen. Nr. 5 (Sept./Okt. 2008): ''Aufgespießt - Miracle Mineral Supplement''. Publisher: Verbraucherzeitschrift für Medikamente in Deutschland, arznei-telegramm, DER ARZNEIMITTELBRIEF, Pharma-Brief und Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP).
------------------------------------
*Lin JL, Lim PS. Acute sodium chlorite poisoning associated with renal failure. Ren Fail. 1993;15(5):645-8.
*Judith R. Lubbers, Sudha Chauan, Joseph R. Bianchine: ''Controlled Clinical Evaluations of Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite and Chlorate in Man'', (1982) Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 46, S. 57-62, 1982. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf]
*Lubbers, J. R., Chauhan, S., Miller, J. K., and Bianchine, J. R. The effects of chronic administration of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate to normal healthy adult male volunteers. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 5 (2, 3): 879-888 (1982)
*Heffernan, W. P., Guion, C., and Bull, R. J. ''Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite in vitro''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(6): 1487-1499 (1979).
*Musil, J., Kontek, Z., Chalupa, J., and Schmidt, P. ''Toxicological aspects of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenol''. Chem. Technol. Praze. 8: 327-345 (1964)
*Moore, G. S., and Calabrese, E. J. ''The effects of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite on erythrocytes of A-J and C-57L-J mice''. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 513-524 (1980)
*Moore, G. S. and Calabrese, E. J. ''G-6-PD-deficiency - a potential high-risk group to copper and chlorite ingestion.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 271-279 (1980)
*Moore, G. S., Calabrese, E. J. and Ho, S. C. ''Groups at potentially high-risk from chlorine dioxide treated water.'' J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 465-470 (1980)
*Couri, D., Miller, C. H., Bull, R. J., Delphia, J. M., Ammar, E. M. ''Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats.'', Environ. Health Perspect. 46: 25-29 (1982)

==English Weblinks==
*http://www.scienceblogs.de/mutterwitz/2010/09/chlorbleiche-trinken-ist-ungesund.php
*[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=6430 David J Kroll: ''Can it get any worse?: industrial bleach as cancer and HIV cure'', Blog "Science-Based Medicine", 6.8.2010]
*http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach?

==German Weblinks==
*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=MMS German version used as base for this article]
*http://www.gesundheit.ch/mms
*[http://nexus-magazin.de/artikel/lesen/mms-ein-wundermittel-fuer-afrika-und-auch-den-rest-der-welt-teil-1 Werbung für MMS im Nexus-Magazin]
*[http://www.mms-selbsthilfe.de/showthread.php?t=149 Misserfolge bei der AIDS-Anwendung]
* http://atheistage.org/?p=901

==Links to Material Safety Data Sheets and Fact Sheets==
*[http://biade.itrust.de/biade/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main-hit-h.htm&2.0 GESTIS-database of the BGIA for Natriumchlorit] (German)
*http://www.merck-chemicals.com/chemdat/en_US/Merck-International-Site/USD/ViewProductDocuments-File;sid=nlTZ8VeScFLY8RtcLBrMpv9STVdc7p-GWXvn1vhTu2Q0AEeOnY0kyX6Vv6DAtTlkhToR5ZC9TVdc7oSRG0v8wbpj?ProductSKU=MDA_CHEM-814815&DocumentType=MSD&DocumentId=%2Fmda%2Fchemicals%2Fmsds%2Fde-CH%2F814815_DE_CH.PDF&DocumentSource=GDS&Country=International&Channel=Merck-International-Site
*http://www.silbermann.de/download/SDB/06258070.pdf (German)
*http://www.judo-online.de/judo/EG-SICHERHEITSDATENBLAETTER/DE/Art-Nr_1701667_EG-Sicherheitsdatenblatt_Natrium.pdf (German)
*http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/chlorinedioxide/recognition.html

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Cancer Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:AIDS Miracle Therapy]]
[[category:Pseudomedical Therapy]]
[[category:Dietary Supplements]]

File:MMS Titelhandel.jpg

2010-11-01T13:51:27Z

Cocoaslurper: