Changes

So far none of the aforementioned substances was identified clearly in contrails or jet exhaust fumes.

So far none of the aforementioned substances was identified clearly in contrails or jet exhaust fumes.

Speculations by anti-vaccination activist Anita Petek-Dimmer became a source of amusement in 2005, when she proclaimed that birds' flue (caused by the H5N1 virus) was the result of ionizing radiation from chemtrails. Petek-Dimmer believed that plutonium was added to chemtrails. Furthermore she assumed: ''This radioactive radiation does not only dissolve animal cells, but also those of plants.<ref>A. Petek-Dimmer: Vogelgrippe oder Vogelwahn. Wie man mit gezielter Propaganda Angst und Hysterie erzeugt. AEGIS IMPULS Nr. 23 2005</ref>

Speculations by the late anti-vaccination activist Anita Petek-Dimmer became a source of amusement in 2005, when she proclaimed that birds' flue (caused by the H5N1 virus) was the result of ionizing radiation from chemtrails. Petek-Dimmer believed that plutonium was added to chemtrails. Furthermore, she assumed: ''This radioactive radiation does not only dissolve animal cells, but also those of plants.<ref>A. Petek-Dimmer: Vogelgrippe oder Vogelwahn. Wie man mit gezielter Propaganda Angst und Hysterie erzeugt. AEGIS IMPULS Nr. 23 2005</ref>

==Known releases of substances in aviation==

==Known releases of substances in aviation==

[[image:chemtrail44.jpg|actual chemtrail|thumb]]

[[image:chemtrail44.jpg|actual chemtrail|thumb]]

[[image:hagelflieger.jpg|Cloud seeding equipment|left|thumb]]

[[image:hagelflieger.jpg|Cloud seeding equipment|left|thumb]]

Cloud seeders disperse silver iodide (with acetone) specifically into thunderstorms to prevent hail. Smoke is often used in air shows, or to study wake turbulence. Water can be used for the same purpose. As part of military operations clouds can be manipulated to create rain. Such interventions are internationally regulated in the ENMOD provision of the United Nations. During the Vietnam war, ''agent orange'' was used to defoliate forests. In case of an emergency, planes are allowed to dump fuel. Contrary to contrails, smoke trails form directly at the outlet, while contrails form in a clear distance behind the engines.

Cloud seeders disperse silver iodide (with acetone) specifically into thunderstorms to prevent hail. Smoke is often used in air shows, or to study wake turbulence. Water can be used for the same purpose. As part of military operations clouds can be manipulated to create rain. Such interventions are internationally regulated in the ENMOD provision of the United Nations. During the Vietnam war, ''Agent Orange'' was used to defoliate forests. In case of an emergency, planes are allowed to dump fuel. Contrary to contrails, smoke trails form directly at the outlet, while contrails form in a clear distance behind the engines.

==Chemtrail and weather radar==

==Chemtrail and weather radar==

[[image:chaff2.jpg|Chaff cloud over the Netherlands|left|thumb]][[image:chaff.jpg|Radar chaff|thumb]]

[[image:chaff2.jpg|Chaff cloud over the Netherlands|left|thumb]][[image:chaff.jpg|Radar chaff|thumb]]

Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim there were strange echoes on the weather radars of meteorological services which seem to be ''ghost clouds''. On July 19th 2005 e.g., the radar screens of German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation at the North Sea coast of the Netherlands which looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300&nbsp;km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might have looked like a mass of contrails. In this case, as well as in similar ones, ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff(RBC))'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads that reflect radar waves and disturb radar<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref>. Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they do not claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim there were strange echoes on the weather radars of meteorological services which seem to be ''ghost clouds''. On July 19th 2005 e.g., the radar screens of German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation at the North Sea coast of the Netherlands which looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300&nbsp;km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might have looked like a mass of contrails. In this case, as well as in similar ones, ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff [RBC])'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads which reflect radar waves and disturb radar.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref> Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they do not claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

==Logical counter arguments==

==Logical counter arguments==

A world wide secret program for creating artificial contrails coordinated by the UN, like chemtrail believers proclaim, must necessarily be kept secret by a large number of adept people who at the same time break the law. This group would also involve aircraft crews, manufacturers of technologies and means used, ground crews, and airport employees. Chemtrail Supporters like Platte even claim several pilots were fired for refusing participation in this hypothetical chemtrail project. However, not a single one of them has come forth as a whistle blower as of now.

A world wide secret program for creating artificial contrails coordinated by the UN, like chemtrail believers proclaim, must necessarily be kept secret by a vast number of adept people who, at the same time, break the law. This group would also involve aircraft crews, manufacturers of technologies and means used, ground crews, and airport employees. Chemtrail Supporters like Platte even claim several pilots were fired for refusing participation in this hypothetical chemtrail project. However, not a single one of them has come forth as a whistle blower as of now.

To achieve a concentration of 1&nbsp;mg of a specific substance per square metre, one must disperse 1&nbsp;kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5&nbsp;million square kms, requiring 10,500&nbsp;tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft, such as the Boeing KC-135, has a maximum load of 85&nbsp;tons of fuel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref>. Therefore 123&nbsp;aircraft of this type were needed to get the job done, if every plane is to fly only once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510&nbsp;million square kms, and 510,000&nbsp;tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000&nbsp;tankers. These figures require the use of the pure substance. If the substance had to be diluted, however, (for example&nbsp;1:9) then 5,100,000&nbsp;tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000&nbsp;Phantom tankers. This is 3.2&nbsp;times the official number of jets worldwide.

To achieve a concentration of 1&nbsp;mg of a specific substance per square metre, one must disperse 1&nbsp;kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5&nbsp;million square kms, requiring 10,500&nbsp;tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft, such as the Boeing KC-135, has a maximum load of 85&nbsp;tons of fuel.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref> Therefore, 123&nbsp;aircraft of this type were needed to get the job done, if every plane was to fly only once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510&nbsp;million square kms, and 510,000&nbsp;tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000&nbsp;tankers. These figures require the use of the pure substance. If the substance had to be diluted, however, (for example&nbsp;1:9) then 5,100,000&nbsp;tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000&nbsp;Phantom tankers. This is 3.2&nbsp;times the official number of jets worldwide.

Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding since the 1970ies until today (2009). This is based on an examination of data from 342&nbsp;weather stations across Europe and was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technologies in power plants which cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of that more sunlight reaches the ground.<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>

Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding since the 1970ies until today (2009). This is based on an examination of data from 342&nbsp;weather stations across Europe and was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technologies in power plants which cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of this, more sunlight reaches the ground.<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>

==Chemtrails in Goethe's times==

==Chemtrails in Goethe's times==

If one follows the arguments of chemtrail proponents there were chemtrails already in Goethe's times. On Thursday, May 20^th, 1820 Goethe noted: ''Very clear sky early in the day, by and by light cirrus, around noon rare, utmost outstanding phenomena, calling me out from the narrows to a free stead. Coming from west, accompanied by a resolute southerly wind, long, tender'' '''cirrus strips''' pulled up, ''solitarily as well as combined; while heading forward the front end bended to become small clouds, slightly further down blurred white cloudlets were moving, to be absorbed by those '' '''stripes''' '', all kinds of other cirrus were in the blue sky, cirrocumulus, '' '''gridded stripes''' '', everything moving and changing. By and by the sky became clouded[...] ''.<ref>J.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Goethe, Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, Band&nbsp;1 Heft&nbsp;3,1820</ref>

If one follows the arguments of chemtrail proponents, chemtrails already occured in Goethe's times. On Thursday, May 20^th, 1820 Goethe noted: ''Very clear sky early in the day, by and by light cirrus, around noon rare, utmost outstanding phenomena, calling me out from the narrows to a free stead. Coming from west, accompanied by a resolute southerly wind, long, tender'' '''cirrus strips''' pulled up, ''solitarily as well as combined; while heading forward the front end bended to become small clouds, slightly further down blurred white cloudlets were moving, to be absorbed by those '' '''stripes''' '', all kinds of other cirrus were in the blue sky, cirrocumulus, '' '''gridded stripes''' '', everything moving and changing. By and by the sky became clouded[...] ''.<ref>J.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Goethe, Zur Naturwissenschaft überhaupt, Band&nbsp;1 Heft&nbsp;3,1820</ref>

==Chemtrail Fakes==

==Chemtrail Fakes==

There are a lot of fakes and easy to see through [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hoax hoaxes] circulating in connection with chemtrails.

There are a lot of fakes and easy to see through [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Hoax hoaxes] circulating in connection with chemtrails.

In February 2008, chemtrail-proponent and internet message board moderator [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Platte Peter Platte] published a photo of uncertain origin (supposedly from a Vietnam war veteran) showing the interior of a ''chemtrail bomber'' (The 'Vietnam veteran' refers to a ''Tim White'', a widely used reference in chemtrail circles. This ''Tim White'' is Timothy Patrick White, born on March 5^th, 1947, a resident of Denver (Colorado). He is a fundamental Christian ''US patriot'', well-known proponent of confused conspiracy theories who uses several pseudonyms and was sentenced for possession of narcotics and stalking).

In February 2008, chemtrail-proponent and internet message board moderator [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Platte Peter Platte] published a photo of uncertain origin (allegedly from a Vietnam War veteran) showing the interior of a ''chemtrail bomber'' (The 'Vietnam veteran' refers to one ''Tim White'', a widely used reference in chemtrail circles. This ''Tim White'' is Timothy Patrick White, born on March 5^th, 1947, a resident of Denver (Colorado). He is a fundamental Christian ''US patriot'', well-known proponent of confused conspiracy theories who uses several pseudonyms and was sentenced for possession of narcotics and stalking).

Platte wrote in this message board: ''[...] this is simply sensational. This photo is the dream of every ct activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC&nbsp;767 of the US-Air Force, one of&nbsp;200. Up to now we only knew that chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN inspectors at manufacturers' sites, with containers sealed and shipped to the different operating sites afterwards. Now we also know what these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is clear evidence of how spraying is done and how the system works. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] Great picture, no doubt!!''

Platte wrote in this message board: ''[...] this is simply sensational. This photo is the dream of every ct activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC&nbsp;767 of the US-Air Force, one of&nbsp;200. Up to now we only knew that chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN inspectors at manufacturers' sites, with containers sealed and shipped to the different operating sites afterwards. Now we also know what these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is clear evidence of how spraying is done and how the system works. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] Great picture, no doubt!!''

The picture, however, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo published on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added fake inscriptions to two pictures of a Boeing&nbsp;777 passenger jet which, in the course of approval procedures, was equipped with measurement equipment and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, totally uncritical and gullible, embarrassed himself because he did not even notice the regular portholes visible in the photo. The website[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR] expanded this wild fantasy around the bogus photo even further: The dead-weight containers (in reality adapted beer casks) on the photos were, according to user united-mutations, ''tanks'' sealed by manufacturers under supervision of UN inspectors. The planes allegedly were altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark(Arizona), under supervision of the CIA, and had been in use worldwide since November 1998(with the notable exception of China). Tim White was named as the source of this amusing slipslop. A certain Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com, but at least recognized the picture as a fake. Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ) was used by the CIA during the Vietnam war and now is an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>

The picture, however, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo published on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added fake inscriptions to two photos of a Boeing&nbsp;777 passenger jet which, in the course of approval procedures, was equipped with measurement equipment and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, totally uncritical and gullible, embarrassed himself because he did not even notice the regular portholes visible in the photo. The website[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR] even further expanded this wild fantasy around the bogus photo: The dead-weight containers (in reality adapted beer casks) on the photos were, according to user ''united-mutations'', ''tanks'' sealed by manufacturers under supervision of UN inspectors. The planes allegedly were altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark (Arizona), under supervision of the CIA, and had been in use worldwide since November 1998 (with the notable exception of China). Tim White was named as the source of this amusing slipslop. A certain Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com, but at least recognized the picture as a fake. Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ) was used by the CIA during the Vietnam War and meanwhile is an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>

[[image:muennich.jpg|D.&nbsp;Münnichs invention: Cloud pictures from 1944 claimed to show Iraq war in 2003|500px|thumb]]

[[image:muennich.jpg|D.&nbsp;Münnich's invention: Cloud pictures from 1944 claimed to have been taken during Iraq war in 2003|500px|thumb]]

The [[Ryke_Geerd_Hamer|Hamer]] follower [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=David_Münnich David Münnich] is another source of forged pictures. He was born in 1982, lives in Saarbrücken and works as a web designer. He is to be credited that photos taken during the Ardennes Offensive in 1944 are presented as taken in Iraq war in 2003.<br>This demonstrates the shortcomings of arguing without giving verifiable sources.<br><br>

The [[Ryke_Geerd_Hamer|Hamer]] supporter [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=David_Münnich David Münnich] is another source of forged pictures. He was born in 1982, lives in Saarbrücken and works as a web designer. It is due to his efforts that photos taken during the Ardennes Offensive in 1944 were presented as having been taken in Iraq war in 2003.<br>This demonstrates the shortcomings of arguing without giving verifiable sources.<br><br>

[[image:Chemtrails_Jo_Conrad.jpg|Spreading the "Chemtrails"-conspiracy theory using statements that even a chemistry layperson can recognize as being a hoax or a fake|350px|thumb]]

[[image:Chemtrails_Jo_Conrad.jpg|Spreading the "Chemtrails"-conspiracy theory with statements which even someone uninformed about chemistry will recognize for a hoax or a fake|350px|thumb]]

Another proponent of Chemtrails is [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Braune_Esoterik extremist right esoteric] conspiracy theorist [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]. In August 2010, Conrad tried to spread the theory in his "Freigeist-Forum" (free thinkers' board) by showing a picture of an alleged chemtrail aircraft (see screenshot to the right dating from August, 26^th 2010 11:20am). The picture, however, shows nothing but "aerodynamic rainbow contrails" which can be attributed to a hoax<ref>http://contrailscience.com/aerodynamic-and-rainbow-contrails</ref>. The picture caption e.g. mentions "Barium-Hypertitanit", "Terraformit" and even "Spinnoinium-Oxydul". Fantasy substances like Spinnoinium (roughly: Crazeonium) or Terraformit do not exist and are only used to make the hoax more palpable. Explanations of measurement technology further reveal the hoax: Searching for devices like a "telegas chromatograph" or a "telerelevator" of a company by the name of "GCMS" only lead to other references of the hoax.<br>The original picture was taken in 2006 and, in contrast to the wrong caption in the hoax, shows a Virgin Atlantic Airways Airbus A340-642 (identification: G-VBLU) over China with a "rainbow-contrail" in an altitude between 8,000 and 9,000 meters.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Virgin-Atlantic-Airways/Airbus-A340-642/1088680/&sid=db4bb4807cfd3a3ce2356089fe628624</ref>

Another proponent of Chemtrails is [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Braune_Esoterik extremist right esoteric] conspiracy theorist [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Jo_Conrad Jo Conrad]. In August 2010, Conrad tried to spread the theory in his "Freigeist-Forum" [free thinkers' board] by showing a picture of an alleged chemtrail aircraft (see screenshot to the right dating from August, 26^th 2010 11:20am). The picture, however, shows nothing but "aerodynamic rainbow contrails" which can be attributed to a hoax<ref>http://contrailscience.com/aerodynamic-and-rainbow-contrails</ref>. The picture caption e.g. mentions "Barium-Hypertitanit", "Terraformit", and even "Spinnoinium-Oxydul". Fantasy substances like Spinnoinium (roughly: Crazeonium) or Terraformit do not exist and were only used to make the hoax more palpable. Explanations of measurement technology further reveal the hoax: Searching for devices like a "telegas chromatograph" or a "telerelevator" of a company by the name of "GCMS" only lead to further references of the hoax.<br>The original picture was taken in 2006 and, in contrast to the wrong caption in the hoax, shows a Virgin Atlantic Airways Airbus A340-642 (identification: G-VBLU) over China with a "rainbow-contrail" at an altitude between 8,000 and 9,000 meters.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Virgin-Atlantic-Airways/Airbus-A340-642/1088680/&sid=db4bb4807cfd3a3ce2356089fe628624</ref>

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[[image:Altnickele6takamo.jpg|TACAMO: Boeing E6|left|thumb]]

[[image:Altnickele6takamo.jpg|TACAMO: Boeing E6|left|thumb]]

[[image:AltnickelKC135.jpg|Alleged Chemtrail tanker KC135|thumb]]

[[image:AltnickelKC135.jpg|Alleged Chemtrail tanker KC135|thumb]]

Besides airy hypotheses (which are not backed by any facts) and fake or manipulated pictures, the national as well as international chemtrail scene typically presents photos of aircrafts while ''spraying chemtrails'', even though such photos neither allow a correct identification of respective aircrafts nor are they interpreted appropriately. They aim at impressing gullible viewers and laypersons with misinterpretations and disinformation. At the same time this is meant to boost sales of products like books, DVDs, seminars, and lectures.

Besides shady hypotheses (not backed by any facts) and fake or manipulated pictures, the national as well as international chemtrail scene typically presents photos of aircrafts while ''spraying chemtrails'', even though such photos neither allow a correct identification of respective aircrafts nor are they interpreted appropriately. They aim at impressing gullible viewers and laypersons with misinterpretations and disinformation. At the same time, this is meant to boost sales of products like books, DVDs, seminars, and lectures.

What especially lacks in this scene is reliable, verifiable references including date specifications. Two typical examples of such photos without references are displayed at the right: A simple internet search, however, usually reveals the source of these photos(left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies, fire-fighting planes or other planes spraying water in studies of icing processes of following aircrafts. There are lots of photos and extensive descriptions of such experiments in the internet.

There is a remarkable lack of reliable, verifiable references in this scene, including data specifications. Two typical examples of such photos without references are displayed at the right: A simple internet search, however, usually reveals the source of these photos (left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies, fire-fighting planes or other planes spraying water in studies of icing processes of following aircrafts. There are lots of photos and extensive descriptions of such experiments in the internet.

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==Reactions to Chemtrail hypotheses and Scientific View==

==Reactions to Chemtrail hypotheses and Scientific View==

Neither is there any evidence for chemtrails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a well reviewed phenomenon and technical articles on this date back to the 1940ies. Already NACA, the precesessor of NASA, examined this phenomenon due to its military relevance for locating aircrafts in WWII. In a document dated 1942 (decades prior to chemtrail hypotheses) NACA researchers named the meteorological circumstances responsible for ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence of the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuels has been given. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic control) confirmed they did not observe any conspicuous or remarkable air activity which could be associated with the circumstance described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed their data do not show any peculiarities indicating any irregular forms of condensation trails.

Neither is there any evidence for chemtrails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a well reviewed phenomenon and technical articles on this date back to the 1940ies. Already NACA, the predecessor of NASA, examined this phenomenon due to its military relevance for locating aircrafts in WWII. In a document dated 1942 (decades prior to chemtrail hypotheses), NACA researchers identified the meteorological circumstances responsible for ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence for the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuels has been established. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic Control) confirmed they did not observe any conspicuous or remarkable air activity which could be associated with the circumstance described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed their data do not show any peculiarities indicating any irregular forms of condensation trails.

The Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Federal Ministry of Defence) also has no further information. The headquarters of the US-Air Force Europe informed that the projects as described do not and did not exist. Greenpeace as well as the Umweltbundesamt (UBA, German Federal Environment Agency) regard the chemtrail theory as dubious. The UBA even inquired with the World Health Organization (WHO) about an alleged risk analysis on potential consequences of chemtrails supposedly conducted by WHO. WHO assured they neither had knew of chemtrails nor had they done any study on the subject. The phenomena described are also unknown to Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center). Since many years, DLR's Institute of Atmosphere Physics examines the effects of air traffic emissions on the atmosphere, including numerous measurements of gas and particle emissions of commercial aircrafts. Neither is the German Meteorological Service able to detect anomalies in their data indicating special ''chemtrail'' forms in condensation trails. The German federal government also commented on chemtrails in 2004: Excerpt from a reply (reference: Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 15/3694<ref>http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/15/036/1503694.pdf</ref>) of the Federal Government given to Herbert Frankenhauser (member of parliament, party: CSU): [...]Question: ''Are so-called chemtrails (chemical traces sprayed by aircrafts) released to research the reduction of global warming over the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany? '' Reply of Parliamentary State Secretary Simone Probst dated September, 8^th 2004: ''The Federal Government has no knowledge regarding aircrafts releasing so-called chemtrails in the atmosphere in Europe.''

The Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Federal Ministry of Defence) also has no further information. Headquarters of the US-Air Force Europe informed that projects as described do not and did not exist. Greenpeace as well as the Umweltbundesamt (UBA, German Federal Environment Agency) regard the chemtrail theory as dubious. The UBA even inquired with the World Health Organization (WHO) about an alleged risk analysis on potential consequences of chemtrails supposedly conducted by WHO. WHO assured they neither knew of chemtrails nor had they done any study on the subject. The phenomena described are also unknown to Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center). Since many years, DLR's Institute of Atmosphere Physics has been examining the effects of air traffic emissions on the atmosphere, including numerous measurements of gas and particle emissions of commercial aircrafts. Neither is the German Meteorological Service able to detect anomalies in their data indicating special ''chemtrail'' forms in condensation trails. The German Federal Government also commented on chemtrails in 2004: Excerpt from a reply (reference: Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 15/3694<ref>http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/15/036/1503694.pdf</ref>) of the Federal Government given to Herbert Frankenhauser (member of parliament, party: CSU): [...]Question: ''Are so-called chemtrails (chemical traces sprayed by aircrafts) released to research the reduction of global warming over the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany? '' Reply of Parliamentary State Secretary Simone Probst dated September, 8^th 2004: ''The Federal Government has no knowledge regarding aircrafts releasing so-called chemtrails in the atmosphere in Europe.''

==Chemtrails and Cloudbuster==

==Chemtrails and Cloudbuster==

Some chemtrail proponents believe that copper tubes -arranged in so-called [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Cloudbuster Cloudbusters]- are able to ''diffuse'' such condensation trails. The cloudbuster concept goes back to [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reich Wilhelm Reich]. The so-called 'Chembusters'' are improvements going back to the American businessman, [[Esotericism|esoteric]], and private pilot [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Don_Croft Don Croft] (see also: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Georg_Ritschl Georg Ritschl]).

Some chemtrail proponents believe that copper tubes (arranged in so-called [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Cloudbuster Cloudbusters]) were able to ''diffuse'' such condensation trails. The cloudbuster concept goes back to [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reich Wilhelm Reich]. The so-called 'Chembusters'' are improvements going back to the American businessman, [[Esotericism|esoteric]], and private pilot [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Don_Croft Don Croft] (see also: [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Georg_Ritschl Georg Ritschl]).

==Chemtrails and the ''Yellow Revolution'' of [[European New Resistance|ENR]]==

==Chemtrails and the ''Yellow Revolution'' of [[European New Resistance|ENR]]==

[[image:enr.jpg|Speech of Commandante Don|thumb|left]]

[[image:enr.jpg|Speech of Commandante Don|thumb|left]]

[[image:chemtrailplakatkoeln.jpg|Poster in Cologne|thumb]]

[[image:chemtrailplakatkoeln.jpg|Poster in Cologne|thumb]]

[[European New Resistance]] is a new group currently forming in different cities and trying to recruit members. It uses "chemtrails" in a populist manner to draw public attention to all kinds of issues they consider a grievance. Conspiracy theory internet portals like [[NWO-Fighter.info]], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Infokrieg.tv infokrieg.tv] and terraristen.net joined their activities. Naive esoteric campaigners from "Motzblog" (grumble blog) and the associated internet board "Motzlabor" (grumble laboratory) are behind these activities. Interestingly, the ''Address by Commandante Don'' can also be found on the so-called ''Reichszeitung'', a typical extreme right [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=KRR KRR] (Kommissarische Reichsregierung, Provisional Government of the German Reich) publication. They gained public attention in summer 2008 when they hired the Cologne-based outdoor advertising company ''Kölner Außenwerbung KAW'' to hang up anti-condensation trail posters.<ref>http://netzklempnerin.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/die-gelben-piraten-aus-taka-tuka-land/</ref>

[[European New Resistance]] is a new group currently forming in different cities and trying to recruit members. It uses "chemtrails" in a populist manner to draw public attention to all kinds of issues they consider a grievance. Conspiracy theory internet portals like [[NWO-Fighter.info]], [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Infokrieg.tv infokrieg.tv] and terraristen.net joined their activities. Naive esoteric campaigners from "Motzblog" (grumble blog) and the associated internet board "Motzlabor" (grumble laboratory) are behind these activities. Interestingly, the ''Address by Commandante Don'' may also be found on the so-called ''Reichszeitung'', a typical extreme right [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=KRR KRR] (Kommissarische Reichsregierung, Provisional Government of the German Reich) publication. They gained public attention in summer 2008 when they hired Cologne-based outdoor advertising company ''Kölner Außenwerbung KAW'' to put up anti-condensation trail posters.<ref>http://netzklempnerin.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/die-gelben-piraten-aus-taka-tuka-land/</ref>

==Chemtrails, vaccination opponents, and Avian Flu==

==Chemtrails, vaccination opponents, and Avian Flu==

[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Anita_Petek-Dimmer Anita Petek-Dimmer] uses chemtrails in her [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Impfgegner anti-vaccination] campaign in an absurd way. Quotation: ''The radioactive radiation effect of plutonium-enriched chemtrails spreads out to forests, meadows, farm- and grassland[...] The soil bacteria are killed by contamination and partly dissolve. These bacteria are essential in regulating the water balance. This radiation results in aggradation, desertification and soil crusting. This is most probably also one of the reasons for avian flu.''<ref>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117864615/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0</ref>

In quite absurd a way, chemtrails were used by [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Anita_Petek-Dimmer Anita Petek-Dimmer] in her [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Impfgegner anti-vaccination] campaign. Quotation: ''The radioactive radiation effect of plutonium-enriched chemtrails spreads out to forests, meadows, farm- and grassland[...] The soil bacteria are killed by contamination and partly dissolve. These bacteria are essential in regulating the water balance. This radiation results in aggradation, desertification and soil crusting. This is most probably also one of the reasons for avian flu.''<ref>http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117864615/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0</ref>

According to Berlin-based alleged ''expert and technical consultant for low-intensity radioactivity and radioactive effects'' [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Brigitte_Schlabitz Brigitte Schlabitz] avian flu is not caused by a virus, but by the precipitation of "nuclear-induced cloud formations". According to Schlabritz, the ailing and dying of indoor plants was caused by radioactive chemtrails in many cases. Additionally, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=RFID "micro chips"] are said to play a role in the effects caused by chemtrails.

According to Berlin-based alleged ''expert and technical consultant for low-intensity radioactivity and radioactive effects'' [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Brigitte_Schlabitz Brigitte Schlabitz], avian flu is not caused by a virus, but by the precipitation of "nuclear-induced cloud formations". According to Schlabritz, the ailing and dying of indoor plants was caused by radioactive chemtrails in many cases. Additionally, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=RFID "micro chips"] are said to play a role in the effects caused by chemtrails.

==Chemtrail and Politics==

==Chemtrail and Politics==

In January 2009, the local group of Bündnis&nbsp;90/Die Grünen (German ecological party) in the town of Glashütten (population 5,500) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed the population was poisoned by aircrafts distributing barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this term is not used in German language and most probably the result of translating without comprehension] at the alleged cost of billions of Euros. Neither witnesses nor reliable evidence backed these outrageous accusations. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the website was not able to answer the question of how to prove these alleged poisonous trails.

In January 2009, the local group of Bündnis&nbsp;90/Die Grünen (German ecological party) in the town of Glashütten (population 5,500) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed the population was poisoned by aircrafts distributing barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this term is not used in German language and most probably the result of translating without comprehension] at the alleged cost of billions of Euros. Neither witnesses nor reliable evidence backed these outrageous accusations. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the website was not able to answer the question of how to prove these alleged poisonous trails.

==Chemtrail-courses at the VHS (adult education center) Oldenburg==

==Chemtrail courses at the VHS (Adult Education Center) Oldenburg==

[[image:AltnickelVHS.jpg|VHS-course announcement in the internet|300px|thumb]]

[[image:AltnickelVHS.jpg|VHS course announcement in the internet|300px|thumb]]

At least since March 2008, the solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] at VHS Oldenburg [adult education centre] to a paying audience. Having paid 15&nbsp;EUR, participants will learn how HAARP allegedly acts as a "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms", and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen (Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations). According to the instructor's  opinion, weather manipulations with damaging effects on health and life have taken place since more than 55&nbsp;years. The Geneva ENMOD-convention of 1977 outlawed artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms, and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc. In 1998, the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4&nbsp;lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str.&nbsp;55 , 25&nbsp;participants, €&nbsp;12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg&nbsp;e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße&nbsp;17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122&nbsp;Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither a meteorologist nor a geophysicist and his lectures therefore are a layperson's speculations. Earlier in 2010, it became known that VHS department manager [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], responsible for the administration of VHS courses, personally lobbied for the inclusion of Altnickel's absurde conspiracy theories in the curriculum offered at VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail reply to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories and about the abuse of a public institution, Grove said: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17^th you proved an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this, and we are open to critical comments. It is of course among the duties of an adult education center to inform about controversial issues. This includes information on chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, however, that you expressed such a pointed criticism without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

At least since March 2008, solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] at VHS Oldenburg [Adult Education Centre] to a paying audience. Having paid 15&nbsp;EUR, participants will learn how HAARP allegedly acts as a "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms", and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen [Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations]. According to the instructor's  opinion, weather manipulations with damaging effects on health and life have taken place since more than 55&nbsp;years. The Geneva ENMOD convention of 1977 outlawed artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms, and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc. In 1998, the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4&nbsp;lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str.&nbsp;55 , 25&nbsp;participants, €&nbsp;12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg&nbsp;e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße&nbsp;17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122&nbsp;Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither a meteorologist nor a geophysicist and his lectures therefore are a layperson's speculations. Earlier in 2010, it became known that VHS department manager [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], responsible for the administration of VHS courses, personally lobbied for the inclusion of Altnickel's absurd conspiracy theories in the curriculum offered at VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail reply to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories and about the abuse of a public institution, Grove wrote: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17^th you proved an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this, and we are open to critical comments. It is of course among the duties of an adult education center to inform about controversial issues. This includes information on chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, however, that you expressed such a pointed criticism without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

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